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2026,45(1):1-12
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.001
Abstract:
A knowledge graph analysis was conducted on 4 160 journal articles retrieved under the topic of high-quality development of urban-rural greening guided by the transformation of ecological function from 2005 to 2025 to elucidate the high-quality development of urban-rural greening and the implementation path within the context of Ecological Civilization Initiative in China. The connection and integration relationship between the functional mechanisms-transmission pathways-welfare benefits during the high-quality development of urban-rural greening was systematically combed. The results showed that the essence of high-quality development path of urban-rural greening under the guidance of the transformation of ecological function is a process of the complete transformation of multi-level human welfare covering the individual health，community vitality，and sustainable development of urban through a series of complex biophysical processes mediated by specific effects of environment. A multi-functional synergy model for the high-quality development of urban-rural greening was proposed based on the externalization and transformation of ecological function to focus on deepening the mechanism for transforming welfare benefits，promoting the deep realization of human welfare from basic guarantees to perceptual gains. A multi-dimensional implementation path of “planning guidance-process monitoring-systematic evaluation-dynamic management” was established to strengthen the resilience of ecosystem services in urban-rural greening. The transformation of urban- rural greening from green quantity to green quality，integrated green，and people-oriented will be promoted on the basis of the synergistic enhancement and dynamic feedback of ecological functions to continuously advance the implementation of the major strategies of constructing ecological civilization and developing with high-quality.
A knowledge graph analysis was conducted on 4 160 journal articles retrieved under the topic of high-quality development of urban-rural greening guided by the transformation of ecological function from 2005 to 2025 to elucidate the high-quality development of urban-rural greening and the implementation path within the context of Ecological Civilization Initiative in China. The connection and integration relationship between the functional mechanisms-transmission pathways-welfare benefits during the high-quality development of urban-rural greening was systematically combed. The results showed that the essence of high-quality development path of urban-rural greening under the guidance of the transformation of ecological function is a process of the complete transformation of multi-level human welfare covering the individual health，community vitality，and sustainable development of urban through a series of complex biophysical processes mediated by specific effects of environment. A multi-functional synergy model for the high-quality development of urban-rural greening was proposed based on the externalization and transformation of ecological function to focus on deepening the mechanism for transforming welfare benefits，promoting the deep realization of human welfare from basic guarantees to perceptual gains. A multi-dimensional implementation path of “planning guidance-process monitoring-systematic evaluation-dynamic management” was established to strengthen the resilience of ecosystem services in urban-rural greening. The transformation of urban- rural greening from green quantity to green quality，integrated green，and people-oriented will be promoted on the basis of the synergistic enhancement and dynamic feedback of ecological functions to continuously advance the implementation of the major strategies of constructing ecological civilization and developing with high-quality.
2026,45(1):13-23
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.002
Abstract:
Shanghai was used to systematically evaluate the cooling effectiveness of urban parks from the perspective of thermal comfort to address the limitation of existing studies that rely heavily on the land surface temperature （LST） and neglect the thermal comfort in environment.The modified temperature-humidity index （MTHI） was introduced to characterize the thermal comfort.The vector data of parks were integrated with mobile signaling data to evaluate the cooling capacity in parks from the perspective of thermal comfort.The cooling benefits of parks and urban-rural disparities based on MTHI and LST were compared.The results showed that the cooling range of parks increased from the core urban area to the outskirts， but the benefits evaluated with MTHI was overall lower than those with LST.The size of park， vegetation coverage， and water-body proportion was positively correlated with the intensity of cooling.The vegetation coverage was positively correlated with LST-based cooling distance， but negatively correlated with MTHI-based cooling distance.The equivalent cooling service for population in the core urban area far exceeded that in the suburbs due to its high density of population.However， the served population estimated with MTHI was 54.5% lower than that with LST， indicating that traditional LST-based evaluation may significantly over-estimate the benefits of parks.It is indicated that the thermal-comfort indexes should be introduced to comprehensively evaluate the cooling benefits of parks and adopt differentiated strategies including increasing the supply of small parks in high-density urban areas and optimizing the design of parks in suburban areas to accurately improve the thermal comfort of the living environment.
Shanghai was used to systematically evaluate the cooling effectiveness of urban parks from the perspective of thermal comfort to address the limitation of existing studies that rely heavily on the land surface temperature （LST） and neglect the thermal comfort in environment.The modified temperature-humidity index （MTHI） was introduced to characterize the thermal comfort.The vector data of parks were integrated with mobile signaling data to evaluate the cooling capacity in parks from the perspective of thermal comfort.The cooling benefits of parks and urban-rural disparities based on MTHI and LST were compared.The results showed that the cooling range of parks increased from the core urban area to the outskirts， but the benefits evaluated with MTHI was overall lower than those with LST.The size of park， vegetation coverage， and water-body proportion was positively correlated with the intensity of cooling.The vegetation coverage was positively correlated with LST-based cooling distance， but negatively correlated with MTHI-based cooling distance.The equivalent cooling service for population in the core urban area far exceeded that in the suburbs due to its high density of population.However， the served population estimated with MTHI was 54.5% lower than that with LST， indicating that traditional LST-based evaluation may significantly over-estimate the benefits of parks.It is indicated that the thermal-comfort indexes should be introduced to comprehensively evaluate the cooling benefits of parks and adopt differentiated strategies including increasing the supply of small parks in high-density urban areas and optimizing the design of parks in suburban areas to accurately improve the thermal comfort of the living environment.
2026,45(1):24-36
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.003
Abstract:
The quantitative relationship between all commonly used landscape metrics and land surface temperature （LST） across three spatial contexts including the main urban area， the urban development area， and the entire municipality of Wuhan City was analyzed by deriving the LST values and classifying land cover categories of Wuhan city based on Landsat 8-9 remote sensing data acquired on September 18 and 19， 2022 to study the effects of the patterns of blue-green spatial landscape on the LST to better utilize the thermal environment regulation function of blue-green infrastructure. The principal component regression analysis was used to identify the dominant factors affecting LST under different spatial contexts and reveal their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that water bodies and green spaces had a significant “cooling island effect”， with the cooling intensity of water bodies （8.96-9.34 ℃） significantly greater than that of green spaces （4.44-5.47 ℃）. Overall， the independent explanatory power of the landscape metrics for LST changes followed in the order of water bodies > green spaces， landscape composition > spatial configuration， patch-level > landscape-level > class-level， and the main urban area > the urban development area > the administrative area. The dominant factors affecting LST varied across spatial contexts. The four key factors in the main urban area were the percentage of water body area （PLAND_W）， water body patch density （PD_W）， effective mesh size of green spaces （MESH_G）， and edge density of green spaces （ED_G）， collectively explaining 82.4% of the LST variation. The dominant factors in the metropolitan development area were contrast-weighted edge density of water bodies （CWED_W）， percentage of water body area （PLAND_W）， mean proximity index of green spaces （SIMI_MN_G）， and percentage of green space area （PLAND_G）， collectively explaining 59.2% of the LST variation. The five dominant landscape metrics related to blue-green spaces in the entire municipality， only explained 35% of the LST variation. Water bodies and construction land had a strong explanatory power for changes in the thermal environment， and the cooling effect of green spaces was significantly weakened or suppressed when considering the combined effects of other landscape elements outside of blue-green spaces. It is indicated that the regulation function of blue-green infrastructure in the thermal environment has a distinct context effect. Measures for optimizing the spatial allocation and structural configuration of blue-green landscapes according to different environmental matrices including preserving large water bodies in central urban areas， ensuring adequate water surface coverage， enhancing connectivity between smaller water bodies， enriching the morphological complexity of blue-green spaces in urban development zones and metropolitan regions， and strengthening their interactive frequency with surrounding environments can effectively enhance the cooling performance of blue-green infrastructure.
The quantitative relationship between all commonly used landscape metrics and land surface temperature （LST） across three spatial contexts including the main urban area， the urban development area， and the entire municipality of Wuhan City was analyzed by deriving the LST values and classifying land cover categories of Wuhan city based on Landsat 8-9 remote sensing data acquired on September 18 and 19， 2022 to study the effects of the patterns of blue-green spatial landscape on the LST to better utilize the thermal environment regulation function of blue-green infrastructure. The principal component regression analysis was used to identify the dominant factors affecting LST under different spatial contexts and reveal their underlying mechanisms. The results showed that water bodies and green spaces had a significant “cooling island effect”， with the cooling intensity of water bodies （8.96-9.34 ℃） significantly greater than that of green spaces （4.44-5.47 ℃）. Overall， the independent explanatory power of the landscape metrics for LST changes followed in the order of water bodies > green spaces， landscape composition > spatial configuration， patch-level > landscape-level > class-level， and the main urban area > the urban development area > the administrative area. The dominant factors affecting LST varied across spatial contexts. The four key factors in the main urban area were the percentage of water body area （PLAND_W）， water body patch density （PD_W）， effective mesh size of green spaces （MESH_G）， and edge density of green spaces （ED_G）， collectively explaining 82.4% of the LST variation. The dominant factors in the metropolitan development area were contrast-weighted edge density of water bodies （CWED_W）， percentage of water body area （PLAND_W）， mean proximity index of green spaces （SIMI_MN_G）， and percentage of green space area （PLAND_G）， collectively explaining 59.2% of the LST variation. The five dominant landscape metrics related to blue-green spaces in the entire municipality， only explained 35% of the LST variation. Water bodies and construction land had a strong explanatory power for changes in the thermal environment， and the cooling effect of green spaces was significantly weakened or suppressed when considering the combined effects of other landscape elements outside of blue-green spaces. It is indicated that the regulation function of blue-green infrastructure in the thermal environment has a distinct context effect. Measures for optimizing the spatial allocation and structural configuration of blue-green landscapes according to different environmental matrices including preserving large water bodies in central urban areas， ensuring adequate water surface coverage， enhancing connectivity between smaller water bodies， enriching the morphological complexity of blue-green spaces in urban development zones and metropolitan regions， and strengthening their interactive frequency with surrounding environments can effectively enhance the cooling performance of blue-green infrastructure.
XUE Wei, XIAO Jingxuan, ZHU Yuhe, MA Xuan, FAN Yuli, KONG Hong, WU Zhonghua, SUN Zhihao, XU Genyu, ZHAN Qingming
2026,45(1):37-51
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.004
Abstract:
A near-surface high-density sensor network with 146 sites in the central urban area of Xiangyang City，Hubei Province，China，was established to collect high-resolution data on PM2.5，PM10，wind speed，and wind direction to solve the problem of difficulty in identifying the dispersion patterns of urban-scale particulate-matter （PM） and the lack of planning feasibility. On this basis，a method of identifying pollution that balances the interpretability of mechanism and the efficiency of computation was proposed.Multi-scale continuous characterization of affecting factors including industrial emissions，fugitive dust，and blue-green spaces was conducted under the constraints of Gaussian diffusion mechanism.A dual-precision nested strategy was proposed to screen key factors.The geographically weighted regression （GWR） was used to analyze the spatial heterogeneity effects of various factors on particulate matter.The results showed that industrial sources clustered in a 1.2-4 km area around thermal power plants and industrial parks，and intensified along the “park-logistics corridor” pathways.The construction sites and freight logistics formed banded high-impact zones along the major transportation axes，and the effect of logistics activities on PM10 was significantly higher than that on PM2.5.The blue spaces formed about 2-kilometer-wide mitigation belts at the coupling point between the area with low-intensity of development and the main ventilation corridors，while the high-intensity of development weakened its effect.The green spaces generally reduced PM，especially PM10，but short-term benefits was offset by construction disturbances.Based on this，a translation path with a “zone-corridor-node” priority scheme，targeted greening configurations along logistics corridors and park edges，pocket-scale multilayer planting at key nodes，and continuity of low-density layouts and ventilation corridors for planning practice was proposed.It is indicated that the established method achieves a better balance between the interpretability，accuracy，and the computational power compared to the traditional methods of spatial statistics，and can identify key segments of homologous heterogeneity and exogenous overlap.
A near-surface high-density sensor network with 146 sites in the central urban area of Xiangyang City，Hubei Province，China，was established to collect high-resolution data on PM2.5，PM10，wind speed，and wind direction to solve the problem of difficulty in identifying the dispersion patterns of urban-scale particulate-matter （PM） and the lack of planning feasibility. On this basis，a method of identifying pollution that balances the interpretability of mechanism and the efficiency of computation was proposed.Multi-scale continuous characterization of affecting factors including industrial emissions，fugitive dust，and blue-green spaces was conducted under the constraints of Gaussian diffusion mechanism.A dual-precision nested strategy was proposed to screen key factors.The geographically weighted regression （GWR） was used to analyze the spatial heterogeneity effects of various factors on particulate matter.The results showed that industrial sources clustered in a 1.2-4 km area around thermal power plants and industrial parks，and intensified along the “park-logistics corridor” pathways.The construction sites and freight logistics formed banded high-impact zones along the major transportation axes，and the effect of logistics activities on PM10 was significantly higher than that on PM2.5.The blue spaces formed about 2-kilometer-wide mitigation belts at the coupling point between the area with low-intensity of development and the main ventilation corridors，while the high-intensity of development weakened its effect.The green spaces generally reduced PM，especially PM10，but short-term benefits was offset by construction disturbances.Based on this，a translation path with a “zone-corridor-node” priority scheme，targeted greening configurations along logistics corridors and park edges，pocket-scale multilayer planting at key nodes，and continuity of low-density layouts and ventilation corridors for planning practice was proposed.It is indicated that the established method achieves a better balance between the interpretability，accuracy，and the computational power compared to the traditional methods of spatial statistics，and can identify key segments of homologous heterogeneity and exogenous overlap.
2026,45(1):52-63
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.005
Abstract:
The identification and construction of ecological corridors for birds are important means to maintain the integrity of ecosystem and promote the migration of species.A scientific and feasible framework for identifying and optimizing ecological corridors for birds was constructed in Fengxian New City， a rapidly urbanizing area in Shanghai.4 common bird species including eurasian tree sparrow （Passer montanus）， common blackbird （Turdus merula）， common moorhen （Gallinula chloropus）， and eastern cattle egret （Bubulcus coromandus） were selected as focal species to simulate the pattern of regional ecological corridors with InVEST model and MCR model and establish an evaluation index system based on the data of field survey for verification.The results showed that the total area of patches （i.e.the area of ecological source） meeting the standards of high-quality habitat for the 4 bird species was 18.2 km2， 19.3 km2， 10.4 km2， and 13.5 km2， respectively， mainly distributed in woodlands， shrub grasslands， farmlands， and ponds.66 ecological corridors were identified， with fewer corridors in the core area of Fengxian New City， with a high risk of fragmentation and weak connectivity， while a relatively complete network of corridor was formed in the peripheral water bodies， farmlands， and densely forested areas.The deviation of control-points after optimization for the 4 bird species decreased by 0.25， 0.15， 0.16， and 0.27， respectively， and the ecological connectivity was significantly improved.It will provide a scientific basis for the construction and ecological restoration of corridors for birds in Fengxian New City， and offer a technical reference for the planning of the ecological corridors in similar rapidly urbanizing regions， which helps to promote the integration of urban–rural green and high-quality development of ecological spaces in cities.
The identification and construction of ecological corridors for birds are important means to maintain the integrity of ecosystem and promote the migration of species.A scientific and feasible framework for identifying and optimizing ecological corridors for birds was constructed in Fengxian New City， a rapidly urbanizing area in Shanghai.4 common bird species including eurasian tree sparrow （Passer montanus）， common blackbird （Turdus merula）， common moorhen （Gallinula chloropus）， and eastern cattle egret （Bubulcus coromandus） were selected as focal species to simulate the pattern of regional ecological corridors with InVEST model and MCR model and establish an evaluation index system based on the data of field survey for verification.The results showed that the total area of patches （i.e.the area of ecological source） meeting the standards of high-quality habitat for the 4 bird species was 18.2 km2， 19.3 km2， 10.4 km2， and 13.5 km2， respectively， mainly distributed in woodlands， shrub grasslands， farmlands， and ponds.66 ecological corridors were identified， with fewer corridors in the core area of Fengxian New City， with a high risk of fragmentation and weak connectivity， while a relatively complete network of corridor was formed in the peripheral water bodies， farmlands， and densely forested areas.The deviation of control-points after optimization for the 4 bird species decreased by 0.25， 0.15， 0.16， and 0.27， respectively， and the ecological connectivity was significantly improved.It will provide a scientific basis for the construction and ecological restoration of corridors for birds in Fengxian New City， and offer a technical reference for the planning of the ecological corridors in similar rapidly urbanizing regions， which helps to promote the integration of urban–rural green and high-quality development of ecological spaces in cities.
2026,45(1):64-72
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.006
Abstract:
8 typical green spaces in parks in the main urban area of Wuhan City were used to study the relationship between the characteristics of parks in urban and the diversity of birds.Records of observing birds from 2022 to 2024 were obtained by combining the data from the China Bird Watching Record Center with field surveys including direct on-site counting and song surveys.The data on the types of bird habitat， ecological groups， type of resident， and endangered and rare species in the green spaces in parks in the urban built environment were analyzed.The results showed that 251 species of birds belonging to 58 families and 18 orders were recorded.The composition of species was dominated by Passeriformes， with resident birds and winter migratory birds as the main type of resident， and songbirds as the main ecological group in each park.Rare and very rare species were mostly distributed in large areas of forests and wetlands in parks with less interference from human.There were more species of birds distributed in parks with natural vegetation.The richer the types of habitats and the more complex the structure of vegetation， the greater the effect on the diversity of birds.The unique type of habitat in the Hankou Riverside Park and Wuhan Botanical Garden significantly promoted the diversity of birds and had strong appeal to rare species of birds.The diversity of birds was positively correlated with the area of green space in parks， the coverage of vegetation， the structure of community， and the degree of naturalization in the surrounding areas.Among these factors， the structure of community had the most significant effect on the diversity of birds.It is indicated that improving the diversity of habitats， increasing the use of indigenous plants， and enriching the structure of plant community in urban green spaces are of great positive significance for increasing the diversity of birds.
8 typical green spaces in parks in the main urban area of Wuhan City were used to study the relationship between the characteristics of parks in urban and the diversity of birds.Records of observing birds from 2022 to 2024 were obtained by combining the data from the China Bird Watching Record Center with field surveys including direct on-site counting and song surveys.The data on the types of bird habitat， ecological groups， type of resident， and endangered and rare species in the green spaces in parks in the urban built environment were analyzed.The results showed that 251 species of birds belonging to 58 families and 18 orders were recorded.The composition of species was dominated by Passeriformes， with resident birds and winter migratory birds as the main type of resident， and songbirds as the main ecological group in each park.Rare and very rare species were mostly distributed in large areas of forests and wetlands in parks with less interference from human.There were more species of birds distributed in parks with natural vegetation.The richer the types of habitats and the more complex the structure of vegetation， the greater the effect on the diversity of birds.The unique type of habitat in the Hankou Riverside Park and Wuhan Botanical Garden significantly promoted the diversity of birds and had strong appeal to rare species of birds.The diversity of birds was positively correlated with the area of green space in parks， the coverage of vegetation， the structure of community， and the degree of naturalization in the surrounding areas.Among these factors， the structure of community had the most significant effect on the diversity of birds.It is indicated that improving the diversity of habitats， increasing the use of indigenous plants， and enriching the structure of plant community in urban green spaces are of great positive significance for increasing the diversity of birds.
2026,45(1):73-83
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.007
Abstract:
14 urban parks belonging to four periods including before 1995 （periodⅠ）， 1995-2004 （periodⅡ）， 2005-2017 （periodⅢ）， and after 2018 （periodⅣ） were used to study the changing characteristics of interspecific relationships of woody plants in urban parks in Shanghai City during different periods of construction. 1 434 plant community plots of 10 m×10 m were investigated. The variance ratio method （RV）， chi-square （χ2） test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test were used to analyze interspecific associations for 29 arbor species and 27 shrub species with an important value （IV）≥ 5. The results showed that the overall associations between arbors and shrubs in each period had a significantly positive correlation （RV>1，P<0.05）， and gradually increased with the extension of construction time， with the RV increasing from 1.43 in periodⅠto 1.98 in periodⅣ. The interspecific relationships in the layer of arbors had significant differences， with insignificant negative associations being the main feature in the early period （periodⅠ），manifested as differences in habits of species. A significant positive correlation was formed in the later period （periodⅣ）， manifested by similar demands of ecological niche. The layer of shrubs maintained strong positive association throughout all periods， with the RV reaching 1.98 in periodⅣ and the proportion of positively correlated pairs of species in the Spearman’s rank test accounting for 23.81%. The proportion of positively correlated pairs of species between the arbor and shrub layers increased from 5.06% in periodⅠto 5.98% in periodⅣ， while the proportion of negatively correlated pairs decreased， with a continuous enhancement of overall interspecific association. Thus， it is recommended that priority should be given to replacing arbor species with negative associations for renovation of parks in the early period. Newly constructed parks should be equipped with positive correlation combinations in the layer of arbor and the layer of shrub should be strengthened with clustered configuration of suitable native species to improve the stability of plant communities.
14 urban parks belonging to four periods including before 1995 （periodⅠ）， 1995-2004 （periodⅡ）， 2005-2017 （periodⅢ）， and after 2018 （periodⅣ） were used to study the changing characteristics of interspecific relationships of woody plants in urban parks in Shanghai City during different periods of construction. 1 434 plant community plots of 10 m×10 m were investigated. The variance ratio method （RV）， chi-square （χ2） test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test were used to analyze interspecific associations for 29 arbor species and 27 shrub species with an important value （IV）≥ 5. The results showed that the overall associations between arbors and shrubs in each period had a significantly positive correlation （RV>1，P<0.05）， and gradually increased with the extension of construction time， with the RV increasing from 1.43 in periodⅠto 1.98 in periodⅣ. The interspecific relationships in the layer of arbors had significant differences， with insignificant negative associations being the main feature in the early period （periodⅠ），manifested as differences in habits of species. A significant positive correlation was formed in the later period （periodⅣ）， manifested by similar demands of ecological niche. The layer of shrubs maintained strong positive association throughout all periods， with the RV reaching 1.98 in periodⅣ and the proportion of positively correlated pairs of species in the Spearman’s rank test accounting for 23.81%. The proportion of positively correlated pairs of species between the arbor and shrub layers increased from 5.06% in periodⅠto 5.98% in periodⅣ， while the proportion of negatively correlated pairs decreased， with a continuous enhancement of overall interspecific association. Thus， it is recommended that priority should be given to replacing arbor species with negative associations for renovation of parks in the early period. Newly constructed parks should be equipped with positive correlation combinations in the layer of arbor and the layer of shrub should be strengthened with clustered configuration of suitable native species to improve the stability of plant communities.
2026,45(1):84-92
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.008
Abstract:
The isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees within the campus green spaces of Huazhong Agricultural University were used to study the spatial heterogeneity of light intensity distribution under trees with different planting dispositions to guide the rational utilization of space under trees in urban city.Gradient measurements of light intensity under trees were conducted in the summer of 2023.The differences in light intensity across different spatial gradients under the two planting dispositions were tested.A non-linear regression equation between light intensity and distance was established to analyze the variation and trend of light intensity with distance under different tree species.The results showed that the light intensity under Osmanthus fragrans was consistently the lowest， while that under the trees including Koelreuteria bipinnata remained at a relatively high level regardless of the isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees.The average light intensity under isolated-planted trees was 8 885.36 lx， approximately 1.7 times higher than that under colonial-planted trees.The light intensity under deciduous trees of both planting dispositions was about 1.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees， making it a typical habitat of shade.The ratio of light intensity between the canopy center， canopy edge， and the open （control） point of isolated-planted trees was 1∶1.9∶18.5.In contrast， the ratio for colonial-planted trees among the canopy center， mid-canopy， edge and the control point was 1∶2.07∶5.46∶38.35.The light intensity at the center of the tree crowns can still meet the survival requirements of many shade-tolerant plants.The results of non-linear regression equation between light intensity and distance showed that the decrease in light intensity from the mid-canopy to the center of the cluster was relatively gradual， whereas a sharp decline occurred from the forest edge to the mid-canopy area.It is indicated that the canopy of trees has significant effect of shading on light intensity， and there is a significant gradient difference in light intensity under both isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees.
The isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees within the campus green spaces of Huazhong Agricultural University were used to study the spatial heterogeneity of light intensity distribution under trees with different planting dispositions to guide the rational utilization of space under trees in urban city.Gradient measurements of light intensity under trees were conducted in the summer of 2023.The differences in light intensity across different spatial gradients under the two planting dispositions were tested.A non-linear regression equation between light intensity and distance was established to analyze the variation and trend of light intensity with distance under different tree species.The results showed that the light intensity under Osmanthus fragrans was consistently the lowest， while that under the trees including Koelreuteria bipinnata remained at a relatively high level regardless of the isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees.The average light intensity under isolated-planted trees was 8 885.36 lx， approximately 1.7 times higher than that under colonial-planted trees.The light intensity under deciduous trees of both planting dispositions was about 1.7 times higher than that of evergreen trees， making it a typical habitat of shade.The ratio of light intensity between the canopy center， canopy edge， and the open （control） point of isolated-planted trees was 1∶1.9∶18.5.In contrast， the ratio for colonial-planted trees among the canopy center， mid-canopy， edge and the control point was 1∶2.07∶5.46∶38.35.The light intensity at the center of the tree crowns can still meet the survival requirements of many shade-tolerant plants.The results of non-linear regression equation between light intensity and distance showed that the decrease in light intensity from the mid-canopy to the center of the cluster was relatively gradual， whereas a sharp decline occurred from the forest edge to the mid-canopy area.It is indicated that the canopy of trees has significant effect of shading on light intensity， and there is a significant gradient difference in light intensity under both isolated-planted trees and colonial-planted trees.
2026,45(1):93-102
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.009
Abstract:
1 000 wild plants common in Hubei Province were used as a candidate pool to establish a model of evaluating the potential of utilizing garden plants by setting up 21 indexes of evaluation and developing rules for classifying the potential of utilization to promote the development and utilization of wild plants in Hubei Province，and solve the problem of insufficient utilization of indigenous plants in urban gardens. The results showed that 172 species of plants were classified as gradeⅠ，which can be directly utilized and serve as the preferred choice for enriching the utilization of indigenous plants in gardens and green spaces in Wuhan City based on comprehensively evaluating the target layer of the potential of utilizing garden plants. 331 species of plants were classified as gradeⅡ，can be recommended for use in various scenarios and is a good resource for effectively expanding the scope of utilizing wild plants in Wuhan City. 291 species of plants were classified as gradeⅢ，with multiple constraints for the direct utilization and should be used cautiously under specific conditions. 206 species of plants were classified as gradeⅣ，difficult to meet the requirements of utilization in gardens and not recommended for the direct use in gardens. According to the special evaluation of the principal layer under the target layer，plants with strong adaptability to environment include Farfugium japonicum and Lespedeza thunbergii subsp. formosa. Plants with high capacity of ecological service include Fraxinus insularis and Pistacia chinensis. Plants with high ornamental value of landscape include Cornus controversa and Rosa omeiensis. Plants with high potential of environment-friendly include Cornus officinalis and Rubus hirsutus. Plants with high potential of utilization and extension include Macleaya cordata and Rehmannia piasezkii. It is indicated that wild plants in Hubei Province have high potential of development and can be introduced and utilized based on the results of evaluation. It will provide a quantitative method and basic data for the utilization of wild plants in gardens in Wuhan City.
1 000 wild plants common in Hubei Province were used as a candidate pool to establish a model of evaluating the potential of utilizing garden plants by setting up 21 indexes of evaluation and developing rules for classifying the potential of utilization to promote the development and utilization of wild plants in Hubei Province，and solve the problem of insufficient utilization of indigenous plants in urban gardens. The results showed that 172 species of plants were classified as gradeⅠ，which can be directly utilized and serve as the preferred choice for enriching the utilization of indigenous plants in gardens and green spaces in Wuhan City based on comprehensively evaluating the target layer of the potential of utilizing garden plants. 331 species of plants were classified as gradeⅡ，can be recommended for use in various scenarios and is a good resource for effectively expanding the scope of utilizing wild plants in Wuhan City. 291 species of plants were classified as gradeⅢ，with multiple constraints for the direct utilization and should be used cautiously under specific conditions. 206 species of plants were classified as gradeⅣ，difficult to meet the requirements of utilization in gardens and not recommended for the direct use in gardens. According to the special evaluation of the principal layer under the target layer，plants with strong adaptability to environment include Farfugium japonicum and Lespedeza thunbergii subsp. formosa. Plants with high capacity of ecological service include Fraxinus insularis and Pistacia chinensis. Plants with high ornamental value of landscape include Cornus controversa and Rosa omeiensis. Plants with high potential of environment-friendly include Cornus officinalis and Rubus hirsutus. Plants with high potential of utilization and extension include Macleaya cordata and Rehmannia piasezkii. It is indicated that wild plants in Hubei Province have high potential of development and can be introduced and utilized based on the results of evaluation. It will provide a quantitative method and basic data for the utilization of wild plants in gardens in Wuhan City.
2026,45(1):103-116
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.010
Abstract:
Studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation carbon-water use efficiency and their responses to climatic factors in the context of the “dual-carbon” strategy is essential to enhance the sequestration capacity of carbon in ecosystem. The Google Earth Engine（GEE） platform was used in combination with trend analysis， coefficient of variation， rescaled range（R/S） analysis， and partial correlation methods to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation carbon use efficiency（CUE） and water use efficiency（WUE） in the Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt and the mechanisms of their responses to climate based on MODIS remote-sensing data from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that the multi-year mean value of CUE and WUE in the areas studied was 0.51 and 0.75 g/（m2·mm）. CUE exhibited a fluctuating downward trend， whereas WUE showed a fluctuating upward trend. Spatially， CUE displayed a pattern of higher value in the east and lower value in the west， while the high-value areas of WUE largely coincided with those of CUE， and low-value areas were mainly distributed in the central-northern and central-southern regions. The proportion of areas improved by WUE （32.91%） was significantly higher than that of CUE （13.87%）. R/S analysis predicts that 63.41% of regional CUE will show a positive trend of development in the future， while the proportion of areas with favorable development of WUE will be 36.43%. The CUE was negatively correlated with the air temperature and sunshine duration but positively correlated with the precipitation and moisture in soil， whereas the WUE was positively correlated with the air temperature and negatively correlated with the precipitation， sunshine duration， and moisture in soil. It is indicated that there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the effects of precipitation and temperature.
Studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation carbon-water use efficiency and their responses to climatic factors in the context of the “dual-carbon” strategy is essential to enhance the sequestration capacity of carbon in ecosystem. The Google Earth Engine（GEE） platform was used in combination with trend analysis， coefficient of variation， rescaled range（R/S） analysis， and partial correlation methods to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation carbon use efficiency（CUE） and water use efficiency（WUE） in the Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt and the mechanisms of their responses to climate based on MODIS remote-sensing data from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that the multi-year mean value of CUE and WUE in the areas studied was 0.51 and 0.75 g/（m2·mm）. CUE exhibited a fluctuating downward trend， whereas WUE showed a fluctuating upward trend. Spatially， CUE displayed a pattern of higher value in the east and lower value in the west， while the high-value areas of WUE largely coincided with those of CUE， and low-value areas were mainly distributed in the central-northern and central-southern regions. The proportion of areas improved by WUE （32.91%） was significantly higher than that of CUE （13.87%）. R/S analysis predicts that 63.41% of regional CUE will show a positive trend of development in the future， while the proportion of areas with favorable development of WUE will be 36.43%. The CUE was negatively correlated with the air temperature and sunshine duration but positively correlated with the precipitation and moisture in soil， whereas the WUE was positively correlated with the air temperature and negatively correlated with the precipitation， sunshine duration， and moisture in soil. It is indicated that there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the effects of precipitation and temperature.
2026,45(1):117-129
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.011
Abstract:
To alleviate urban rainfall and flood disasters， promote the matching of supply and demand for rainfall and flood regulation services， and advance the high-quality development of urban and rural ecological spaces， the ecosystem service flow theory is introduced to construct a rainfall and flood safety pattern that couples the supply-demand interaction of rainfall and flood regulation services with the service flow mechanism. Taking Tongcheng County， Hubei Province as a case study， the SCS-CN model and flood risk index were used to quantify the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services， respectively. Hotspot and cold-spot analyses were employed to identify ecological supply and demand source areas. Based on hydrological analysis and circuit theory， the flow paths of rainfall and flood regulation services were constructed， delineating blue-line corridors， green-line corridors， and supply-demand corridors， while key nodes were identified. The results show that the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services in Tongcheng County present a significant mismatch pattern of “surplus in the southwest and northeast， deficit in the center”， with particularly prominent imbalance in the central urban area. A total of 276.15 km2 of supply source areas， 189.87 km2 of demand source areas， 391.71 km of various corridors， and 100 key ecological nodes were identified. Accordingly， an optimization plan of “Three Zones and Three Belts” was proposed to optimize the pattern by strengthening the connectivity of service flow paths and protecting key nodes； and systematic regulatory strategies were put forward from three dimensions： supply space， demand space， and service flow space. This study provides a reference for alleviating rainfall and flood disasters from the perspective of ecological space supply-demand matching. Future research can be further deepened by integrating long-term series data and multi-scenario simulations of heavy rains.
To alleviate urban rainfall and flood disasters， promote the matching of supply and demand for rainfall and flood regulation services， and advance the high-quality development of urban and rural ecological spaces， the ecosystem service flow theory is introduced to construct a rainfall and flood safety pattern that couples the supply-demand interaction of rainfall and flood regulation services with the service flow mechanism. Taking Tongcheng County， Hubei Province as a case study， the SCS-CN model and flood risk index were used to quantify the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services， respectively. Hotspot and cold-spot analyses were employed to identify ecological supply and demand source areas. Based on hydrological analysis and circuit theory， the flow paths of rainfall and flood regulation services were constructed， delineating blue-line corridors， green-line corridors， and supply-demand corridors， while key nodes were identified. The results show that the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services in Tongcheng County present a significant mismatch pattern of “surplus in the southwest and northeast， deficit in the center”， with particularly prominent imbalance in the central urban area. A total of 276.15 km2 of supply source areas， 189.87 km2 of demand source areas， 391.71 km of various corridors， and 100 key ecological nodes were identified. Accordingly， an optimization plan of “Three Zones and Three Belts” was proposed to optimize the pattern by strengthening the connectivity of service flow paths and protecting key nodes； and systematic regulatory strategies were put forward from three dimensions： supply space， demand space， and service flow space. This study provides a reference for alleviating rainfall and flood disasters from the perspective of ecological space supply-demand matching. Future research can be further deepened by integrating long-term series data and multi-scenario simulations of heavy rains.
2026,45(1):130-144
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.012
Abstract:
Traditional grey infrastructure has shown significant limitations in responding to complex disaster chains due to neglecting the synergistic effects of natural hydrological processes and ecosystem services.Green infrastructure （GI），by leveraging natural processes for regulation and achieving multi-functional synergy，was regarded as an effective way to overcome these limitations.This article took Zhengzhou City as an empirical case to develop a framework for the optimization of planning GI for flood-resilience that integrates multi-criteria decision-making and evaluation with genetic algorithm.An indexes system was constructed from four dimensions including the natural geography and climatic baseline，infrastructure sensitivity，natural environmental response，and the socio-economic impacts.A spatial deployment priority model of GI was built on a GIS platform.On this basis，a genetic algorithm was introduced to perform quantitative optimization of the types and scales of GI for flood-resilience within each priority zone under multiple objectives and constraints to obtain near-optimal GI layout schemes for different regions.The results showed that the proposed framework can effectively identify the high-priority deployment areas and key control zones of GI for flood-resilience in Zhengzhou City while simultaneously considering the safety of flood-resilience and construction constraints，optimize the portfolio configuration of different types of GI，and achieve a closed-loop planning process from spatial priority identification to type allocation optimization.It is confirmed that coupling multi-criteria spatial evaluation with a multi-objective genetic algorithm can provide quantifiable basis for planning and decision-making，and replicable computational framework for improving flood-resilience in high-density megacities.It will provide a transferable technical reference for constructing the layout of flood-resilience-oriented GI in other rapidly urbanizing areas of the same type.
Traditional grey infrastructure has shown significant limitations in responding to complex disaster chains due to neglecting the synergistic effects of natural hydrological processes and ecosystem services.Green infrastructure （GI），by leveraging natural processes for regulation and achieving multi-functional synergy，was regarded as an effective way to overcome these limitations.This article took Zhengzhou City as an empirical case to develop a framework for the optimization of planning GI for flood-resilience that integrates multi-criteria decision-making and evaluation with genetic algorithm.An indexes system was constructed from four dimensions including the natural geography and climatic baseline，infrastructure sensitivity，natural environmental response，and the socio-economic impacts.A spatial deployment priority model of GI was built on a GIS platform.On this basis，a genetic algorithm was introduced to perform quantitative optimization of the types and scales of GI for flood-resilience within each priority zone under multiple objectives and constraints to obtain near-optimal GI layout schemes for different regions.The results showed that the proposed framework can effectively identify the high-priority deployment areas and key control zones of GI for flood-resilience in Zhengzhou City while simultaneously considering the safety of flood-resilience and construction constraints，optimize the portfolio configuration of different types of GI，and achieve a closed-loop planning process from spatial priority identification to type allocation optimization.It is confirmed that coupling multi-criteria spatial evaluation with a multi-objective genetic algorithm can provide quantifiable basis for planning and decision-making，and replicable computational framework for improving flood-resilience in high-density megacities.It will provide a transferable technical reference for constructing the layout of flood-resilience-oriented GI in other rapidly urbanizing areas of the same type.
2026,45(1):145-154
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.013
Abstract:
A hypothesis about the configuration of greenway network with “lake-based core and forested clusters” was proposed from the perspective of daily life theory to solve the common problems of the disconnection from daily lives of residents， single form of space， and insufficient complexity of function in current lakeside greenways.The lakeside area of Shahu in Wuhan City was used to construct a “point-line-weight” configuration framework of greenway network.Urban Network Analysis （UNA） tools were used to simulate multi-scenario travel routes， and qualify the usage frequency and accessibility of path by using daily scenario POIs including transportation commuting， commercial services， cultural activities， and sports and fitness as point elements， and tree lined roads that meet standards of vegetation coverage as line elements.The results showed that the greenway network in the studied area had a complex structure of “multi cluster network”， with about 51.49% of the roads not overlapping with any living scenarios， mainly distributed around the periphery of the lake area.High overlap （≥ 5 scenarios） road sections only accounted for 32.46% of the total length， indicating that high-frequency living corridors have a limited proportion and concentrated distribution in the overall greenway network， and the paths commonly used by residents in their daily lives are mainly composed of high-density and short internal roads.The current greenway in the lakeside area of Shahu has a high mismatch rate with high-frequency daily routes.The existing greenway in the lakeside area of Shahu covers about 9.3% of daily activity POIs， and the network constructed has increased the coverage to about 48.76%， significantly enhancing the coupling degree between greenways and daily travel chains of residents.
A hypothesis about the configuration of greenway network with “lake-based core and forested clusters” was proposed from the perspective of daily life theory to solve the common problems of the disconnection from daily lives of residents， single form of space， and insufficient complexity of function in current lakeside greenways.The lakeside area of Shahu in Wuhan City was used to construct a “point-line-weight” configuration framework of greenway network.Urban Network Analysis （UNA） tools were used to simulate multi-scenario travel routes， and qualify the usage frequency and accessibility of path by using daily scenario POIs including transportation commuting， commercial services， cultural activities， and sports and fitness as point elements， and tree lined roads that meet standards of vegetation coverage as line elements.The results showed that the greenway network in the studied area had a complex structure of “multi cluster network”， with about 51.49% of the roads not overlapping with any living scenarios， mainly distributed around the periphery of the lake area.High overlap （≥ 5 scenarios） road sections only accounted for 32.46% of the total length， indicating that high-frequency living corridors have a limited proportion and concentrated distribution in the overall greenway network， and the paths commonly used by residents in their daily lives are mainly composed of high-density and short internal roads.The current greenway in the lakeside area of Shahu has a high mismatch rate with high-frequency daily routes.The existing greenway in the lakeside area of Shahu covers about 9.3% of daily activity POIs， and the network constructed has increased the coverage to about 48.76%， significantly enhancing the coupling degree between greenways and daily travel chains of residents.
2026,45(1):155-166
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.014
Abstract:
The metropolitan areas in Wuhan city were used to study the synergistic potential of ecological restoration and recreational utilization to effectively activate the diverse values of degraded ecological spaces. A comprehensive evaluation framework integrating dominant ecosystem services and spatial governance constraints was constructed to systematically assess the magnitude， typology， and spatial patterns of such synergies.?Results showed that 5 314.53 km2 of ecological spaces in the studied areas experienced moderate to severe degradation during 2000-2022， 97.50% of this degraded area is situated outside the prohibited development zones of ecological protection redlines， with 75.69% demonstrating medium-to-high synergistic potential for recreational utilization. 4 distinct synergistic utilization directions including priority restoration-full utilization， general restoration-full utilization， priority restoration-moderate utilization， and general restoration-moderate utilization were identified based on results of current study. 5 types of differentiated utilization such as forest therapy-leisure activities were proposed to guide targeted implementation. The results indicate that the evaluation framework constructed in this study effectively assesses the synergistic potential integrating ecological restoration and recreational utilization in degraded ecological spaces. On the premise of not violating the rigid control of the ecological protection red line， the research area exhibits substantial synergistic potential integrating ecological restoration and recreational utilization.
The metropolitan areas in Wuhan city were used to study the synergistic potential of ecological restoration and recreational utilization to effectively activate the diverse values of degraded ecological spaces. A comprehensive evaluation framework integrating dominant ecosystem services and spatial governance constraints was constructed to systematically assess the magnitude， typology， and spatial patterns of such synergies.?Results showed that 5 314.53 km2 of ecological spaces in the studied areas experienced moderate to severe degradation during 2000-2022， 97.50% of this degraded area is situated outside the prohibited development zones of ecological protection redlines， with 75.69% demonstrating medium-to-high synergistic potential for recreational utilization. 4 distinct synergistic utilization directions including priority restoration-full utilization， general restoration-full utilization， priority restoration-moderate utilization， and general restoration-moderate utilization were identified based on results of current study. 5 types of differentiated utilization such as forest therapy-leisure activities were proposed to guide targeted implementation. The results indicate that the evaluation framework constructed in this study effectively assesses the synergistic potential integrating ecological restoration and recreational utilization in degraded ecological spaces. On the premise of not violating the rigid control of the ecological protection red line， the research area exhibits substantial synergistic potential integrating ecological restoration and recreational utilization.
2026,45(1):167-179
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.015
Abstract:
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area（TGRA） serves as a crucial ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and represents a typically ecology-sensitive region. Studying the dynamic characteristics of urban ecological elements in the reservoir area is of significant importance for maintaining ecological security and implementing ecological restoration in the region. The morphological spatial pattern analysis（MSPA）， circuit theory， and the InVEST model were used to identify the ecological networks and quality of habitat in Zhongxian County， Chongqing Municipality in three periods from 2000 to 2020 to protect and restore the ecological security of cities in TGRA. The characteristics of spatiotemporal evolution of ecological elements in the reservoir area were studied and strategies for the targeted optimization of ecological protection redline（EPR） were proposed. The results showed that the overall ecological environment in Zhongxian County had a positive trend over time， with the number of ecological sources increasing from 12 to 48， the area growing from 131.13 km 2 to 351.03 km 2， and the source area was densely distributed in the central region. The number of ecological corridors increased from 23 to 112， with the length of corridor increasing from 191.55 km to 314.94 km before fluctuating to 292.99 km， with a spatial distribution pattern of dense in the north and sparse in the south， and dense in the east and sparse in west. The index for the quality of habitat in the three periods was 0.331 1， 0.384 1， and 0.381 6， with an initial increase followed by a slight decrease， indicating an overall improvement in the quality of habitat. The quality of habitat in the central regions rich in forest resources was relatively high， while that on along both banks of the Yangtze River and in the central urban area was poorer. There was a synergistic coupling relationship between the spatial distribution and changes of elements in ecological networks and the quality of habitat， most significantly affected by changes in the structure of land use. A strategy for zoned management of ecological sources was implemented， alongside the optimization of EPR boundaries. After adjustment， the designated EPR area covers 124.72 km2， with a compensation zone of 125.57 km2 and a reserve zone of 189.81 km2. It will provide a scientific reference for promoting the green development with high-quality in integrated urban-rural zones within the TGRA under the Yangtze River Conservation Initiative.
The Three Gorges Reservoir Area（TGRA） serves as a crucial ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and represents a typically ecology-sensitive region. Studying the dynamic characteristics of urban ecological elements in the reservoir area is of significant importance for maintaining ecological security and implementing ecological restoration in the region. The morphological spatial pattern analysis（MSPA）， circuit theory， and the InVEST model were used to identify the ecological networks and quality of habitat in Zhongxian County， Chongqing Municipality in three periods from 2000 to 2020 to protect and restore the ecological security of cities in TGRA. The characteristics of spatiotemporal evolution of ecological elements in the reservoir area were studied and strategies for the targeted optimization of ecological protection redline（EPR） were proposed. The results showed that the overall ecological environment in Zhongxian County had a positive trend over time， with the number of ecological sources increasing from 12 to 48， the area growing from 131.13 km 2 to 351.03 km 2， and the source area was densely distributed in the central region. The number of ecological corridors increased from 23 to 112， with the length of corridor increasing from 191.55 km to 314.94 km before fluctuating to 292.99 km， with a spatial distribution pattern of dense in the north and sparse in the south， and dense in the east and sparse in west. The index for the quality of habitat in the three periods was 0.331 1， 0.384 1， and 0.381 6， with an initial increase followed by a slight decrease， indicating an overall improvement in the quality of habitat. The quality of habitat in the central regions rich in forest resources was relatively high， while that on along both banks of the Yangtze River and in the central urban area was poorer. There was a synergistic coupling relationship between the spatial distribution and changes of elements in ecological networks and the quality of habitat， most significantly affected by changes in the structure of land use. A strategy for zoned management of ecological sources was implemented， alongside the optimization of EPR boundaries. After adjustment， the designated EPR area covers 124.72 km2， with a compensation zone of 125.57 km2 and a reserve zone of 189.81 km2. It will provide a scientific reference for promoting the green development with high-quality in integrated urban-rural zones within the TGRA under the Yangtze River Conservation Initiative.
2026,45(1):180-190
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.016
Abstract:
A multifunctional collaborative framework for designing the resilience of lakes and wetlands was proposed based on the theory of system resilience to address the common issues of functional conflicts and ecological degradation in lakes and wetlands in suburban under the background of urban expansion.The Wetland Park of Future Bay in Wuhan City was used to systematically diagnose the current problems related to the site ecology， water environment， landscape， and biodiversity.The main conflicts between the regulation of water security， habitat protection， the control of water quality， and public recreation were identified.A four-dimensional collaborative system of design strategy including the resilience strategy of water safety with watershed coordination and graded projects of storage to balance rainwater management with shaping water landscape， the resilience strategy of biodiversity with the exclusion zones of core ecology， buffer zones of ecology， and the optimization of vegetation to create a dynamic system of habitat， the resilience strategy of water environment with the target of water quality in zones， the control of pollution load， and measures of purifying ecology to achieve a balance between the protection of water source and the demands of habitat， the resilience strategy of landscape recreation with the elastic revetments， seasonal sequences of landscape， and the multi-level system of recreation to achieve the mutualism of ecological functions and cultural experiences was established.Based on this， the resilience-oriented design of the system can effectively coordinate the multifunctional conflicts in lakes and wetlands， enhance the adaptability of ecosystem and the value of social use.It will provide theoretical and practical references for the sustainable management of lakes and wetlands in suburban and the optimization of constructing blue-green infrastructure in urban.
A multifunctional collaborative framework for designing the resilience of lakes and wetlands was proposed based on the theory of system resilience to address the common issues of functional conflicts and ecological degradation in lakes and wetlands in suburban under the background of urban expansion.The Wetland Park of Future Bay in Wuhan City was used to systematically diagnose the current problems related to the site ecology， water environment， landscape， and biodiversity.The main conflicts between the regulation of water security， habitat protection， the control of water quality， and public recreation were identified.A four-dimensional collaborative system of design strategy including the resilience strategy of water safety with watershed coordination and graded projects of storage to balance rainwater management with shaping water landscape， the resilience strategy of biodiversity with the exclusion zones of core ecology， buffer zones of ecology， and the optimization of vegetation to create a dynamic system of habitat， the resilience strategy of water environment with the target of water quality in zones， the control of pollution load， and measures of purifying ecology to achieve a balance between the protection of water source and the demands of habitat， the resilience strategy of landscape recreation with the elastic revetments， seasonal sequences of landscape， and the multi-level system of recreation to achieve the mutualism of ecological functions and cultural experiences was established.Based on this， the resilience-oriented design of the system can effectively coordinate the multifunctional conflicts in lakes and wetlands， enhance the adaptability of ecosystem and the value of social use.It will provide theoretical and practical references for the sustainable management of lakes and wetlands in suburban and the optimization of constructing blue-green infrastructure in urban.
2026,45(1):191-199
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.017
Abstract:
The paths of implementing the construction of counties with strong agriculture were explored based on the county-level major functional zones to promote the rural revitalization comprehensively. The main battlefield for constructing a nation with strong agriculture is the construction of counties with strong agriculture with considering factors including the characteristics， differences， and development levels of regions in China. This article clarified the connotation and characteristics of counties with strong agriculture under the strategy of accelerating the construction of China as a nation with strong agriculture from the perspective of county-level major functional zones. A frame of reference for constructing counties with strong agriculture in major areas of agricultural production in China was provided through the international comparison. A reference path for constructing counties with strong agriculture in typical zones of ecological function was provided through the empirical analyses in China. A comprehensive index measurement model for the degree of achievement of counties with strong agriculture was established， which can select different core indexes based on the State designated functional zones mandates to measure the level of achievement of strong counties with strong agriculture. The key strategies and priorities for promoting the construction of a county with strong agriculture were discussed based on the analyses to provide basic support for scientifically guiding the construction of a county with strong agriculture and accelerating the realization of China as a nation with strong agriculture.
The paths of implementing the construction of counties with strong agriculture were explored based on the county-level major functional zones to promote the rural revitalization comprehensively. The main battlefield for constructing a nation with strong agriculture is the construction of counties with strong agriculture with considering factors including the characteristics， differences， and development levels of regions in China. This article clarified the connotation and characteristics of counties with strong agriculture under the strategy of accelerating the construction of China as a nation with strong agriculture from the perspective of county-level major functional zones. A frame of reference for constructing counties with strong agriculture in major areas of agricultural production in China was provided through the international comparison. A reference path for constructing counties with strong agriculture in typical zones of ecological function was provided through the empirical analyses in China. A comprehensive index measurement model for the degree of achievement of counties with strong agriculture was established， which can select different core indexes based on the State designated functional zones mandates to measure the level of achievement of strong counties with strong agriculture. The key strategies and priorities for promoting the construction of a county with strong agriculture were discussed based on the analyses to provide basic support for scientifically guiding the construction of a county with strong agriculture and accelerating the realization of China as a nation with strong agriculture.
2026,45(1):200-212
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.018
Abstract:
Farmland is the foundation for ensuring national food security. Evaluating and predicting the degree of fragmentation in farmland landscapes has significant value and importance for formulating policies of protecting farmland and optimizing the spatial layout of farmland. The county-level units in Anhui Province from 2000 to 2020 were used to study the situation and evolution trends of fragmentation in farmland landscapes. The characteristics of spatiotemporal evolution， driving mechanisms， and predictions of development in the future of farmland landscapes in Anhui Province were systematically analyzed based on big multi-source data with methods including land use change analysis models， landscape pattern indices， geographic detectors， and the PLUS model. The results showed that the total area of farmland in Anhui Province has continuously decreased since 2000， mainly being transformed into construction land. The fragmentation in farmland landscapes has continuously intensified under the interaction of multiple factors， with the average comprehensive index steadily increasing， and a spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south. The results of the simulation prediction of changes in farmland in Anhui Province in 2030 showed that the degree of fragmentation in farmland landscapes will be improved only under the scenario of protection. It is indicated that Anhui Province needs to strictly implement the policy of protecting farmland in the future， achieve sustainable development of farmland resources in Anhui Province through macro-level regulation of balance between the land use and the occupation/compensation of farmland.
Farmland is the foundation for ensuring national food security. Evaluating and predicting the degree of fragmentation in farmland landscapes has significant value and importance for formulating policies of protecting farmland and optimizing the spatial layout of farmland. The county-level units in Anhui Province from 2000 to 2020 were used to study the situation and evolution trends of fragmentation in farmland landscapes. The characteristics of spatiotemporal evolution， driving mechanisms， and predictions of development in the future of farmland landscapes in Anhui Province were systematically analyzed based on big multi-source data with methods including land use change analysis models， landscape pattern indices， geographic detectors， and the PLUS model. The results showed that the total area of farmland in Anhui Province has continuously decreased since 2000， mainly being transformed into construction land. The fragmentation in farmland landscapes has continuously intensified under the interaction of multiple factors， with the average comprehensive index steadily increasing， and a spatial distribution pattern of high in the north and low in the south. The results of the simulation prediction of changes in farmland in Anhui Province in 2030 showed that the degree of fragmentation in farmland landscapes will be improved only under the scenario of protection. It is indicated that Anhui Province needs to strictly implement the policy of protecting farmland in the future， achieve sustainable development of farmland resources in Anhui Province through macro-level regulation of balance between the land use and the occupation/compensation of farmland.
2026,45(1):213-224
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.019
Abstract:
The traditional Chinese garden principle of “Borrowed Scenery”（Jiejing） was transformed into a quantitative control tool for modern spatial design to address the issues of single spatial hierarchy and the dissolution of regional characteristics in current landscape construction in water-network villages.Key quantitative indexes including viewing distance （D），relative height of scenery （H），the D/H ratio， and the vertical viewing angle （α） were extracted to construct a parameterized design paradigm encompassing remote borrowing，adjacent borrowing， upward borrowing， downward borrowing， and seasonal borrowing by introducing visual perception psychology and spatial geometry theory and analyzing the traditional “Borrowing Landscape” principle based on the Yoshinobu Ashihara’s theory of external space design.The Fuzi shan Area in Yangxin County， Hubei Province， a region characterized by both hilly terrain and water networks was used as an example to conduct an empirical study.The results showed that “remote borrowing”was achieved through visual corridor control， effectively enhancing the sense of spatial depth in natural open interfaces where D/H>4.“Adjacent borrowing” strategies and controlled building setback distances were used to achieve a flexible integration of the village and the mountain for the mid-range scale where 1≤D/H≤3.“Downward borrowing” perspectives were used to expand the horizontal extensibility of the natural landscape in areas close to landscape features with significant height differences （D/ΔH<1）.It is indicated that the interpretation of the “Borrowed Scenery” principle based on spatial geometric parameters will provide a scientific and quantitative basis for constructing modern rural landscapes.
The traditional Chinese garden principle of “Borrowed Scenery”（Jiejing） was transformed into a quantitative control tool for modern spatial design to address the issues of single spatial hierarchy and the dissolution of regional characteristics in current landscape construction in water-network villages.Key quantitative indexes including viewing distance （D），relative height of scenery （H），the D/H ratio， and the vertical viewing angle （α） were extracted to construct a parameterized design paradigm encompassing remote borrowing，adjacent borrowing， upward borrowing， downward borrowing， and seasonal borrowing by introducing visual perception psychology and spatial geometry theory and analyzing the traditional “Borrowing Landscape” principle based on the Yoshinobu Ashihara’s theory of external space design.The Fuzi shan Area in Yangxin County， Hubei Province， a region characterized by both hilly terrain and water networks was used as an example to conduct an empirical study.The results showed that “remote borrowing”was achieved through visual corridor control， effectively enhancing the sense of spatial depth in natural open interfaces where D/H>4.“Adjacent borrowing” strategies and controlled building setback distances were used to achieve a flexible integration of the village and the mountain for the mid-range scale where 1≤D/H≤3.“Downward borrowing” perspectives were used to expand the horizontal extensibility of the natural landscape in areas close to landscape features with significant height differences （D/ΔH<1）.It is indicated that the interpretation of the “Borrowed Scenery” principle based on spatial geometric parameters will provide a scientific and quantitative basis for constructing modern rural landscapes.
2026,45(1):225-235
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.020
Abstract:
A four-dimensional integrated value framework of ecology-culture-economy-society was constructed in Dongyuan Flower Valley in Damu Township， Xian'an District， Xianning City and a set of integrated planning and evaluation methods guided by this framework was proposed to solve the problem of value ambiguity caused by the urbanization and singularity of the evaluation system and the emphasis on construction over operation in planning rural green space， and promote its high-quality and sustainable development. 5 units of core resource and 7 units of candidate function were identified based on multi-source data. A resource-function matching matrix was established with the Delphi-AHP coupling model. The dominant functions and highly synergistic combinations of “forest health， cultural experience， and flower appreciation economy” were screened based on the results of evaluation to propose strategies for planning and divide the Dongyuan Flower Valley into 4 major functional areas. A post evaluation was conducted by constructing an AHP comprehensive benefit evaluation system closely related to the matching matrix after the implementation of the planning project. The results showed that the implementation of the planning project not only achieved the goals of ecological and cultural protection， but also realized economic benefits and social value. The planning project effectively maintained the integrity and biodiversity of the habitat of core forest， restored 145 hectares of mountains， increased forest coverage from 78% to 84%， and recorded an increase in the number of bird species from over 60 to over 70. Dongyuan Ancient Village and other historical and cultural resources have achieved authentic protection and dynamic utilization， with the annual number of visitors increasing from 32 000 to 100 000， driving an increase of over 70 million yuan in sales of homestays， farmhouses， and agricultural products. It is indicated that the constructed closed-loop methodology of “value recognition-planning generation-benefit evaluation-feedback optimization” can provide quantifiable supporting tools of decision and practical reference paths for the planning and evaluation of rural green spaces.
A four-dimensional integrated value framework of ecology-culture-economy-society was constructed in Dongyuan Flower Valley in Damu Township， Xian'an District， Xianning City and a set of integrated planning and evaluation methods guided by this framework was proposed to solve the problem of value ambiguity caused by the urbanization and singularity of the evaluation system and the emphasis on construction over operation in planning rural green space， and promote its high-quality and sustainable development. 5 units of core resource and 7 units of candidate function were identified based on multi-source data. A resource-function matching matrix was established with the Delphi-AHP coupling model. The dominant functions and highly synergistic combinations of “forest health， cultural experience， and flower appreciation economy” were screened based on the results of evaluation to propose strategies for planning and divide the Dongyuan Flower Valley into 4 major functional areas. A post evaluation was conducted by constructing an AHP comprehensive benefit evaluation system closely related to the matching matrix after the implementation of the planning project. The results showed that the implementation of the planning project not only achieved the goals of ecological and cultural protection， but also realized economic benefits and social value. The planning project effectively maintained the integrity and biodiversity of the habitat of core forest， restored 145 hectares of mountains， increased forest coverage from 78% to 84%， and recorded an increase in the number of bird species from over 60 to over 70. Dongyuan Ancient Village and other historical and cultural resources have achieved authentic protection and dynamic utilization， with the annual number of visitors increasing from 32 000 to 100 000， driving an increase of over 70 million yuan in sales of homestays， farmhouses， and agricultural products. It is indicated that the constructed closed-loop methodology of “value recognition-planning generation-benefit evaluation-feedback optimization” can provide quantifiable supporting tools of decision and practical reference paths for the planning and evaluation of rural green spaces.
2026,45(1):236-245
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.021
Abstract:
The effects of application concentration of biogas fertilizer and method of combined application on the physicochemical properties of soil and the soybean yield at a depth of 0-80 cm were studied under greenhouse cultivation with biogas slurry as liquid fertilizer，biogas residue and organic fertilizer as solid fertilizer，and soybean as tested crop to address the severe challenges posed by the damage of soil structure and nutrient loss to the ecological environment and food safety，while achieving the high-value utilization of waste resources from biogas slurry. The combined application methods and concentration combinations of biogas manure included organic fertilizer alone （TK1），dry fermentation biogas slurry as basal fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as topdressing （TK2），dry fermentation biogas slurry alone （TK3），biogas residue as basal fertilizer combined with wet fermentation biogas slurry as topdressing （TK4），biogas residue as basal fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as topdressing （TK5） and biodigne/organic fertilizer mixed base fertilizer combined with wet fermentation biogas slurry as topdressing （TK6）. The original soil （campus green soil） was set as the blank control group （CK）. The results showed that TK6 had the highest increase in the content of alkaline nitrogen and available phosphorus in the tillage layer of soil，which increased by 3.56 and 2.44 times，respectively. TK3 had the highest increase in the content of available potassium in the tillage layer of soil，with an increase of 9.37 times. The content of total nitrogen and total potassium in the dry fermentation biogas slurry were easy to migrate downward at a depth of 60-80 cm in soil，and the content of total phosphorus in the wet fermentation biogas slurry was easy to migrate downward at a depth of 80 cm in soil. The structure of soil aggregates was significantly affected by the treatment of fertilization. TK1 significantly increased the number of small soil aggregates by 25.2%. TK3 increased the number of large and medium aggregates in soil by 1.68%. Compared with other treatments，the TK1 had the highest loss of nitrogen in soil and the lowest yield of soybeans，while TK4 had the highest yield of soybeans about 4 350 kg/hm2. It is indicated that the application of dry fermented biogas slurry alone significantly increases the content of nutrients in the tillage layer of soil and makes it easier for nutrients to migrate downwards. The combination of biogas residue as base fertilizer and wet fermented biogas slurry as topdressing is more conducive to improving the yield of soybeans.
The effects of application concentration of biogas fertilizer and method of combined application on the physicochemical properties of soil and the soybean yield at a depth of 0-80 cm were studied under greenhouse cultivation with biogas slurry as liquid fertilizer，biogas residue and organic fertilizer as solid fertilizer，and soybean as tested crop to address the severe challenges posed by the damage of soil structure and nutrient loss to the ecological environment and food safety，while achieving the high-value utilization of waste resources from biogas slurry. The combined application methods and concentration combinations of biogas manure included organic fertilizer alone （TK1），dry fermentation biogas slurry as basal fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as topdressing （TK2），dry fermentation biogas slurry alone （TK3），biogas residue as basal fertilizer combined with wet fermentation biogas slurry as topdressing （TK4），biogas residue as basal fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as topdressing （TK5） and biodigne/organic fertilizer mixed base fertilizer combined with wet fermentation biogas slurry as topdressing （TK6）. The original soil （campus green soil） was set as the blank control group （CK）. The results showed that TK6 had the highest increase in the content of alkaline nitrogen and available phosphorus in the tillage layer of soil，which increased by 3.56 and 2.44 times，respectively. TK3 had the highest increase in the content of available potassium in the tillage layer of soil，with an increase of 9.37 times. The content of total nitrogen and total potassium in the dry fermentation biogas slurry were easy to migrate downward at a depth of 60-80 cm in soil，and the content of total phosphorus in the wet fermentation biogas slurry was easy to migrate downward at a depth of 80 cm in soil. The structure of soil aggregates was significantly affected by the treatment of fertilization. TK1 significantly increased the number of small soil aggregates by 25.2%. TK3 increased the number of large and medium aggregates in soil by 1.68%. Compared with other treatments，the TK1 had the highest loss of nitrogen in soil and the lowest yield of soybeans，while TK4 had the highest yield of soybeans about 4 350 kg/hm2. It is indicated that the application of dry fermented biogas slurry alone significantly increases the content of nutrients in the tillage layer of soil and makes it easier for nutrients to migrate downwards. The combination of biogas residue as base fertilizer and wet fermented biogas slurry as topdressing is more conducive to improving the yield of soybeans.
ZHOU Wenxuan, ZHAO Zhenjian, CHEN Dong, CUI Shengdi, WANG Junge, CHEN Ziyang, YU Shixin, CHEN Jiamiao, ZHOU Yaoxi, HUANG Runjie, TANG Guoqing
2026,45(1):246-254
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.022
Abstract:
The social genetic effects-residual feed intake （SGE-RFI） value of 209 Duroc pigs was estimated to study the key metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with the SGE-RFI in Duroc pigs at the level of intestinal metabolome and provide an explanation for the SGE of pig feed reward at the level of molecule. 10 individuals with extreme value at each end were divided into a high social genetic effect group （HRS） and a low social genetic effect group （LRS）. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS） was used to analyze the content of metabolites from ileal and cecal in 20 Duroc pigs. The Partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） was used to identify significantly different metabolites in the ileum and cecum of Duroc pigs between HRS and LRS groups. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate the major functional pathways involving these metabolites. The results showed that the 1 111 and 590 significantly different metabolites in the ileum and cecum were identified， with 13 different metabolites including GABA shared between the ileum and cecum. The different metabolites in the ileum were primarily enriched in 26 pathways including alanine， aspartate， and glutamate metabolism， ABC transporters， and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. The different metabolites in the cecum were mainly associated with 8 pathways including tryptophan metabolism， biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids， and purine metabolism. It is indicated that social genetic effects-residual feed intake （SGE-RFI） in Duroc pigs are significantly correlated with different metabolites including GABA in the ileum and cecum and key metabolic pathways including the metabolism of amino acid and tryptophan. It will provide insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the social genetic effects of feed efficiency in farming pig.
The social genetic effects-residual feed intake （SGE-RFI） value of 209 Duroc pigs was estimated to study the key metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with the SGE-RFI in Duroc pigs at the level of intestinal metabolome and provide an explanation for the SGE of pig feed reward at the level of molecule. 10 individuals with extreme value at each end were divided into a high social genetic effect group （HRS） and a low social genetic effect group （LRS）. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS） was used to analyze the content of metabolites from ileal and cecal in 20 Duroc pigs. The Partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA） was used to identify significantly different metabolites in the ileum and cecum of Duroc pigs between HRS and LRS groups. The kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate the major functional pathways involving these metabolites. The results showed that the 1 111 and 590 significantly different metabolites in the ileum and cecum were identified， with 13 different metabolites including GABA shared between the ileum and cecum. The different metabolites in the ileum were primarily enriched in 26 pathways including alanine， aspartate， and glutamate metabolism， ABC transporters， and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. The different metabolites in the cecum were mainly associated with 8 pathways including tryptophan metabolism， biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids， and purine metabolism. It is indicated that social genetic effects-residual feed intake （SGE-RFI） in Duroc pigs are significantly correlated with different metabolites including GABA in the ileum and cecum and key metabolic pathways including the metabolism of amino acid and tryptophan. It will provide insights into the metabolic mechanisms underlying the social genetic effects of feed efficiency in farming pig.
2026,45(1):255-265
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.023
Abstract:
To analyze the mechanism of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression in teleost such as the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus， the promoter sequences of DNA methyltransferase gene family （dnmts） of M. anguillicaudatus were cloned using the hiTAIL-PCR method based on transcriptome sequencing data， and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of dnmts were then analyzed using qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. The results showed significant differences in the subcellular localization and the N-terminal regulatory domain. The regulatory domain of dnmt1 includes the conserved domains DMAP， PBD， CXXC， and BAH， while dnmt3s contain the domains PWWP， ADD， or CH， indicating a notable functional differentiation between dnmt1 and dnmt3s. Such functional differentiation was further confirmed by the phylogenetic tree constructed based on amino acid sequences. In the promoter sequences of the 4 dnmts， besides the typical functional element TATA-box， several transcription factor binding sites related to embryonic development， growth， and reproduction were also predicted， such as CREB，Egr-1 and Pit-1. The expression levels of the 4 dnmts were all associated with the developmental stages and exhibited dynamic changes. During the rapid cleavage stage， from the cleavage stage to the blastocyst stage， dnmt1 was highly expressed， while during the organ differentiation stage in later embryonic development， dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab were highly expressed. In adult fish， dnmt1 was highly expressed in the gonads； dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab were highly expressed in the brain， while dnmt3b showed high expression in the gonads and muscles. Additionally， the expression of dnmts exhibited obvious sex dimorphism： the expression levels of dnmt1 and dnmt3b were significantly higher in the ovaries than in the testis， while dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab showed the opposite pattern. The results of in situ hybridization showed that dnmt3aa was expressed in both germ cells and somatic cells of the ovary， whereas dnmt3ab was expressed only in the somatic cells of the ovary. These findings indicate functional differentiation among the members of the dnmts family in M. anguillicaudatus， suggesting that they play important roles in specific developmental stages and tissues.
To analyze the mechanism of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression in teleost such as the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus， the promoter sequences of DNA methyltransferase gene family （dnmts） of M. anguillicaudatus were cloned using the hiTAIL-PCR method based on transcriptome sequencing data， and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of dnmts were then analyzed using qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques. The results showed significant differences in the subcellular localization and the N-terminal regulatory domain. The regulatory domain of dnmt1 includes the conserved domains DMAP， PBD， CXXC， and BAH， while dnmt3s contain the domains PWWP， ADD， or CH， indicating a notable functional differentiation between dnmt1 and dnmt3s. Such functional differentiation was further confirmed by the phylogenetic tree constructed based on amino acid sequences. In the promoter sequences of the 4 dnmts， besides the typical functional element TATA-box， several transcription factor binding sites related to embryonic development， growth， and reproduction were also predicted， such as CREB，Egr-1 and Pit-1. The expression levels of the 4 dnmts were all associated with the developmental stages and exhibited dynamic changes. During the rapid cleavage stage， from the cleavage stage to the blastocyst stage， dnmt1 was highly expressed， while during the organ differentiation stage in later embryonic development， dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab were highly expressed. In adult fish， dnmt1 was highly expressed in the gonads； dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab were highly expressed in the brain， while dnmt3b showed high expression in the gonads and muscles. Additionally， the expression of dnmts exhibited obvious sex dimorphism： the expression levels of dnmt1 and dnmt3b were significantly higher in the ovaries than in the testis， while dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab showed the opposite pattern. The results of in situ hybridization showed that dnmt3aa was expressed in both germ cells and somatic cells of the ovary， whereas dnmt3ab was expressed only in the somatic cells of the ovary. These findings indicate functional differentiation among the members of the dnmts family in M. anguillicaudatus， suggesting that they play important roles in specific developmental stages and tissues.
2026,45(1):266-277
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.024
Abstract:
The interleukin-17 receptor （IL-17R） family in mammals regulates inflammatory responses by mediating the signaling of the IL-17 cytokine. Partial cDNA sequences of five Pf_IL-17R genes （Pf_IL-17RA to Pf_IL-17RE） were cloned from yellow catfish （Pelteobagrus fulvidraco，Pf） to study the potential role of IL-17R gene in the immune response to pathogenic infection in fish. The molecular characteristics of the sequence，expression profiles of tissue，and changes in expression of five genes in yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri and stimulated with immunostimulants were analyzed. The results showed that the open reading frame （ORF） of the five Pf_IL-17R genes including Pf_IL-17RA，Pf_IL-17RB，Pf_IL-17RC，Pf_IL-17RD，Pf_IL-17RE was 2 430 bp，1 590 bp，2 106 bp，2 235 bp，and 2 307 bp，encoding 809 amino acids （aa），529 aa，701 aa，744 aa，and 768 aa，respectively. The results of analyzing the sequence of aa showed that the five Pf_IL-17R genes in yellow catfish had high sequence similarity with homologous genes of other teleosts，among which the sequence similarity with homologous genes of channel catfish was the highest. The results of analyses with Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the five Pf_IL-17R genes exhibited different profiles of mRNA in healthy yellow catfish，but the levels of their expression were higher in the blood，gonads，and gills. The levels of mRNA expression of five Pf-IL-17R genes were significantly upregulated in the gills，skin，and head kidney of yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri，while the expression levels of Pf_IL-17RB，Pf_IL-17RC，Pf_IL-17RD and Pf_IL-17RE mRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the spleen （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Moreover，the levels of mRNA expression of four Pf_IL-17R genes （with the exception of Pf_IL-17RC） were induced in the isolated peripheral blood leukocytes （PBLs） of yellow catfish stimulated with lipopolysaccharide （LPS），phytohemagglutinin （PHA） and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid （Poly I：C）. It is indicated that the five Pf_IL-17R genes may play important roles in the immune response of yellow catfish to pathogen infection.
The interleukin-17 receptor （IL-17R） family in mammals regulates inflammatory responses by mediating the signaling of the IL-17 cytokine. Partial cDNA sequences of five Pf_IL-17R genes （Pf_IL-17RA to Pf_IL-17RE） were cloned from yellow catfish （Pelteobagrus fulvidraco，Pf） to study the potential role of IL-17R gene in the immune response to pathogenic infection in fish. The molecular characteristics of the sequence，expression profiles of tissue，and changes in expression of five genes in yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri and stimulated with immunostimulants were analyzed. The results showed that the open reading frame （ORF） of the five Pf_IL-17R genes including Pf_IL-17RA，Pf_IL-17RB，Pf_IL-17RC，Pf_IL-17RD，Pf_IL-17RE was 2 430 bp，1 590 bp，2 106 bp，2 235 bp，and 2 307 bp，encoding 809 amino acids （aa），529 aa，701 aa，744 aa，and 768 aa，respectively. The results of analyzing the sequence of aa showed that the five Pf_IL-17R genes in yellow catfish had high sequence similarity with homologous genes of other teleosts，among which the sequence similarity with homologous genes of channel catfish was the highest. The results of analyses with Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the five Pf_IL-17R genes exhibited different profiles of mRNA in healthy yellow catfish，but the levels of their expression were higher in the blood，gonads，and gills. The levels of mRNA expression of five Pf-IL-17R genes were significantly upregulated in the gills，skin，and head kidney of yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri，while the expression levels of Pf_IL-17RB，Pf_IL-17RC，Pf_IL-17RD and Pf_IL-17RE mRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the spleen （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Moreover，the levels of mRNA expression of four Pf_IL-17R genes （with the exception of Pf_IL-17RC） were induced in the isolated peripheral blood leukocytes （PBLs） of yellow catfish stimulated with lipopolysaccharide （LPS），phytohemagglutinin （PHA） and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid （Poly I：C）. It is indicated that the five Pf_IL-17R genes may play important roles in the immune response of yellow catfish to pathogen infection.
HE Qiulu, HU Changbai, WU Zhengben, DU Jiayi, ZHAO Xuyang, ZHANG Yujun, BEI Congran, RUAN Guoliang, WANG Qian, YU Yongyao
2026,45(1):278-288
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.025
Abstract:
A model of the localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus （SVCV） in zebrafish （Danio rerio） was established to deeply study the mechanisms of viral disease development and the protective functions of microbial communities in fish.The viral load，pathological alterations，and expression profiles of immune-related genes in gill at 1 day，4 days，7 days and 14 days post-infection were analyzed.The changes in the expression profiles of mucosal immune-related genes and surface microbiota in zebrafish gill during the acute infection （4 d） and recovery phase （14 d） were further investigated based on transcriptomic profiling and 16S rRNA sequencing.The results showed that the structure of gill lamellae was disrupted，with respiratory epithelium detachment and inflammatory cell infiltration after infection with SVCV.The expression level of antiviral genes （ifnγ，mxc） and proinflammatory cytokines （tnfα，il1β） was significantly upregulated during the period of acute infection.Concurrent strong inflammatory response and disordered surface microbiota of gill was identified at 4 d，characterized by significantly increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens （e.g.，Pseudomonas spp.） and their translocation into underlying tissues.The body simultaneously initiated immune responses against viral and bacterial infections in the mucous.Both the inflammatory response in gill and the structure of surface microbiota was restored after 14 days of infection.It is indicated that SVCV infection through gills can damage the structure of physical barrier in gill，disrupt the homeostasis of mucosal microbiota，and lead to secondary bacterial infections.Therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of the outbreaks of bacterial diseases in the case of viral infection.
A model of the localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus （SVCV） in zebrafish （Danio rerio） was established to deeply study the mechanisms of viral disease development and the protective functions of microbial communities in fish.The viral load，pathological alterations，and expression profiles of immune-related genes in gill at 1 day，4 days，7 days and 14 days post-infection were analyzed.The changes in the expression profiles of mucosal immune-related genes and surface microbiota in zebrafish gill during the acute infection （4 d） and recovery phase （14 d） were further investigated based on transcriptomic profiling and 16S rRNA sequencing.The results showed that the structure of gill lamellae was disrupted，with respiratory epithelium detachment and inflammatory cell infiltration after infection with SVCV.The expression level of antiviral genes （ifnγ，mxc） and proinflammatory cytokines （tnfα，il1β） was significantly upregulated during the period of acute infection.Concurrent strong inflammatory response and disordered surface microbiota of gill was identified at 4 d，characterized by significantly increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens （e.g.，Pseudomonas spp.） and their translocation into underlying tissues.The body simultaneously initiated immune responses against viral and bacterial infections in the mucous.Both the inflammatory response in gill and the structure of surface microbiota was restored after 14 days of infection.It is indicated that SVCV infection through gills can damage the structure of physical barrier in gill，disrupt the homeostasis of mucosal microbiota，and lead to secondary bacterial infections.Therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of the outbreaks of bacterial diseases in the case of viral infection.
2026,45(1):289-299
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.026
Abstract:
Zebrafish were exposed to 25 μg/mL rifampicin （RIF），10 μg/mL oxytetracycline （OTC），2 mg/L potassium permanganate （KMnO4），and 0.1 mg/L chlorine dioxide （ClO2） for 12 hours to study the potential risks of the widespread use of antibiotics and disinfectants in aquaculture on the skin microbiota and immune responses of fish.Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qPCR） and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were used to detect the immune responses and changes in the skin microbiota in zebrafish.The results showed that the exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants significantly upregulated the expression of inflammation-related genes including interleukin-1β （IL-1β），interleukin-6 （IL-6），and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in zebrafish skin compared to the control group （P<0.05）.The relative expression level of immunoglobulin IgM，complement C3，and mucin Muc2 gene was significantly upregulated （P<0.05） as well.The Alpha-diversity indices including Chao1，Shannon，Ace，and Sobs of skin microbiota significantly decreased （P<0.05）.The results of principal coordinates analysis （PCoA） and non-metric multidimensional scaling （NMDS） showed that there was a significant separation in microbial clustering between the control group and the exposure group.Compared to the control group，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased in all exposed groups，while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes decreased.The relative abundance of Acinetobacter increased in each exposure group，especially in the KMnO4 treated group where the relative abundance reached as high as 65.36%.It is indicated that the exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants can induce inflammatory reactions and dysbiosis in zebrafish skin，weakening the function of immune barrier in skin and ultimately damaging the health of fish.
Zebrafish were exposed to 25 μg/mL rifampicin （RIF），10 μg/mL oxytetracycline （OTC），2 mg/L potassium permanganate （KMnO4），and 0.1 mg/L chlorine dioxide （ClO2） for 12 hours to study the potential risks of the widespread use of antibiotics and disinfectants in aquaculture on the skin microbiota and immune responses of fish.Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qPCR） and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were used to detect the immune responses and changes in the skin microbiota in zebrafish.The results showed that the exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants significantly upregulated the expression of inflammation-related genes including interleukin-1β （IL-1β），interleukin-6 （IL-6），and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in zebrafish skin compared to the control group （P<0.05）.The relative expression level of immunoglobulin IgM，complement C3，and mucin Muc2 gene was significantly upregulated （P<0.05） as well.The Alpha-diversity indices including Chao1，Shannon，Ace，and Sobs of skin microbiota significantly decreased （P<0.05）.The results of principal coordinates analysis （PCoA） and non-metric multidimensional scaling （NMDS） showed that there was a significant separation in microbial clustering between the control group and the exposure group.Compared to the control group，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria increased in all exposed groups，while the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes decreased.The relative abundance of Acinetobacter increased in each exposure group，especially in the KMnO4 treated group where the relative abundance reached as high as 65.36%.It is indicated that the exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants can induce inflammatory reactions and dysbiosis in zebrafish skin，weakening the function of immune barrier in skin and ultimately damaging the health of fish.
2026,45(1):300-307
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.027
Abstract:
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects various freshwater fish， causing ichthyophthiriasis. The life cycle of I. multifiliis comprises three stages： theront， trophont， and tomont. Theront， the only infective stage， invades the host and transforms into the trophont. This study first compared the survival of theronts in different cell culture media to identify the most suitable medium for in vitro culture. Based on these findings， the effects of adding epithelioma papillosum cyprini （EPC） cells and agarose to the culture medium on theront development were investigated using three models： （a）， agarose was positioned in the lower layer beneath the theront and cell mixture； （b）， the agarose mixed directly with theront and cell； and （c），agarose positioned in the upper layer above the theront and cell mixture. The survival rate and size of I. multifiliis were calculated for each condition. The results were as follows： （1） The longest survival time for theronts in medium M199 was up to 6 d. However， theronts were unable to transform into trophonts. （2） The addition of EPC cell aggregates to medium M199 enabled theronts to transformed into trophonts， which survived for 2 d. The size of trophonts was （31.32±3.79） μm on d 2， with no significant growth trend observed. （3） In all three agarose models， theronts was transformed into trophonts and survived for 3 d. The diameters of trophonts in models a， b， and c modes were （37.40±3.99） μm， （39.51±8.51） μm， and （45.14±10.92） μm， respectively， on day 3. In conclusion， the present study demonstrated that adding either EPC cell aggregates or agarose to medium M199 promoted the transformation of theronts into trophonts. However， significant trophonts growth occurred only in the model where the medium was supplemented with both agarose and cells.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan parasite that infects various freshwater fish， causing ichthyophthiriasis. The life cycle of I. multifiliis comprises three stages： theront， trophont， and tomont. Theront， the only infective stage， invades the host and transforms into the trophont. This study first compared the survival of theronts in different cell culture media to identify the most suitable medium for in vitro culture. Based on these findings， the effects of adding epithelioma papillosum cyprini （EPC） cells and agarose to the culture medium on theront development were investigated using three models： （a）， agarose was positioned in the lower layer beneath the theront and cell mixture； （b）， the agarose mixed directly with theront and cell； and （c），agarose positioned in the upper layer above the theront and cell mixture. The survival rate and size of I. multifiliis were calculated for each condition. The results were as follows： （1） The longest survival time for theronts in medium M199 was up to 6 d. However， theronts were unable to transform into trophonts. （2） The addition of EPC cell aggregates to medium M199 enabled theronts to transformed into trophonts， which survived for 2 d. The size of trophonts was （31.32±3.79） μm on d 2， with no significant growth trend observed. （3） In all three agarose models， theronts was transformed into trophonts and survived for 3 d. The diameters of trophonts in models a， b， and c modes were （37.40±3.99） μm， （39.51±8.51） μm， and （45.14±10.92） μm， respectively， on day 3. In conclusion， the present study demonstrated that adding either EPC cell aggregates or agarose to medium M199 promoted the transformation of theronts into trophonts. However， significant trophonts growth occurred only in the model where the medium was supplemented with both agarose and cells.
2026,45(1):308-318
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.028
Abstract:
The low-frequency electric fields with intensity of 600 V/m，1 500 V/m，and 3 000 V/m were used to solve the problems of difficulty in maintaining the quality of freshwater fish during the traditional process of preservation with partial freezing.The indexes including the loss rate of drip，the capacity of holding water，hardness，color，the content of total volatile basic nitrogen （TVB-N），and the water migration of tilapia fillets preserved by partial freezing were measured to study the effects of electric field-assisted partial freezing on the quality of fillets.The results showed that low-frequency electric field effectively suppressed the loss rate of drip and maintained the capacity of holding water during the storage with partial freezing，with greater intensity resulting in more significant effects.The loss rate of drip in samples treated with 3 000 V/m electric field was significantly lower than that in the control group （P<0.05） from the 4th day，with significantly higher capacity of holding water （P<0.05）.Meanwhile，low-frequency electric field inhibited the deterioration of color，decreased the hardness，increased the content of TVB-N，and extended the shelf life of fillets.The increase in the content of TVB-N in the control group at 16th days was about 1.6-3.0 times that in the groups treated with low-frequency electric field.The results of low field-nuclear magnetic resonance （LF-NMR） analysis showed that the water in tilapia fillets migrated from immobilized water to free water as the time of storage prolonged.Low-frequency electric fields suppressed water migration，and the higher the intensity of electric field，the more significant the effect.Especially，the low-frequency electric field with an intensity of 3 000 V/m had the best effect on maintaining the quality of tilapia fillets under partial freezing.It is indicated that low-frequency electric field-assisted partial freezing is a feasible and effective technique for preserving the quality of tilapia fillets.It will provide a new direction for the improvement on the effect of preserving freshwater fish with partial freezing.
The low-frequency electric fields with intensity of 600 V/m，1 500 V/m，and 3 000 V/m were used to solve the problems of difficulty in maintaining the quality of freshwater fish during the traditional process of preservation with partial freezing.The indexes including the loss rate of drip，the capacity of holding water，hardness，color，the content of total volatile basic nitrogen （TVB-N），and the water migration of tilapia fillets preserved by partial freezing were measured to study the effects of electric field-assisted partial freezing on the quality of fillets.The results showed that low-frequency electric field effectively suppressed the loss rate of drip and maintained the capacity of holding water during the storage with partial freezing，with greater intensity resulting in more significant effects.The loss rate of drip in samples treated with 3 000 V/m electric field was significantly lower than that in the control group （P<0.05） from the 4th day，with significantly higher capacity of holding water （P<0.05）.Meanwhile，low-frequency electric field inhibited the deterioration of color，decreased the hardness，increased the content of TVB-N，and extended the shelf life of fillets.The increase in the content of TVB-N in the control group at 16th days was about 1.6-3.0 times that in the groups treated with low-frequency electric field.The results of low field-nuclear magnetic resonance （LF-NMR） analysis showed that the water in tilapia fillets migrated from immobilized water to free water as the time of storage prolonged.Low-frequency electric fields suppressed water migration，and the higher the intensity of electric field，the more significant the effect.Especially，the low-frequency electric field with an intensity of 3 000 V/m had the best effect on maintaining the quality of tilapia fillets under partial freezing.It is indicated that low-frequency electric field-assisted partial freezing is a feasible and effective technique for preserving the quality of tilapia fillets.It will provide a new direction for the improvement on the effect of preserving freshwater fish with partial freezing.
2026,45(1):319-330
, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.029
Abstract:
A high-efficiency medicinal-soil separation device was designed to address the challenges of separating fritillary bulbs from soil particles with similar sizes and the low recovery rate in existing fritillary bulb harvesters. Key parameters affecting performance and their value ranges were determined based on kinematic and dynamic analyses. A discrete element method and multi-body dynamics（DEM-MBD） coupling-simulation model was constructed. Central composite design（CCD） experiments were conducted with sieve inclination angle， crank radius， crank speed， and medicinal-soil roller speed as experimental factors， and recovery rate and separation efficiency as evaluation indexes. Analysis of variance（ANOVA） was performed on the results of CCD experiments to establish regression models between recovery rate/separation efficiency and significant factors. The model was solved with the multi-objective grey wolf optimization （MOGWO） algorithm to obtain the optimal combination. Results showed that increasing crank radius and crank speed improved both recovery rate and separation efficiency， while increasing sieve inclination angle had opposite effects. Excessive inclination caused material blockage at the front end， hindering rearward movement， though soil continuously sifted downward during operation. The optimal combination of parameters was the sieve inclination angle of 1.6°， crank radius of 39.7 mm， crank speed of 332 r/min， and soil-crushing roller speed of 284 r/min， achieving a recovery rate of 93.72% and separation efficiency of 92.09%. The results of bench verification under identical conditions showed that the recovery rate and separation efficiency was 91.05% and 90.17%， closely align with the simulation-optimized outcomes with a relative error of less than 3%， meeting the requirements for fritillary bulb-soil separation and fully validating the practicality of the dual-layer vibrating separation device designed.
A high-efficiency medicinal-soil separation device was designed to address the challenges of separating fritillary bulbs from soil particles with similar sizes and the low recovery rate in existing fritillary bulb harvesters. Key parameters affecting performance and their value ranges were determined based on kinematic and dynamic analyses. A discrete element method and multi-body dynamics（DEM-MBD） coupling-simulation model was constructed. Central composite design（CCD） experiments were conducted with sieve inclination angle， crank radius， crank speed， and medicinal-soil roller speed as experimental factors， and recovery rate and separation efficiency as evaluation indexes. Analysis of variance（ANOVA） was performed on the results of CCD experiments to establish regression models between recovery rate/separation efficiency and significant factors. The model was solved with the multi-objective grey wolf optimization （MOGWO） algorithm to obtain the optimal combination. Results showed that increasing crank radius and crank speed improved both recovery rate and separation efficiency， while increasing sieve inclination angle had opposite effects. Excessive inclination caused material blockage at the front end， hindering rearward movement， though soil continuously sifted downward during operation. The optimal combination of parameters was the sieve inclination angle of 1.6°， crank radius of 39.7 mm， crank speed of 332 r/min， and soil-crushing roller speed of 284 r/min， achieving a recovery rate of 93.72% and separation efficiency of 92.09%. The results of bench verification under identical conditions showed that the recovery rate and separation efficiency was 91.05% and 90.17%， closely align with the simulation-optimized outcomes with a relative error of less than 3%， meeting the requirements for fritillary bulb-soil separation and fully validating the practicality of the dual-layer vibrating separation device designed.
Display Method:
Abstract:
Abstract This study aimed to explore the efficient sewage discharge rhythm of pond cage culture tanks, ensuring the timely and effective removal of feces and residual bait in the tanks while reducing the energy consumption of sewage discharge equipment, thus safeguarding the water quality in the culture tanks. To this end, two stocking densities (1000 fish/tank and 600 fish/tank) were adopted to conduct culture experiments of Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) and sewage discharge tests for the culture tanks. Taking the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration and turbidity of the water at the sewage outlet as the test indicators, the variation law of water quality at the sewage outlet after feeding was studied. The results showed that after the start of feeding, the TSS concentration and turbidity of the water at the sewage outlet increased sharply, and did not stabilize until 7 hours after feeding. On this basis, with the goal of achieving no significant difference in ammonia nitrogen content between the water at the sewage outlet of the culture tanks and the external pond water, optimization experiments of different sewage discharge rhythms were carried out within 1-7 hours after feeding. The results indicated that short-term and multiple sewage discharges were more conducive to improving the water quality in the culture tanks, and different stocking densities required different sewage discharge rhythms:For the stocking density of 1000 fish/tank, the sewage discharge rhythm should be "5 minutes of sewage discharge at 2 hours after feeding, 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 4 hours after feeding, and 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 7 hours after feeding"; For the stocking density of 600 fish/tank, the sewage discharge rhythm should be "5 minutes of sewage discharge at 3 hours after feeding and 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 5 hours after feeding". Verification experiments were conducted, and the results showed that under the optimized sewage discharge rhythm in this study: For the 1000 fish/tank group, the cumulative removal rates of TSS concentration and turbidity increased to 98.46% and 97.86%, respectively, both higher than the 26.83% and 18.32% of the traditional sewage discharge method (5 minutes of sewage discharge at 2 hours after feeding); For the 600 fish/tank group, after the first two sewage discharges, the cumulative removal rates of TSS and turbidity reached 94.58% and 96.86%, respectively, which were also significantly higher than the 24.32% and 19.36% under the traditional sewage discharge method.
Abstract This study aimed to explore the efficient sewage discharge rhythm of pond cage culture tanks, ensuring the timely and effective removal of feces and residual bait in the tanks while reducing the energy consumption of sewage discharge equipment, thus safeguarding the water quality in the culture tanks. To this end, two stocking densities (1000 fish/tank and 600 fish/tank) were adopted to conduct culture experiments of Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) and sewage discharge tests for the culture tanks. Taking the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentration and turbidity of the water at the sewage outlet as the test indicators, the variation law of water quality at the sewage outlet after feeding was studied. The results showed that after the start of feeding, the TSS concentration and turbidity of the water at the sewage outlet increased sharply, and did not stabilize until 7 hours after feeding. On this basis, with the goal of achieving no significant difference in ammonia nitrogen content between the water at the sewage outlet of the culture tanks and the external pond water, optimization experiments of different sewage discharge rhythms were carried out within 1-7 hours after feeding. The results indicated that short-term and multiple sewage discharges were more conducive to improving the water quality in the culture tanks, and different stocking densities required different sewage discharge rhythms:For the stocking density of 1000 fish/tank, the sewage discharge rhythm should be "5 minutes of sewage discharge at 2 hours after feeding, 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 4 hours after feeding, and 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 7 hours after feeding"; For the stocking density of 600 fish/tank, the sewage discharge rhythm should be "5 minutes of sewage discharge at 3 hours after feeding and 3 minutes of sewage discharge at 5 hours after feeding". Verification experiments were conducted, and the results showed that under the optimized sewage discharge rhythm in this study: For the 1000 fish/tank group, the cumulative removal rates of TSS concentration and turbidity increased to 98.46% and 97.86%, respectively, both higher than the 26.83% and 18.32% of the traditional sewage discharge method (5 minutes of sewage discharge at 2 hours after feeding); For the 600 fish/tank group, after the first two sewage discharges, the cumulative removal rates of TSS and turbidity reached 94.58% and 96.86%, respectively, which were also significantly higher than the 24.32% and 19.36% under the traditional sewage discharge method.
Abstract:
The quantitative assessment of ecosystem service value (ESV) serves as a scientific basis for guiding rational utilization and effective management of ecosystems by humans. In-depth exploration of its spatio-temporal dynamic evolution is crucial for effectively monitoring regional ecological functions, optimizing ecosystem service management strategies, and proactively responding to future ecological trends. Focusing on Yichang City from 2013 to 2023, this study utilizes land use data and applies the equivalent factor method developed by Xie Gaodi to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of ESV with the city as the research object. Supported by quantifiable data, the study aims to provide guidance for the city’s future economic and ecological sustainable development. During the research period, changes in land use types in Yichang City, particularly fluctuations in the areas of forestland, cropland, and water bodies, were identified as significant factors driving changes in ESV. This paper reveals the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of ecosystem service value in Yichang City, providing a scientific reference for the formulation of regional ecological security strategies and sustainable development plans for Yichang City.
The quantitative assessment of ecosystem service value (ESV) serves as a scientific basis for guiding rational utilization and effective management of ecosystems by humans. In-depth exploration of its spatio-temporal dynamic evolution is crucial for effectively monitoring regional ecological functions, optimizing ecosystem service management strategies, and proactively responding to future ecological trends. Focusing on Yichang City from 2013 to 2023, this study utilizes land use data and applies the equivalent factor method developed by Xie Gaodi to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of ESV with the city as the research object. Supported by quantifiable data, the study aims to provide guidance for the city’s future economic and ecological sustainable development. During the research period, changes in land use types in Yichang City, particularly fluctuations in the areas of forestland, cropland, and water bodies, were identified as significant factors driving changes in ESV. This paper reveals the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of ecosystem service value in Yichang City, providing a scientific reference for the formulation of regional ecological security strategies and sustainable development plans for Yichang City.
Abstract:
Microplitis pallidipes is considered an important biotic factor for the natural population of Spodoptera exigua in the field, and volatiles play a crucial role in its host selection and location. We previously found that the larva-amaranth complex exhibits significantly attraction to M. pallidipes. To further investigate the sources and specific volatile compounds that can effectively affect the selection behavior of this parasitoid, Y-tube olfactometer assays were conducted to measure the behavioral responses of M. pallidipes to the bodies and excreta of S. exigua and larvae-damaged amaranth, and the corresponding volatile substances were collected and analyzed with SPME and GC-MS. The results showed that both the damaged amaranth and larvae significantly attracted M. pallidipes (the attraction rates were 67.86% and 65.38%, respectively), while the S. exigua excrement did not. GC-MS analysis indicated that 40, 27 and 32 compounds were identified in the damaged amaranth, the S. exigua larvae and their excrements respectively, consisting primarily of alkenes and alkanes. And 22, 17, and 11 compounds were only detected in those treatments, respectively. In addition, DMNT, methyl salicylate, and methyl benzoate in the infested amaranth were significantly higher than those in S. exigua larvae and their excrements, while α-himachalene in S. exigua larvae was higher than that in the damaged amaranth and the excrement of S. exigua. The damaged amaranth and S. exigua larvae were the main sources of volatile compounds which significantly attract M. pallidipes in larva-amaranth complex.
Microplitis pallidipes is considered an important biotic factor for the natural population of Spodoptera exigua in the field, and volatiles play a crucial role in its host selection and location. We previously found that the larva-amaranth complex exhibits significantly attraction to M. pallidipes. To further investigate the sources and specific volatile compounds that can effectively affect the selection behavior of this parasitoid, Y-tube olfactometer assays were conducted to measure the behavioral responses of M. pallidipes to the bodies and excreta of S. exigua and larvae-damaged amaranth, and the corresponding volatile substances were collected and analyzed with SPME and GC-MS. The results showed that both the damaged amaranth and larvae significantly attracted M. pallidipes (the attraction rates were 67.86% and 65.38%, respectively), while the S. exigua excrement did not. GC-MS analysis indicated that 40, 27 and 32 compounds were identified in the damaged amaranth, the S. exigua larvae and their excrements respectively, consisting primarily of alkenes and alkanes. And 22, 17, and 11 compounds were only detected in those treatments, respectively. In addition, DMNT, methyl salicylate, and methyl benzoate in the infested amaranth were significantly higher than those in S. exigua larvae and their excrements, while α-himachalene in S. exigua larvae was higher than that in the damaged amaranth and the excrement of S. exigua. The damaged amaranth and S. exigua larvae were the main sources of volatile compounds which significantly attract M. pallidipes in larva-amaranth complex.
Abstract:
以脊椎骨为年龄鉴定材料，对2004年于金沙江流域采集的208尾黄石爬鮡（Euchiloglanis kishinouyei）样本的年龄组成与生长特性进行初步分析，结合后期同水域种群数据比较分析，评估该水域黄石爬鮡种质资源变化。主要结果有：（1）样本种群体长范围为114~286 mm，体重范围为25.0~470.0 g；共鉴定出115尾鱼的年龄，由4~14龄组成，其中以8~11龄为主。体长（L）与体重（W）的拟合关系式为 W=3×10-5L2.8838（R2=0.9188，n=208），属匀速生长方式；von Bertalanffy拟合的体长和体重生长方程分别为：Lt=248.3[1-e-0.089(t+2.495)]、Wt=242.0[1-e-0.089(t+2.495)]2.8838，拐点年龄为9.38龄，此时的体长和体质量分别为Li=162.2 mm、Wi=70.9 g，表明金沙江流域黄石爬鮡生长缓慢。（2）与后期同水域种群生长参数比较，本研究黄石爬鮡群体的最大体长、体重和年龄均较大，且其大个体鱼与高龄个体占比较多；体长与体重关系式中b值更大，其生长方式明显不同；拐点年龄较大，且拐点年龄后的个体比例较高；渐近体长L∞、渐近体重W∞和表观生长指数φ均较大。结果表明随时间推移，黄石爬鮡种群存在显著低龄化和小型化现象。需尽快开展相关保护工作，以保护金沙江流域黄石爬鮡重要种质资源。
以脊椎骨为年龄鉴定材料，对2004年于金沙江流域采集的208尾黄石爬鮡（Euchiloglanis kishinouyei）样本的年龄组成与生长特性进行初步分析，结合后期同水域种群数据比较分析，评估该水域黄石爬鮡种质资源变化。主要结果有：（1）样本种群体长范围为114~286 mm，体重范围为25.0~470.0 g；共鉴定出115尾鱼的年龄，由4~14龄组成，其中以8~11龄为主。体长（L）与体重（W）的拟合关系式为 W=3×10-5L2.8838（R2=0.9188，n=208），属匀速生长方式；von Bertalanffy拟合的体长和体重生长方程分别为：Lt=248.3[1-e-0.089(t+2.495)]、Wt=242.0[1-e-0.089(t+2.495)]2.8838，拐点年龄为9.38龄，此时的体长和体质量分别为Li=162.2 mm、Wi=70.9 g，表明金沙江流域黄石爬鮡生长缓慢。（2）与后期同水域种群生长参数比较，本研究黄石爬鮡群体的最大体长、体重和年龄均较大，且其大个体鱼与高龄个体占比较多；体长与体重关系式中b值更大，其生长方式明显不同；拐点年龄较大，且拐点年龄后的个体比例较高；渐近体长L∞、渐近体重W∞和表观生长指数φ均较大。结果表明随时间推移，黄石爬鮡种群存在显著低龄化和小型化现象。需尽快开展相关保护工作，以保护金沙江流域黄石爬鮡重要种质资源。
Abstract:
To achieve high-value utilization of biogas and nitrogen-rich biogas slurry, this study employed vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) to separate and concentrate ammonia nitrogen from biogas slurry into green ammonia solution, which was subsequently used for biogas CO2 capture. The recovery performance of ammonia nitrogen from biogas slurry and the CO2 absorption characteristics of the produced aqueous ammonia solution were systematically investigated. Results showed that increasing the biogas slurry pH and initial ammonia nitrogen concentration significantly enhanced the aqueous ammonia concentration in the recovered green aqueous ammonia solution. Notably, when the initial biogas slurry concentration was 6 g-N/L and the pH was adjusted to 10, the aqueous ammonia concentration in the green aqueous ammonia solution reached 28.03 g-N/L. Moreover, coupling the permeate-side pressure with the biogas slurry temperature—while ensuring that the permeate pressure matched the corresponding saturated vapor pressure of water—yielded markedly higher ammonia separation factors and aqueous ammonia concentrations than adjusting either parameter alone. At an initial concentration of 1.5 g-N/L, under 60 °C and 20 kPa, the ammonia separation factor reached 15.86 after 6 h of operation, and the aqueous ammonia concentration reached 6.58 g-N/L. The CO2 absorption performance of the green aqueous ammonia solution was strongly influenced by the aqueous ammonia concentration, liquid velocity rate, and biogas flow velocity. When the aqueous ammonia concentration was 0.7 mol/L, with a liquid flow velocity of 60 mL/min and a biogas flow velocity of 0.3 L/min, the CO2 removal efficiency reached 98.79%. Although high concentrations of volatile fatty acids exhibited some inhibitory effect on CO2 absorption, the impurity levels in practical aqueous ammonia solution are typically low; thus, the recovered green aqueous ammonia solution can provide excellent CO2 capture performance.
To achieve high-value utilization of biogas and nitrogen-rich biogas slurry, this study employed vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) to separate and concentrate ammonia nitrogen from biogas slurry into green ammonia solution, which was subsequently used for biogas CO2 capture. The recovery performance of ammonia nitrogen from biogas slurry and the CO2 absorption characteristics of the produced aqueous ammonia solution were systematically investigated. Results showed that increasing the biogas slurry pH and initial ammonia nitrogen concentration significantly enhanced the aqueous ammonia concentration in the recovered green aqueous ammonia solution. Notably, when the initial biogas slurry concentration was 6 g-N/L and the pH was adjusted to 10, the aqueous ammonia concentration in the green aqueous ammonia solution reached 28.03 g-N/L. Moreover, coupling the permeate-side pressure with the biogas slurry temperature—while ensuring that the permeate pressure matched the corresponding saturated vapor pressure of water—yielded markedly higher ammonia separation factors and aqueous ammonia concentrations than adjusting either parameter alone. At an initial concentration of 1.5 g-N/L, under 60 °C and 20 kPa, the ammonia separation factor reached 15.86 after 6 h of operation, and the aqueous ammonia concentration reached 6.58 g-N/L. The CO2 absorption performance of the green aqueous ammonia solution was strongly influenced by the aqueous ammonia concentration, liquid velocity rate, and biogas flow velocity. When the aqueous ammonia concentration was 0.7 mol/L, with a liquid flow velocity of 60 mL/min and a biogas flow velocity of 0.3 L/min, the CO2 removal efficiency reached 98.79%. Although high concentrations of volatile fatty acids exhibited some inhibitory effect on CO2 absorption, the impurity levels in practical aqueous ammonia solution are typically low; thus, the recovered green aqueous ammonia solution can provide excellent CO2 capture performance.
Abstract:
Idesia polycarpais Maxim. is an excellent woody oil tree species with significant economic and ecological value. Currently, the Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) marker system was developed in I. polycarpa based on the retrotransposon sequences of genome. Subsequently, 101 accessions from Guizhou Province were analyzed using 17 IRAP primers to construct molecular IDs and elucidate genetic relationships. The results indicated that the optimal 10-μL IRAP-PCR system was established as 0.6 μL template DNA, 1 μL IRAP primer, 6 μL PCR Mix, 2.4 μL ddH?O, and 40 PCR cycles via an L16(43) orthogonal test. Amplification with the 17 primers yielded 160 polymorphic fragments, averaging 9.4 per primer, with a polymorphic percentage of 100%. The average values of primers for the number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity index (H), and Shannon's diversity index (I) were 2.000, 1.419, 0.261, and 0.412, respectively. Taking similarity coefficient 0.75 as a threshold, the 101 accessions were categorized into seven distinct groups. Furthermore, the germplasms, e.g. STZ74 andSTZ43 with the highest oil contents, were clustered into Group 6, and majority of those with the lowest oil contents were grouped into Group 1, e.g. STZ29, STZ41, STZ35, STZ30, and STZ31, et al. Seven core IRAP primers might efficiently differentiate all the accessions, thereby the obtained markers were used to construct DNA fingerprint and to generate molecular IDs. This study provides a valuable marker technology for the precise identification and genetic relationship analysis of I. polycarpa germplasms.
Idesia polycarpais Maxim. is an excellent woody oil tree species with significant economic and ecological value. Currently, the Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism (IRAP) marker system was developed in I. polycarpa based on the retrotransposon sequences of genome. Subsequently, 101 accessions from Guizhou Province were analyzed using 17 IRAP primers to construct molecular IDs and elucidate genetic relationships. The results indicated that the optimal 10-μL IRAP-PCR system was established as 0.6 μL template DNA, 1 μL IRAP primer, 6 μL PCR Mix, 2.4 μL ddH?O, and 40 PCR cycles via an L16(43) orthogonal test. Amplification with the 17 primers yielded 160 polymorphic fragments, averaging 9.4 per primer, with a polymorphic percentage of 100%. The average values of primers for the number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei's gene diversity index (H), and Shannon's diversity index (I) were 2.000, 1.419, 0.261, and 0.412, respectively. Taking similarity coefficient 0.75 as a threshold, the 101 accessions were categorized into seven distinct groups. Furthermore, the germplasms, e.g. STZ74 andSTZ43 with the highest oil contents, were clustered into Group 6, and majority of those with the lowest oil contents were grouped into Group 1, e.g. STZ29, STZ41, STZ35, STZ30, and STZ31, et al. Seven core IRAP primers might efficiently differentiate all the accessions, thereby the obtained markers were used to construct DNA fingerprint and to generate molecular IDs. This study provides a valuable marker technology for the precise identification and genetic relationship analysis of I. polycarpa germplasms.
Abstract:
Apple leaf diseases significantly impact fruit quality and yield. To overcome the limitations of existing detection methods in accuracy, real-time performance, and robustness under complex noise conditions, this study proposes SMPD-YOLO, a lightweight and real-time apple leaf disease detection model. Specifically, a Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast Cross Stage Partial CSP (SPPFCSPC) module is integrated into the backbone network to enhance feature fusion. The Minimum Point Distance-IoU (MPD-IoU) is employed as the bounding box regression loss to improve model precision and accelerate convergence. The model is further compressed and computational complexity reduced via Layer Adaptive Magnitude-based Pruning (LAMP), while channel-wise knowledge distillation (CWD) is applied to boost detection performance. Experimental results demonstrate that SMPD-YOLO achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 90.20% and a frame rate of 133.3 frames per second (FPS), with a model size of 5.0 MB and 7.3 GFLOPs. Additionally, SMPD-YOLO maintains strong robustness under challenging conditions, including strong illumination, low light, and image blur. Overall, the model combines high accuracy, lightweight design, and real-time performance, providing a lightweight design approach for achieving efficient leaf disease detection on resource-constrained equipment.
Apple leaf diseases significantly impact fruit quality and yield. To overcome the limitations of existing detection methods in accuracy, real-time performance, and robustness under complex noise conditions, this study proposes SMPD-YOLO, a lightweight and real-time apple leaf disease detection model. Specifically, a Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast Cross Stage Partial CSP (SPPFCSPC) module is integrated into the backbone network to enhance feature fusion. The Minimum Point Distance-IoU (MPD-IoU) is employed as the bounding box regression loss to improve model precision and accelerate convergence. The model is further compressed and computational complexity reduced via Layer Adaptive Magnitude-based Pruning (LAMP), while channel-wise knowledge distillation (CWD) is applied to boost detection performance. Experimental results demonstrate that SMPD-YOLO achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 90.20% and a frame rate of 133.3 frames per second (FPS), with a model size of 5.0 MB and 7.3 GFLOPs. Additionally, SMPD-YOLO maintains strong robustness under challenging conditions, including strong illumination, low light, and image blur. Overall, the model combines high accuracy, lightweight design, and real-time performance, providing a lightweight design approach for achieving efficient leaf disease detection on resource-constrained equipment.
Abstract:
This research explores the spatial configuration of greenway networks from the perspective of everyday life, taking the lakeside area of Shahu in Wuhan as a case study. It aims to shift the traditional focus of greenways from “ecological-recreational” functions towards serving as multifunctional infrastructures that support residents’ high-frequency daily activities. Guided by Henri Lefebvre’s theory of everyday life, the study conceptualizes daily practices into four typical scenarios: commuting, shopping, recreation, and social-health activities. An integrated “point-line-weight” analytical framework is established by identifying key nodes (e.g., residential buildings, service facilities, and transport hubs), simulating multi-scenario travel routes, and qualifying vegetated corridors through Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) analysis. Using Urban Network Analysis (UNA) tools, path usage frequency and accessibility are quantified. A hierarchical greenway network is formed by overlaying
This research explores the spatial configuration of greenway networks from the perspective of everyday life, taking the lakeside area of Shahu in Wuhan as a case study. It aims to shift the traditional focus of greenways from “ecological-recreational” functions towards serving as multifunctional infrastructures that support residents’ high-frequency daily activities. Guided by Henri Lefebvre’s theory of everyday life, the study conceptualizes daily practices into four typical scenarios: commuting, shopping, recreation, and social-health activities. An integrated “point-line-weight” analytical framework is established by identifying key nodes (e.g., residential buildings, service facilities, and transport hubs), simulating multi-scenario travel routes, and qualifying vegetated corridors through Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) analysis. Using Urban Network Analysis (UNA) tools, path usage frequency and accessibility are quantified. A hierarchical greenway network is formed by overlaying
Abstract:
To promote the development and application of wild plants in Hubei Province, and address the problem of insufficient utilization of native plants in urban landscape greening,1,000 common wild plants in Hubei Province were selected as the candidate pool to establish an evaluation model for the application potential of landscape greening, including 21 evaluation indicators and corresponding grading rules for application potential. The results showed that: (1) Based on the comprehensive evaluation
To promote the development and application of wild plants in Hubei Province, and address the problem of insufficient utilization of native plants in urban landscape greening,1,000 common wild plants in Hubei Province were selected as the candidate pool to establish an evaluation model for the application potential of landscape greening, including 21 evaluation indicators and corresponding grading rules for application potential. The results showed that: (1) Based on the comprehensive evaluation
Abstract:
To reveal the dynamic characteristics of interspecific relationships among woody plants in Shanghai urban parks during different construction periods, this study 14 urban parks belonging to 4 periods (before 1995, 1995-2004, 2005-2015, and after 2016). 1,434 plant community quadrats (1m 10m) were surveyed, focusing on 29 arbor species and 27 shrub species with an important value ≥ 5. Interspecific associations were analyzed using the variance ratio (VR), χ2 test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results showed that the overall associations of arbors and shrubs in each period were significantly positive (VR > 1, p < 0.05), and their stability gradually increased with the passage of construction time, with the VR value rising from 1.43 in Period I to 1.98 in Period IV. There were obvious differences in interspecific relationships in the arbor layer: in the early stage, non-significant negative associations dominated, such as between Camphora officinarum and Taxodium mucronatum; in the later stage, significant positive associations formed, such as between Triadica sebifera and T. mucronatum. The shrub layer maintained a strong positive association throughout all periods, with the VR reaching 1.98 in Period IV. Among them, the proportion of positively correlated species pairs shown by the Spearman rank test reached 23.81%, significantly higher than the 4.76% shown by the Pearson test, indicating that the Spearman rank test is more sensitive to capturing weak synergistic relationships. Therefore, it is suggested that differentiated plant configuration strategies should be adopted for parks in different construction periods. For the renovation of early-stage parks, priority should be given to replacing arbor species with negative associations; in all periods, clustered configuration of adaptable shrub species should be strengthened to improve the stability of plant communities.
To reveal the dynamic characteristics of interspecific relationships among woody plants in Shanghai urban parks during different construction periods, this study 14 urban parks belonging to 4 periods (before 1995, 1995-2004, 2005-2015, and after 2016). 1,434 plant community quadrats (1m 10m) were surveyed, focusing on 29 arbor species and 27 shrub species with an important value ≥ 5. Interspecific associations were analyzed using the variance ratio (VR), χ2 test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The results showed that the overall associations of arbors and shrubs in each period were significantly positive (VR > 1, p < 0.05), and their stability gradually increased with the passage of construction time, with the VR value rising from 1.43 in Period I to 1.98 in Period IV. There were obvious differences in interspecific relationships in the arbor layer: in the early stage, non-significant negative associations dominated, such as between Camphora officinarum and Taxodium mucronatum; in the later stage, significant positive associations formed, such as between Triadica sebifera and T. mucronatum. The shrub layer maintained a strong positive association throughout all periods, with the VR reaching 1.98 in Period IV. Among them, the proportion of positively correlated species pairs shown by the Spearman rank test reached 23.81%, significantly higher than the 4.76% shown by the Pearson test, indicating that the Spearman rank test is more sensitive to capturing weak synergistic relationships. Therefore, it is suggested that differentiated plant configuration strategies should be adopted for parks in different construction periods. For the renovation of early-stage parks, priority should be given to replacing arbor species with negative associations; in all periods, clustered configuration of adaptable shrub species should be strengthened to improve the stability of plant communities.
Wei Xue, Jingxuan Xiao, Yuhe Zhu, Xuan MA, Yuli Fan, Hong Kong, Zhonghua Wu, Zhihao Sun, Genyu Xu, Qingming Zhan
Abstract:
Many industrial cities in China continue to face severe particulate matter (PM) pollution. Strategically selecting green space locations within urban areas is an effective approach to mitigate PM pollution. However, existing studies predominantly focus on the mechanisms by which different pollution sources influence PM dispersion and distribution, often overlooking the heterogeneity caused by individual variations within the same type of pollution source. This oversight leads to inaccurate estimations of PM dispersion ranges, thereby hindering precise guidance for green space site selection. To address this gap, this study employs a Gaussian dispersion model under the principles of PM dispersion dynamics. We calculate the two-dimensional kernel density distribution of potential PM2.5 and PM10 dispersion for each influencing factor under varying Gaussian standard deviations (i.e., at different scales). This serves as a comprehensive representation of their spatial influence intensity on surrounding areas, forming a Gaussian Kernel Density Dataset that incorporates multi-scale impact characteristics of all factors. Subsequently, a dual-precision nested algorithm is designed to screen for the most effective and representative factors, constructing an explanatory variable dataset. Finally, a geographically weighted regression model is established to quantify the spatial characteristics and influence intensity of each factor on PM dispersion, enabling precise guidance for optimal green space allocation.
Many industrial cities in China continue to face severe particulate matter (PM) pollution. Strategically selecting green space locations within urban areas is an effective approach to mitigate PM pollution. However, existing studies predominantly focus on the mechanisms by which different pollution sources influence PM dispersion and distribution, often overlooking the heterogeneity caused by individual variations within the same type of pollution source. This oversight leads to inaccurate estimations of PM dispersion ranges, thereby hindering precise guidance for green space site selection. To address this gap, this study employs a Gaussian dispersion model under the principles of PM dispersion dynamics. We calculate the two-dimensional kernel density distribution of potential PM2.5 and PM10 dispersion for each influencing factor under varying Gaussian standard deviations (i.e., at different scales). This serves as a comprehensive representation of their spatial influence intensity on surrounding areas, forming a Gaussian Kernel Density Dataset that incorporates multi-scale impact characteristics of all factors. Subsequently, a dual-precision nested algorithm is designed to screen for the most effective and representative factors, constructing an explanatory variable dataset. Finally, a geographically weighted regression model is established to quantify the spatial characteristics and influence intensity of each factor on PM dispersion, enabling precise guidance for optimal green space allocation.
Abstract:
In the first season of ratoon rice harvesting, it was necessary to maintain appropriate stubble height according to varietal characteristics to ensure successful regeneration in the second season. When harvesting ratoon rice with existing grain combine harvesters in China, frequent adjustment of the header height was often required due to uneven field terrain. Currently, this operation is primarily performed manually by the operator, which not only increased labor intensity but also constrained harvesting efficiency. To address this issue, this study designed an adaptive header height control system for a ratoon rice combine harvester. First, a structural model of the header copying wheel for height control was established. Second, the hydraulic system of a 4LZ-1.6Z grain combine harvester was modified and optimized, and a control system simulation model was developed using Simulink to compare and analyze the performance of classical PID and fuzzy PID control strategies. Then, performance verification was carried out using response accuracy and response speed as test indicators. The results showed that the mean absolute error for classical PID control was 17.3 mm, while that for fuzzy PID control was 10.5 mm. In terms of response speed, the average values for classical PID control during header lifting and lowering were 0.185 m/s and 0.213 m/s, respectively, whereas those for fuzzy PID control were 0.202 m/s and 0.219 m/s. Finally, a field test on uneven terrain was conducted based on the fuzzy PID control algorithm, demonstrating that the header height remained stable at approximately 500 mm, with a mean deviation of 6.81 mm and a stability coefficient of variation of 1.62%, indicating that the proposed control strategy exhibited good stability and tracking performance. This study provided an effective technical solution for header height control in the mechanical harvesting of ratoon rice, offering practical value for improving harvesting quality and operational efficiency.
In the first season of ratoon rice harvesting, it was necessary to maintain appropriate stubble height according to varietal characteristics to ensure successful regeneration in the second season. When harvesting ratoon rice with existing grain combine harvesters in China, frequent adjustment of the header height was often required due to uneven field terrain. Currently, this operation is primarily performed manually by the operator, which not only increased labor intensity but also constrained harvesting efficiency. To address this issue, this study designed an adaptive header height control system for a ratoon rice combine harvester. First, a structural model of the header copying wheel for height control was established. Second, the hydraulic system of a 4LZ-1.6Z grain combine harvester was modified and optimized, and a control system simulation model was developed using Simulink to compare and analyze the performance of classical PID and fuzzy PID control strategies. Then, performance verification was carried out using response accuracy and response speed as test indicators. The results showed that the mean absolute error for classical PID control was 17.3 mm, while that for fuzzy PID control was 10.5 mm. In terms of response speed, the average values for classical PID control during header lifting and lowering were 0.185 m/s and 0.213 m/s, respectively, whereas those for fuzzy PID control were 0.202 m/s and 0.219 m/s. Finally, a field test on uneven terrain was conducted based on the fuzzy PID control algorithm, demonstrating that the header height remained stable at approximately 500 mm, with a mean deviation of 6.81 mm and a stability coefficient of variation of 1.62%, indicating that the proposed control strategy exhibited good stability and tracking performance. This study provided an effective technical solution for header height control in the mechanical harvesting of ratoon rice, offering practical value for improving harvesting quality and operational efficiency.
Abstract:
Eight large urban parks in the built-up area of Wuhan were selected, and observational data from the public science platform for the three years of 2022 to 2024 were obtained. Analysis and comparison were conducted on the habitat types, bird species count, resident types, faunal composition, and endangered and rare species of birds, in order to assess the bird diversity status in Wuhan"s urban park green spaces. It was concluded that Wuhan"s urban parks play a significant role in bird diversity conservation, and the bird diversity status is positively correlated with the area of park green spaces, vegetation coverage, community structure, and the degree of naturalization around the parks. Meanwhile, a comparison was made with the bird diversity status in representative park green spaces in Beijing and Shanghai to analyze the deficiencies in the construction of bird diversity in Wuhan"s park green spaces. Based on this, measures were proposed to improve the connectivity of urban green spaces, construct large-scale woodlands in large green spaces, optimize plant configuration patterns using native species, and moderately rewild urban green spaces to further enhance the bird diversity in urban green spaces.
Eight large urban parks in the built-up area of Wuhan were selected, and observational data from the public science platform for the three years of 2022 to 2024 were obtained. Analysis and comparison were conducted on the habitat types, bird species count, resident types, faunal composition, and endangered and rare species of birds, in order to assess the bird diversity status in Wuhan"s urban park green spaces. It was concluded that Wuhan"s urban parks play a significant role in bird diversity conservation, and the bird diversity status is positively correlated with the area of park green spaces, vegetation coverage, community structure, and the degree of naturalization around the parks. Meanwhile, a comparison was made with the bird diversity status in representative park green spaces in Beijing and Shanghai to analyze the deficiencies in the construction of bird diversity in Wuhan"s park green spaces. Based on this, measures were proposed to improve the connectivity of urban green spaces, construct large-scale woodlands in large green spaces, optimize plant configuration patterns using native species, and moderately rewild urban green spaces to further enhance the bird diversity in urban green spaces.
Abstract:
To enhance the thermal regulation efficiency of blue-green infrastructure, this study investigated the influence of blue-green landscape structure on land surface temperature (LST) across three spatial contexts: the main urban area, the urban development area, and the entire municipality. Remote sensing images acquired on September 18 and 19, 2022 were used to derive LST values and classify land cover categories. The correlation between LST values and all commonly used landscape metrics were statistically quantified. Principal component regression analysis was employed to identify the dominant factors influencing LST under different spatial contexts and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The results showed thatSboth water bodies and green spaces exhibited significant “cooling island effect”, with the cooling intensity of water bodies (8.96°C–9.34°C) being significantly stronger than that of green spaces (4.44°C–5.47°C).S Overall, the independent explanatory ability of the landscape metrics for LST variation followed the pattern: water bodies > green spaces, landscape composition > spatial configuration, patch-level > landscape-level > class-level, and the main urban area > the urban development area > the entire municipality. The dominant factors influencing LST varied across spatialScontexts. In the main urban area, the key factors were: the percentage of water body area (PLAND_W), water body patch density (PD_W), effective mesh size of green spaces (MESH_G), and edge density of green spaces (ED_G). Together, these four metrics explained 82.4% of the LST variation. In the metropolitan development area, the dominant factors were: contrast-weighted edge density of water bodies (CWED_W), percentage of water body area (PLAND_W), mean proximity index of green spaces (SIMI_MN_G), and percentage of green space area (PLAND_G), collectively explaining 59.2% of the LST variation. In the entire municipality, the five dominant landscape metrics related to blue-green spaces only explained 35% of the LST variation. When the combined effects of other landscape elements were considered, the cooling effect of green spaces was remarkably weakened or suppressed. Water bodies and construction land jointly played a dominant role in impacting thermal environment. The findings indicate that the blue-green spaces exhibit a "cold island effect", and the regulation function of blue-green infrastructure in the thermal environment shows a distinct context effect. Targeted spatial allocation and structural optimization of blue-green landscapes based on specific matrix conditions can enhance the cooling efficiency of blue-green infrastructure.
To enhance the thermal regulation efficiency of blue-green infrastructure, this study investigated the influence of blue-green landscape structure on land surface temperature (LST) across three spatial contexts: the main urban area, the urban development area, and the entire municipality. Remote sensing images acquired on September 18 and 19, 2022 were used to derive LST values and classify land cover categories. The correlation between LST values and all commonly used landscape metrics were statistically quantified. Principal component regression analysis was employed to identify the dominant factors influencing LST under different spatial contexts and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The results showed thatSboth water bodies and green spaces exhibited significant “cooling island effect”, with the cooling intensity of water bodies (8.96°C–9.34°C) being significantly stronger than that of green spaces (4.44°C–5.47°C).S Overall, the independent explanatory ability of the landscape metrics for LST variation followed the pattern: water bodies > green spaces, landscape composition > spatial configuration, patch-level > landscape-level > class-level, and the main urban area > the urban development area > the entire municipality. The dominant factors influencing LST varied across spatialScontexts. In the main urban area, the key factors were: the percentage of water body area (PLAND_W), water body patch density (PD_W), effective mesh size of green spaces (MESH_G), and edge density of green spaces (ED_G). Together, these four metrics explained 82.4% of the LST variation. In the metropolitan development area, the dominant factors were: contrast-weighted edge density of water bodies (CWED_W), percentage of water body area (PLAND_W), mean proximity index of green spaces (SIMI_MN_G), and percentage of green space area (PLAND_G), collectively explaining 59.2% of the LST variation. In the entire municipality, the five dominant landscape metrics related to blue-green spaces only explained 35% of the LST variation. When the combined effects of other landscape elements were considered, the cooling effect of green spaces was remarkably weakened or suppressed. Water bodies and construction land jointly played a dominant role in impacting thermal environment. The findings indicate that the blue-green spaces exhibit a "cold island effect", and the regulation function of blue-green infrastructure in the thermal environment shows a distinct context effect. Targeted spatial allocation and structural optimization of blue-green landscapes based on specific matrix conditions can enhance the cooling efficiency of blue-green infrastructure.
Abstract:
A substantial of livestock waste has become a major contributor to agricultural non-point source pollution in China due to the rapid and constant development of livestock industry. Proper treatment and efficient resource utilization of livestock manure are critical to supporting sustainable agricultural development. There has been some progress in disposal of livestock manure both domestically and internationally. However, there are still certain challenges, including poor resource collection and utilization, inadequate pollution control, limited technology and facilities, high treatment cost with low returns, and unclear environmental effect assessment. To address these issues, this paper firstly examined the environmental impacts and pollution caused by livestock manure. It then evaluated three key resource utilization technologies of recycling livestock manure for feed, fertilizer and energy. In addition, the life cycle assessment (LCA) which could evaluate the economics and environmental suitability of related technologies was performed. This review will offer directions for future large-scale animal manure resource utilization and disposal in farms.
A substantial of livestock waste has become a major contributor to agricultural non-point source pollution in China due to the rapid and constant development of livestock industry. Proper treatment and efficient resource utilization of livestock manure are critical to supporting sustainable agricultural development. There has been some progress in disposal of livestock manure both domestically and internationally. However, there are still certain challenges, including poor resource collection and utilization, inadequate pollution control, limited technology and facilities, high treatment cost with low returns, and unclear environmental effect assessment. To address these issues, this paper firstly examined the environmental impacts and pollution caused by livestock manure. It then evaluated three key resource utilization technologies of recycling livestock manure for feed, fertilizer and energy. In addition, the life cycle assessment (LCA) which could evaluate the economics and environmental suitability of related technologies was performed. This review will offer directions for future large-scale animal manure resource utilization and disposal in farms.
Abstract:
How to effectively activate the diverse values of degraded ecological spaces while strictly abiding by the red line of ecological protection remains a key challenge for current regional sustainable development. Taking the Wuhan Metropolitan Area as the study area, this research constructed an evaluation framework for the coordinated potential of ecological restoration and recreational utilization, which integrates dominant ecological functions and spatial management constraints, and systematically assessed the coordinated potential, types, and spatial distribution of the two.The results show that from 2000 to 2022, the moderately and severely degraded ecological spaces in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area covered 3,614.70 km2. Among these areas, 98.02% are outside the restricted utilization zones of the ecological protection red line, and 74.46% have medium to high potential for recreational utilization.Based on this, four coordinated restoration and utilization orientations were further identified, namely "priority restoration - full utilization", "general restoration - full utilization", "priority restoration - moderate utilization", and "general restoration - moderate utilization". Additionally, eight differentiated types of coordinated restoration and utilization (such as "mountain and forest recreational experience type") were proposed, providing classified guidance for the refined governance of territorial space and the realization of ecological product values in the metropolitan area.
How to effectively activate the diverse values of degraded ecological spaces while strictly abiding by the red line of ecological protection remains a key challenge for current regional sustainable development. Taking the Wuhan Metropolitan Area as the study area, this research constructed an evaluation framework for the coordinated potential of ecological restoration and recreational utilization, which integrates dominant ecological functions and spatial management constraints, and systematically assessed the coordinated potential, types, and spatial distribution of the two.The results show that from 2000 to 2022, the moderately and severely degraded ecological spaces in the Wuhan Metropolitan Area covered 3,614.70 km2. Among these areas, 98.02% are outside the restricted utilization zones of the ecological protection red line, and 74.46% have medium to high potential for recreational utilization.Based on this, four coordinated restoration and utilization orientations were further identified, namely "priority restoration - full utilization", "general restoration - full utilization", "priority restoration - moderate utilization", and "general restoration - moderate utilization". Additionally, eight differentiated types of coordinated restoration and utilization (such as "mountain and forest recreational experience type") were proposed, providing classified guidance for the refined governance of territorial space and the realization of ecological product values in the metropolitan area.
Abstract:
In recent years, the frequent occurrence of flood disasters has highlighted the contradiction between urban construction and the rainfall and flood safety system. To alleviate urban rainfall and flood disasters, promote the matching of supply and demand for rainfall and flood regulation services, and advance the high-quality development of urban and rural ecological spaces, a method for constructing a rainfall and flood safety pattern coupled with the theory of ecosystem service flows was proposed from the perspective of regulating service supply and demand.?Taking Tongcheng County, Hubei Province as a case study,the SCS-CN model and flood risk index were used to quantify the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services, respectively. Hotspot and coldspot analyses were employed to identify ecological supply and demand source areas. Based on hydrological analysis and circuit theory, the flow paths of rainfall and flood regulation services were constructed, delineating blue-line corridors, green-line corridors, and supply-demand corridors, while key nodes in the network were identified.?The results show a significant spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services in Tongcheng County, with a higher degree of imbalance in the central urban area. A total of 276.15km2 of supply source areas, 189.87km2 of demand source areas, 332.51km of blue-line corridors, 25.18km of green-line corridors, 34.02km of supply-demand corridors, and 100 key ecological nodes were identified. Accordingly, an optimization plan for the "Three Zones and Three Belts" rainfall and flood safety pattern was proposed, along with systematic regulatory strategies from three dimensions: supply space, demand space, and service flow space.
In recent years, the frequent occurrence of flood disasters has highlighted the contradiction between urban construction and the rainfall and flood safety system. To alleviate urban rainfall and flood disasters, promote the matching of supply and demand for rainfall and flood regulation services, and advance the high-quality development of urban and rural ecological spaces, a method for constructing a rainfall and flood safety pattern coupled with the theory of ecosystem service flows was proposed from the perspective of regulating service supply and demand.?Taking Tongcheng County, Hubei Province as a case study,the SCS-CN model and flood risk index were used to quantify the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services, respectively. Hotspot and coldspot analyses were employed to identify ecological supply and demand source areas. Based on hydrological analysis and circuit theory, the flow paths of rainfall and flood regulation services were constructed, delineating blue-line corridors, green-line corridors, and supply-demand corridors, while key nodes in the network were identified.?The results show a significant spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of rainfall and flood regulation services in Tongcheng County, with a higher degree of imbalance in the central urban area. A total of 276.15km2 of supply source areas, 189.87km2 of demand source areas, 332.51km of blue-line corridors, 25.18km of green-line corridors, 34.02km of supply-demand corridors, and 100 key ecological nodes were identified. Accordingly, an optimization plan for the "Three Zones and Three Belts" rainfall and flood safety pattern was proposed, along with systematic regulatory strategies from three dimensions: supply space, demand space, and service flow space.
Abstract:
Abstract To effectively mitigate weed threats to corn seedlings, improve recognition accuracy, and meet the requirements for mobile deployment, this study proposed a lightweight model named YOLOv8n-DSSW, which was developed based on YOLOv8n. Several key improvements were introduced: the C2f_Dual module was integrated to achieve initial lightweighting; the SPDConv module was employed to enhance the detection capability for small targets and low-resolution images while further reducing model comp
Abstract To effectively mitigate weed threats to corn seedlings, improve recognition accuracy, and meet the requirements for mobile deployment, this study proposed a lightweight model named YOLOv8n-DSSW, which was developed based on YOLOv8n. Several key improvements were introduced: the C2f_Dual module was integrated to achieve initial lightweighting; the SPDConv module was employed to enhance the detection capability for small targets and low-resolution images while further reducing model comp
Abstract:
This article briefly expounds the development history of the borrowing of scenery technique in traditional Chinese gardens within the Eastern garden-making system, and analyzes the classic cases of its expression techniques. Thus, it makes a comparison and summary of the differences in the borrowing of scenery techniques in garden-making in different periods of Chinese history. Based on this, the author, in combination with the spatial transformation practice in water network villages in recent years, takes the rural landscape transformation projects of Tujianao town in Ezhou and Dawang town in Yangxin as examples, and discusses the methods and approaches of how to make full use of the scenic resource advantages of water network villages and integrate and utilize the natural landscape resources around the villages.
This article briefly expounds the development history of the borrowing of scenery technique in traditional Chinese gardens within the Eastern garden-making system, and analyzes the classic cases of its expression techniques. Thus, it makes a comparison and summary of the differences in the borrowing of scenery techniques in garden-making in different periods of Chinese history. Based on this, the author, in combination with the spatial transformation practice in water network villages in recent years, takes the rural landscape transformation projects of Tujianao town in Ezhou and Dawang town in Yangxin as examples, and discusses the methods and approaches of how to make full use of the scenic resource advantages of water network villages and integrate and utilize the natural landscape resources around the villages.
Abstract:
The unique quality and health benefits of Fuzhuan brick tea primarily rely on the metabolic regulation by the "golden flower fungus" (Eurotium cristatum) during the "fahua" process. To deepen the understanding of their intrinsic connection, this review synthesizes the succession patterns and regional characteristics of the microbial community in Fuzhuan brick tea fermentation. It summarizes the mechanisms by which core microorganisms (e.g., E. cristatum, Bacillus spp.) regulate the transformation of tea components through enzymatic reactions (e.g., polyphenol oxidase, cellulase) and secondary metabolism (e.g., anthraquinones, polysaccharides): On one hand, they drive the oxidation of tea polyphenols and the synthesis of volatile compounds, shaping the characteristic "rich fungal aroma, bright reddish liquor color, and mellow taste" quality. On the other hand, their metabolites (e.g., Fu brick tea elements, tea polysaccharides) modulate the gut microbiota and inhibit oxidative stress, thereby exerting health effects such as anti-obesity and reduced metabolic disorder risks. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing Fu brick tea quality and exploring the development of functional products based on "golden flower fungus" metabolites.
The unique quality and health benefits of Fuzhuan brick tea primarily rely on the metabolic regulation by the "golden flower fungus" (Eurotium cristatum) during the "fahua" process. To deepen the understanding of their intrinsic connection, this review synthesizes the succession patterns and regional characteristics of the microbial community in Fuzhuan brick tea fermentation. It summarizes the mechanisms by which core microorganisms (e.g., E. cristatum, Bacillus spp.) regulate the transformation of tea components through enzymatic reactions (e.g., polyphenol oxidase, cellulase) and secondary metabolism (e.g., anthraquinones, polysaccharides): On one hand, they drive the oxidation of tea polyphenols and the synthesis of volatile compounds, shaping the characteristic "rich fungal aroma, bright reddish liquor color, and mellow taste" quality. On the other hand, their metabolites (e.g., Fu brick tea elements, tea polysaccharides) modulate the gut microbiota and inhibit oxidative stress, thereby exerting health effects such as anti-obesity and reduced metabolic disorder risks. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing Fu brick tea quality and exploring the development of functional products based on "golden flower fungus" metabolites.
Abstract:
Accurately detecting citrus pollen vitality is crucial for cultivating seedless citrus varieties and satisfying the demand for high-quality citrus products. Developing intelligent tools for this detection is therefore of great significance. In this study, we built a pollen vitality detection dataset through manual collection and labeling, addressing challenges such as the clustering, small size, and complex background of citrus pollen particles. To tackle the issues of imbalanced pollen samples and complex backgrounds in the dataset, we improved the YOLOv11 deep neural network, introducing the YOLOv11-FS model. During detection, we replaced the EIOU loss in YOLOv11 with the Focal EIOU loss function to boost performance on imbalanced samples and combined it with Soft NMS to enhance detection box accuracy. We also leveraged the backbone and neck networks of YOLOv11-FS to boost feature extraction and key pixel region recognition, improving small target detection accuracy. Experimental results showed that our improved YOLOv11-FS model performed outstandingly in pollen detection tasks, with a pollen vitality rate error of only 0.70%. For fertile pollen detection, the recall rate, accuracy rate, and F1 score reached 98.76%, 99.67%, and 99.22%, respectively, while for sterility pollen detection, these metrics were 94.87%, 98.89%, and 96.84%, respectively. These results met the basic requirements for pollen vitality detection and provided reliable support for seedless citrus breeding. This method offers technical support for pollen vitality detection and variety improvement in intelligent citrus orchard management and can also serve as a reference for pollen vitality detection in other plants.
Accurately detecting citrus pollen vitality is crucial for cultivating seedless citrus varieties and satisfying the demand for high-quality citrus products. Developing intelligent tools for this detection is therefore of great significance. In this study, we built a pollen vitality detection dataset through manual collection and labeling, addressing challenges such as the clustering, small size, and complex background of citrus pollen particles. To tackle the issues of imbalanced pollen samples and complex backgrounds in the dataset, we improved the YOLOv11 deep neural network, introducing the YOLOv11-FS model. During detection, we replaced the EIOU loss in YOLOv11 with the Focal EIOU loss function to boost performance on imbalanced samples and combined it with Soft NMS to enhance detection box accuracy. We also leveraged the backbone and neck networks of YOLOv11-FS to boost feature extraction and key pixel region recognition, improving small target detection accuracy. Experimental results showed that our improved YOLOv11-FS model performed outstandingly in pollen detection tasks, with a pollen vitality rate error of only 0.70%. For fertile pollen detection, the recall rate, accuracy rate, and F1 score reached 98.76%, 99.67%, and 99.22%, respectively, while for sterility pollen detection, these metrics were 94.87%, 98.89%, and 96.84%, respectively. These results met the basic requirements for pollen vitality detection and provided reliable support for seedless citrus breeding. This method offers technical support for pollen vitality detection and variety improvement in intelligent citrus orchard management and can also serve as a reference for pollen vitality detection in other plants.
Abstract:
Climate change has intensified extreme heat events in China’s megacities, posing severe risks to public health. Parks, as key blue–green infrastructures, can alleviate urban heat, yet most assessments rely only on land surface temperature (LST), overlooking thermal comfort. Taking Shanghai as a case, this study introduces the Modified Temperature–Humidity Index (MTHI) and integrates park vector data with mobile phone signaling populations to evaluate cooling benefits from both temperature and comfort perspectives, with attention to urban–suburban differences. Results show: (1) suburban parks achieve broader LST cooling ranges, but high humidity reduces MTHI effectiveness; (2) park area, vegetation, and water coverage are positively correlated with cooling intensity, while vegetation coverage shows opposite correlations with cooling distance based on LST (positive) and MTHI (negative); (3) due to higher densities, core urban parks serve far more equivalent cooling populations than suburban parks, yet MTHI estimates are 54.5% lower than LST, indicating LST-based evaluations may overestimate benefits. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating thermal comfort metrics into park benefit assessments and suggest differentiated strategies: increasing small-scale parks in dense urban centers and optimizing suburban park design to enhance environmental thermal comfort.
Climate change has intensified extreme heat events in China’s megacities, posing severe risks to public health. Parks, as key blue–green infrastructures, can alleviate urban heat, yet most assessments rely only on land surface temperature (LST), overlooking thermal comfort. Taking Shanghai as a case, this study introduces the Modified Temperature–Humidity Index (MTHI) and integrates park vector data with mobile phone signaling populations to evaluate cooling benefits from both temperature and comfort perspectives, with attention to urban–suburban differences. Results show: (1) suburban parks achieve broader LST cooling ranges, but high humidity reduces MTHI effectiveness; (2) park area, vegetation, and water coverage are positively correlated with cooling intensity, while vegetation coverage shows opposite correlations with cooling distance based on LST (positive) and MTHI (negative); (3) due to higher densities, core urban parks serve far more equivalent cooling populations than suburban parks, yet MTHI estimates are 54.5% lower than LST, indicating LST-based evaluations may overestimate benefits. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating thermal comfort metrics into park benefit assessments and suggest differentiated strategies: increasing small-scale parks in dense urban centers and optimizing suburban park design to enhance environmental thermal comfort.
Abstract:
To investigate the effects of no-tillage mulching combined with organic and formula fertilizers on rapeseed yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in the middle-lower Yangtze River region, a field plot experiment was conducted using Brassica napus cultivar 'Dadi 199'. Four treatments were established: T1 (conventional cultivation without fertilization), T2 (conventional cultivation with conventional fertilization), T3 (conventional cultivation with formula fertilizer), and T4 (no-tillage mulching combined with organic and formula fertilizers). The study analyzed the impacts of different treatments on photosynthetic parameters, yield components, nutrient accumulation, and water-fertilizer use efficiency. Results demonstrated that compared to T2 and T3, T4 enhanced net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value, leaf area, and water use efficiency, with statistically significant differences versus T2 (p <0.05). The 20.5% and 12.0% yield increases in T4 relative to T2 and T3 respectively were primarily achieved through improved siliques per plant, seeds per silique, and 1000-seed weight. Among all treatments, T4 showed the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation and nutrient proportion in seeds, though its P and K accumulation in roots, stems, and silique walls were lower than T2. The fertilizer contribution rate, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity, physiological efficiency, and water use efficiency all followed the order T4>T3>T2, with T4 exhibiting 16.5%, 53.1%, 31.2%, 48.7%, and 20.7% improvements over T2 respectively. All these differences between T4 and T2 were statistically significant except for fertilizer contribution rate. Although T3 showed better water-fertilizer use efficiency than T2, their differences were not significant. In conclusion, the no-tillage mulching combined with formula and organic fertilizers represents a promising cultivation model that can be promoted in the middle-lower Yangtze River region for achieving high yields of rapeseed and high efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization.
To investigate the effects of no-tillage mulching combined with organic and formula fertilizers on rapeseed yield and water-fertilizer use efficiency in the middle-lower Yangtze River region, a field plot experiment was conducted using Brassica napus cultivar 'Dadi 199'. Four treatments were established: T1 (conventional cultivation without fertilization), T2 (conventional cultivation with conventional fertilization), T3 (conventional cultivation with formula fertilizer), and T4 (no-tillage mulching combined with organic and formula fertilizers). The study analyzed the impacts of different treatments on photosynthetic parameters, yield components, nutrient accumulation, and water-fertilizer use efficiency. Results demonstrated that compared to T2 and T3, T4 enhanced net photosynthetic rate, SPAD value, leaf area, and water use efficiency, with statistically significant differences versus T2 (p <0.05). The 20.5% and 12.0% yield increases in T4 relative to T2 and T3 respectively were primarily achieved through improved siliques per plant, seeds per silique, and 1000-seed weight. Among all treatments, T4 showed the highest nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation and nutrient proportion in seeds, though its P and K accumulation in roots, stems, and silique walls were lower than T2. The fertilizer contribution rate, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity, physiological efficiency, and water use efficiency all followed the order T4>T3>T2, with T4 exhibiting 16.5%, 53.1%, 31.2%, 48.7%, and 20.7% improvements over T2 respectively. All these differences between T4 and T2 were statistically significant except for fertilizer contribution rate. Although T3 showed better water-fertilizer use efficiency than T2, their differences were not significant. In conclusion, the no-tillage mulching combined with formula and organic fertilizers represents a promising cultivation model that can be promoted in the middle-lower Yangtze River region for achieving high yields of rapeseed and high efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization.
zhao wanqing, deng jiawei, lin birun, yang qiyun, shen huifang, chen zepeng, shi ying, tian juntong, chen feng, yang xin, ruan xiaolei
Abstract:
Tobacco is an important economic crop. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) seriously affects the quality and yield of tobacco leaves. Spraying immune inducers is currently a new approach for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Treat tobacco with dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, diamine glycyrrhizinate, Gancao cream, sodium cholate, and aluminum reagent respectively; Administer TMV 24 hours later; Quantitative PCR and Western-blot detection will be performed 7 days later. The results showed that treating tobacco with 10 mg/mL sodium cholate could effectively inhibit the expression of TMV genes and the accumulation of CP. The optimal induction time is 24 hours. The induced resistance can last for 10 days. Moreover, sodium cholate treatment can promote the growth of tobacco seedlings. By analyzing the expression of genes related to the JA pathway, SA pathway, and ET pathway, it is inferred that sodium cholate induced TMV resistance is closely related to the JA signaling pathway.
Tobacco is an important economic crop. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) seriously affects the quality and yield of tobacco leaves. Spraying immune inducers is currently a new approach for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Treat tobacco with dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, diamine glycyrrhizinate, Gancao cream, sodium cholate, and aluminum reagent respectively; Administer TMV 24 hours later; Quantitative PCR and Western-blot detection will be performed 7 days later. The results showed that treating tobacco with 10 mg/mL sodium cholate could effectively inhibit the expression of TMV genes and the accumulation of CP. The optimal induction time is 24 hours. The induced resistance can last for 10 days. Moreover, sodium cholate treatment can promote the growth of tobacco seedlings. By analyzing the expression of genes related to the JA pathway, SA pathway, and ET pathway, it is inferred that sodium cholate induced TMV resistance is closely related to the JA signaling pathway.
Abstract:
In order to address the issue of time-consuming and labour-intensive substrate filling operations for citrus seedling soft pots in China, a vibration filling scheme for such pots was proposed and a vibration filling production line designed, capable of filling 36 plastic soft pots or four non-woven fabric large pots at a time. Through theoretical analysis and simulation calculations, the structural design and param-eters of the key components of the substrate mixing and conveying unit, the filli
In order to address the issue of time-consuming and labour-intensive substrate filling operations for citrus seedling soft pots in China, a vibration filling scheme for such pots was proposed and a vibration filling production line designed, capable of filling 36 plastic soft pots or four non-woven fabric large pots at a time. Through theoretical analysis and simulation calculations, the structural design and param-eters of the key components of the substrate mixing and conveying unit, the filli
Huang Zhihong, Wang Xueying, Chen Jian, Shen Yi, Ran Fafen, Cheng Xuewen, Ren Tianbao, Dai Zhiyuan, Xue Lin
Abstract:
In order to investigate the response of soil physical and chemical properties, tobacco growth and development, and tobacco leaf quality to different carbon source biochar, this study took tobacco Yunyan 87 as the research object, with conventional fertilization as the control (CK), and set up conventional fertilization+pyrolysis biochar (T1), conventional fertilization+plant-based biochar (T2), conventional fertilization+animal based biochar (T3), and conventional fertilization+mixed carbon source biochar (T4), respectively. Explore the effects of different carbon sources of biochar on the growth, development, and quality of tobacco in southern Anhui. The results showed that T2 treatment significantly increased the available phosphorus and potassium content in the soil by 21.14% and 15.14%, respectively. The optimal sugar alkali ratio and potassium chloride ratio for the coordination of chemical composition in tobacco leaves under T3 treatment were 13.22 and 3.03, respectively. However, based on the contribution rate of biochar to the yield and output value of tobacco, T4 treatment showed the best effect, increasing the output value per hectare by 23.60%. In production practice, the growth and development of tobacco and the quality of tobacco leaves can be regulated by selecting and adding suitable carbon source biochar, providing scientific basis for achieving high-quality and high-yield tobacco.
In order to investigate the response of soil physical and chemical properties, tobacco growth and development, and tobacco leaf quality to different carbon source biochar, this study took tobacco Yunyan 87 as the research object, with conventional fertilization as the control (CK), and set up conventional fertilization+pyrolysis biochar (T1), conventional fertilization+plant-based biochar (T2), conventional fertilization+animal based biochar (T3), and conventional fertilization+mixed carbon source biochar (T4), respectively. Explore the effects of different carbon sources of biochar on the growth, development, and quality of tobacco in southern Anhui. The results showed that T2 treatment significantly increased the available phosphorus and potassium content in the soil by 21.14% and 15.14%, respectively. The optimal sugar alkali ratio and potassium chloride ratio for the coordination of chemical composition in tobacco leaves under T3 treatment were 13.22 and 3.03, respectively. However, based on the contribution rate of biochar to the yield and output value of tobacco, T4 treatment showed the best effect, increasing the output value per hectare by 23.60%. In production practice, the growth and development of tobacco and the quality of tobacco leaves can be regulated by selecting and adding suitable carbon source biochar, providing scientific basis for achieving high-quality and high-yield tobacco.
Abstract:
To develop specialized starter cultures suitable for high-acid and high-ethanol environments, this study aimed to systematically screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with excellent stress tolerance and fermentation performance from sauce-flavor Baijiu distillers' grains. A tiered screening strategy was employed: initial isolation of acid-producing strains on bromocresol purple plates, followed by identification based on morphology, Gram staining, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The identified strains were then subjected to secondary screening for ethanol tolerance (5%–15%). The dominant strains were systematically evaluated for their acid tolerance (pH 2.0–6.0), temperature tolerance (20–60 ℃), in vitro safety (hemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility), and growth characteristics. Their practical application potential was finally assessed via solid-state fermentation experiments. Approximately 100 acid-producing isolates were obtained initially. After purification and identification, 24 strains were confirmed as LAB, belonging to five species: Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. At the critical ethanol concentration of 8%, the survival rates of strains such as P. acidilactici F8, L. paracasei F16, and L. buchneri F18 remained around 10%. Most strains maintained survival rates exceeding 60% after 2 h of exposure to pH 3.0–6.0. Temperature tolerance tests indicated optimal growth at 30–37 ℃. Safety assessments revealed that the four dominant strains exhibited no hemolytic activity and were susceptible to most tested antibiotics. In solid-state fermentation, L. paracasei F16 achieved a viable count of up to 7.33 × 10? CFU/g (wet weight) in a 70% distillers' grain medium after 48 h, which was significantly higher than that of other strains. This study successfully obtained three LAB strains possessing excellent acid and ethanol tolerance, temperature adaptability, safety, and efficient fermentation capacity. These findings provide core microbial resources and a technical basis for the high-value utilization of sauce-flavor Baijiu distillers' grains, thereby laying a foundation for developing fermentation starters for harsh environments.
To develop specialized starter cultures suitable for high-acid and high-ethanol environments, this study aimed to systematically screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with excellent stress tolerance and fermentation performance from sauce-flavor Baijiu distillers' grains. A tiered screening strategy was employed: initial isolation of acid-producing strains on bromocresol purple plates, followed by identification based on morphology, Gram staining, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The identified strains were then subjected to secondary screening for ethanol tolerance (5%–15%). The dominant strains were systematically evaluated for their acid tolerance (pH 2.0–6.0), temperature tolerance (20–60 ℃), in vitro safety (hemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility), and growth characteristics. Their practical application potential was finally assessed via solid-state fermentation experiments. Approximately 100 acid-producing isolates were obtained initially. After purification and identification, 24 strains were confirmed as LAB, belonging to five species: Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. At the critical ethanol concentration of 8%, the survival rates of strains such as P. acidilactici F8, L. paracasei F16, and L. buchneri F18 remained around 10%. Most strains maintained survival rates exceeding 60% after 2 h of exposure to pH 3.0–6.0. Temperature tolerance tests indicated optimal growth at 30–37 ℃. Safety assessments revealed that the four dominant strains exhibited no hemolytic activity and were susceptible to most tested antibiotics. In solid-state fermentation, L. paracasei F16 achieved a viable count of up to 7.33 × 10? CFU/g (wet weight) in a 70% distillers' grain medium after 48 h, which was significantly higher than that of other strains. This study successfully obtained three LAB strains possessing excellent acid and ethanol tolerance, temperature adaptability, safety, and efficient fermentation capacity. These findings provide core microbial resources and a technical basis for the high-value utilization of sauce-flavor Baijiu distillers' grains, thereby laying a foundation for developing fermentation starters for harsh environments.
Zhao Renliang, Wang Yafei, Yao Hengbin, Guo Junqi, Xia Yao, Jia Zilu, Su Hui, Zhou Qiongqiong, Chen zhen
Abstract:
To investigate the formation mechanism of the characteristic ‘fungus aroma’ in Fu brick tea, Using the same fresh leaf raw material were used to produce both Fu brick tea and white brick tea. Artificial inoculation with Eurotium cristatum was performed under two conditions: monofungus fermentation by artificial inoculation (inoculated only with Eurotium cristatum) and traditional fermentation. Metabolomics was employed to analyze the dynamic changes of key aroma compounds associated with the " fungus aroma" note. Combined with transcriptomics, the gene expression profile of Eurotium cristatum during monofungus fermentation was further investigated. The results indicate that levels of key alkenal compounds, including (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, in Fu brick tea are significantly higher than those in white tea bricks. The content of alkenal compounds significantly increases in the later stage of traditional fermentation, while the content of unsaturated fatty acids, the precursor substances of alkenal compounds, increases in the later stage of monofungus fermentation. The possible reason is that the metabolic pathway for generating alkenal compounds is inhibited during the flowering process. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that during the fermentation process with Eurotium cristatum, fatty acid consumption was reduced, leading to their accumulation. Moreover, the alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathway in Eurotium cristatum was not annotated with lipoxygenase, suggesting that this fungus cannot generate di-unsaturated aldehydes via the lipoxygenase oxidation pathway. This may explain why the levels of (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal in monofungus fermentation tea were significantly lower than those in traditional fermentation. Consequently, monofungus fermentation alone fails to develop the characteristic fungal aroma. In the complex environment of traditional fermentation, will be signal transmission and material exchange among other microorganisms. They can convert the unsaturated fatty acids produced into alkenal compound by Eurotium Cristatum. Therefore, the formation of ‘fungus aroma’is achieved through the synergistic fermentation of the basic aroma of raw dark tea and the Eurotium Cristatum community.
To investigate the formation mechanism of the characteristic ‘fungus aroma’ in Fu brick tea, Using the same fresh leaf raw material were used to produce both Fu brick tea and white brick tea. Artificial inoculation with Eurotium cristatum was performed under two conditions: monofungus fermentation by artificial inoculation (inoculated only with Eurotium cristatum) and traditional fermentation. Metabolomics was employed to analyze the dynamic changes of key aroma compounds associated with the " fungus aroma" note. Combined with transcriptomics, the gene expression profile of Eurotium cristatum during monofungus fermentation was further investigated. The results indicate that levels of key alkenal compounds, including (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, in Fu brick tea are significantly higher than those in white tea bricks. The content of alkenal compounds significantly increases in the later stage of traditional fermentation, while the content of unsaturated fatty acids, the precursor substances of alkenal compounds, increases in the later stage of monofungus fermentation. The possible reason is that the metabolic pathway for generating alkenal compounds is inhibited during the flowering process. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that during the fermentation process with Eurotium cristatum, fatty acid consumption was reduced, leading to their accumulation. Moreover, the alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathway in Eurotium cristatum was not annotated with lipoxygenase, suggesting that this fungus cannot generate di-unsaturated aldehydes via the lipoxygenase oxidation pathway. This may explain why the levels of (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal in monofungus fermentation tea were significantly lower than those in traditional fermentation. Consequently, monofungus fermentation alone fails to develop the characteristic fungal aroma. In the complex environment of traditional fermentation, will be signal transmission and material exchange among other microorganisms. They can convert the unsaturated fatty acids produced into alkenal compound by Eurotium Cristatum. Therefore, the formation of ‘fungus aroma’is achieved through the synergistic fermentation of the basic aroma of raw dark tea and the Eurotium Cristatum community.
Abstract:
The gene regulating flavonoid glycosylation modification in Eurotium cristatum (EcUGT88E3) was cloned and a prokaryotic expression vector was constructed for in vitro expression, which can provide a foundation for further functional validation.The homologous sequence cloning technique was used to clone the EcUGT88E3 gene. Following a bioinformatics analysis, an expression system comprising the pET28a-EcUGT88E3/BL21(DE3) was constructed and the induction conditions were optimised. Ultimately, this enabled the heterologous expression and purification of the EcUGT88E3 gene.Results indicate that the full-length EcUGT88E3 gene spans 1704 bp, including 75 bp of 5′-UTR, 207 bp of 3′-UTR, and 1422 bp open reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. Bioinformatics prediction suggests the encoded protein is hydrophobic with a relative molecular mass of 52.03 ku. Protein structure prediction indicates that EcUGT88E3 lacks signal peptide and transmembrane domain features, classifying it as a microsomal-targeted protein containing GT1 and GT-B superfamily domains. The recombinant EcUGT88E3 protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, with a molecular weight consistent with predictions. The optimal induction conditions for the pET28a-EcUGT88E3 prokaryotic expression vector in E. coli BL21 (DE3) were 27°C and 0.2 mmol/L IPTG for 4 hours.
The gene regulating flavonoid glycosylation modification in Eurotium cristatum (EcUGT88E3) was cloned and a prokaryotic expression vector was constructed for in vitro expression, which can provide a foundation for further functional validation.The homologous sequence cloning technique was used to clone the EcUGT88E3 gene. Following a bioinformatics analysis, an expression system comprising the pET28a-EcUGT88E3/BL21(DE3) was constructed and the induction conditions were optimised. Ultimately, this enabled the heterologous expression and purification of the EcUGT88E3 gene.Results indicate that the full-length EcUGT88E3 gene spans 1704 bp, including 75 bp of 5′-UTR, 207 bp of 3′-UTR, and 1422 bp open reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. Bioinformatics prediction suggests the encoded protein is hydrophobic with a relative molecular mass of 52.03 ku. Protein structure prediction indicates that EcUGT88E3 lacks signal peptide and transmembrane domain features, classifying it as a microsomal-targeted protein containing GT1 and GT-B superfamily domains. The recombinant EcUGT88E3 protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, with a molecular weight consistent with predictions. The optimal induction conditions for the pET28a-EcUGT88E3 prokaryotic expression vector in E. coli BL21 (DE3) were 27°C and 0.2 mmol/L IPTG for 4 hours.
Abstract:
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle, playing a vital role in maintaining soil health, promoting plant growth, and regulating climate change. Owing to its efficiency and non-destructive nature, spectroscopic analysis has become an important method for rapid SOC determination. However, the mechanisms by which external environmental factors (e.g., illumination, atmospheric conditions) and sensor parameters (e.g., spectral and spatial resolution) influence SOC retrieval accuracy across different spectral data sources remain insufficiently understood. In this study, conducted in northeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, we collected 160 surface (0-20 cm) SOC samples and concurrently acquired proximal hyperspectral measurements (under indoor artificial illumination and outdoor sunlight), as well as spaceborne multispectral (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2) and hyperspectral (ZY1-02D) data. Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms were used to construct SOC retrieval models for each data source. By systematically comparing model performance, we analyzed how environmental factors and sensor parameters affect SOC retrieval accuracy. The results show that: (1) due to stable and controllable spectral signals, indoor artificial illumination yields slightly higher retrieval accuracy than outdoor sunlight, though the difference is small, indicating that natural light variability has a limited impact on SOC retrieval; (2) proximal hyperspectral data achieve significantly higher retrieval accuracy than satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data, primarily because satellite observations are affected by atmospheric scattering, water-vapor absorption, and mixed pixels; and (3) among satellite data, the hyperspectral ZY1-02D provides higher retrieval accuracy than multispectral sensors, while the improvement from Sentinel-2’s higher spatial resolution (10 m) over Landsat-8 (30 m) is limited, suggesting that spectral resolution contributes more to SOC retrieval accuracy than spatial resolution. Through a comprehensive comparison of multi-source spectral data combined with machine learning algorithms, this study elucidates the influence of environmental factors and sensor parameters on SOC retrieval accuracy and offers practical guidance for data selection in regional-scale SOC estimation and mapping.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle, playing a vital role in maintaining soil health, promoting plant growth, and regulating climate change. Owing to its efficiency and non-destructive nature, spectroscopic analysis has become an important method for rapid SOC determination. However, the mechanisms by which external environmental factors (e.g., illumination, atmospheric conditions) and sensor parameters (e.g., spectral and spatial resolution) influence SOC retrieval accuracy across different spectral data sources remain insufficiently understood. In this study, conducted in northeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, we collected 160 surface (0-20 cm) SOC samples and concurrently acquired proximal hyperspectral measurements (under indoor artificial illumination and outdoor sunlight), as well as spaceborne multispectral (Landsat-8, Sentinel-2) and hyperspectral (ZY1-02D) data. Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms were used to construct SOC retrieval models for each data source. By systematically comparing model performance, we analyzed how environmental factors and sensor parameters affect SOC retrieval accuracy. The results show that: (1) due to stable and controllable spectral signals, indoor artificial illumination yields slightly higher retrieval accuracy than outdoor sunlight, though the difference is small, indicating that natural light variability has a limited impact on SOC retrieval; (2) proximal hyperspectral data achieve significantly higher retrieval accuracy than satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data, primarily because satellite observations are affected by atmospheric scattering, water-vapor absorption, and mixed pixels; and (3) among satellite data, the hyperspectral ZY1-02D provides higher retrieval accuracy than multispectral sensors, while the improvement from Sentinel-2’s higher spatial resolution (10 m) over Landsat-8 (30 m) is limited, suggesting that spectral resolution contributes more to SOC retrieval accuracy than spatial resolution. Through a comprehensive comparison of multi-source spectral data combined with machine learning algorithms, this study elucidates the influence of environmental factors and sensor parameters on SOC retrieval accuracy and offers practical guidance for data selection in regional-scale SOC estimation and mapping.
Abstract:
To address the severe challenges posed by soil structure degradation and nutrient loss to the ecological environment and food safety, while achieving high-value utilization of biogas slurry waste, this study explores the effects of biogas fertilizer application concentration and method on soil physical and chemical properties and soybean yield at a depth of 0-80 cm in a greenhouse cultivation setting. The biogas fertilizer application methods and concentration combinations include: applying organic fertilizer alone (TK1), applying high-concentration biogas slurry as base fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as top dressing (TK2), applying high-concentration biogas slurry alone (TK3), applying biogas residue as base fertilizer combined with low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing (TK4), applying biogas residue as base fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as top dressing (TK5), and mixing biogas residue/organic fertilizer as base fertilizer combined with low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing (TK6), with a blank control group (CK) as the reference. The results show that compared to the control group, the application of biogas fertilizers effectively increases soil nutrient content, including total nitrogen, total potassium, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The treatment with the highest increase in alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in the topsoil was TK6, with an increase of 3.56 and 2.44 times, respectively. The treatment with the highest increase in available potassium in the topsoil was TK3, with an increase of 9.37 times. In the deeper soil layers, the application of high-concentration biogas slurry leads to greater downward migration of total nitrogen and total potassium, while low-concentration biogas slurry causes more downward migration of total phosphorus. On the other hand, soil aggregate structure is significantly affected by different fertilization treatments. The TK1 treatment significantly increased the number of small aggregates in the soil by 25.2%, while the TK3 treatment increased the number of medium and large aggregates by 1.68%. Compared to other treatments, the TK1 treatment resulted in the greatest nitrogen loss from the soil and the lowest soybean yield, while the TK4 treatment resulted in the highest soybean yield, approximately 290 kg/acre. In summary, applying high-concentration biogas slurry leads to the greatest increase in nutrient content in the topsoil, but these nutrients are more easily leached downward. Low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing is more beneficial for increasing soybean yield. These findings provide theoretical and research foundations for soil improvement and the high-value utilization of biogas slurry resources.
To address the severe challenges posed by soil structure degradation and nutrient loss to the ecological environment and food safety, while achieving high-value utilization of biogas slurry waste, this study explores the effects of biogas fertilizer application concentration and method on soil physical and chemical properties and soybean yield at a depth of 0-80 cm in a greenhouse cultivation setting. The biogas fertilizer application methods and concentration combinations include: applying organic fertilizer alone (TK1), applying high-concentration biogas slurry as base fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as top dressing (TK2), applying high-concentration biogas slurry alone (TK3), applying biogas residue as base fertilizer combined with low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing (TK4), applying biogas residue as base fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer as top dressing (TK5), and mixing biogas residue/organic fertilizer as base fertilizer combined with low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing (TK6), with a blank control group (CK) as the reference. The results show that compared to the control group, the application of biogas fertilizers effectively increases soil nutrient content, including total nitrogen, total potassium, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium. The treatment with the highest increase in alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in the topsoil was TK6, with an increase of 3.56 and 2.44 times, respectively. The treatment with the highest increase in available potassium in the topsoil was TK3, with an increase of 9.37 times. In the deeper soil layers, the application of high-concentration biogas slurry leads to greater downward migration of total nitrogen and total potassium, while low-concentration biogas slurry causes more downward migration of total phosphorus. On the other hand, soil aggregate structure is significantly affected by different fertilization treatments. The TK1 treatment significantly increased the number of small aggregates in the soil by 25.2%, while the TK3 treatment increased the number of medium and large aggregates by 1.68%. Compared to other treatments, the TK1 treatment resulted in the greatest nitrogen loss from the soil and the lowest soybean yield, while the TK4 treatment resulted in the highest soybean yield, approximately 290 kg/acre. In summary, applying high-concentration biogas slurry leads to the greatest increase in nutrient content in the topsoil, but these nutrients are more easily leached downward. Low-concentration biogas slurry as top dressing is more beneficial for increasing soybean yield. These findings provide theoretical and research foundations for soil improvement and the high-value utilization of biogas slurry resources.
Abstract:
To analyze the inhibitory effect of dihydrotanshinone I (DiⅠ) on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in vitro, the cytotoxicity of DiⅠ on Vero and IPEC-J2 cells was first determined by CCK-8 assay, and the results showed no significant toxicity at the concentrations used in subsequent experiments. Subsequently, multiple methods, including quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus titer assay, demonstrated that DiⅠ significantly inhibited PEDV gene expression and viral protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that DiⅠ effectively interfered with key stages of the PEDV life cycle, including viral entry, replication, and release. Comparison of different administration modes indicated that, except for pre-treatment, full-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment all effectively suppressed viral replication, suggesting the therapeutic potential of DiⅠ even after infection. Molecular docking method was used to evaluate the interaction between DiⅠ and PEDV Mpro. In conclusion, DiⅠ exhibits potent anti-PEDV activity and represents a promising candidate drug against PEDV.
To analyze the inhibitory effect of dihydrotanshinone I (DiⅠ) on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in vitro, the cytotoxicity of DiⅠ on Vero and IPEC-J2 cells was first determined by CCK-8 assay, and the results showed no significant toxicity at the concentrations used in subsequent experiments. Subsequently, multiple methods, including quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence, and virus titer assay, demonstrated that DiⅠ significantly inhibited PEDV gene expression and viral protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies revealed that DiⅠ effectively interfered with key stages of the PEDV life cycle, including viral entry, replication, and release. Comparison of different administration modes indicated that, except for pre-treatment, full-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment all effectively suppressed viral replication, suggesting the therapeutic potential of DiⅠ even after infection. Molecular docking method was used to evaluate the interaction between DiⅠ and PEDV Mpro. In conclusion, DiⅠ exhibits potent anti-PEDV activity and represents a promising candidate drug against PEDV.
Abstract:
To investigate the relationship between the number of viable rhizobia Mesorhizobium huakuii cells inoculated and the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in Astragalus sinicus, two inoculation methods—seed surface and root inoculations—were employed, using liquid bacterial agents as inoculants. Through a sterile sand-pot experiment system, the minimum number of rhizobia required for nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in A. sinicus was determined. The results showed that when seed surface inoculation was applied, a rhizobial concentration of 102 cfu/seed led to the greening of plant leaves. The fresh weight and height of the above-ground parts of the plants significantly increased compared to treatments with lower inoculation doses. Meanwhile, nitrogen-fixing nodules developed on the roots of the A. sinicus plants, demonstrating a positive growth-promoting effect. When plant root inoculation was conducted, a single A. sinicus plant required only an inoculation dose of 101 cfu/plant to initiate nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Notably, regardless of the inoculation method used, when the inoculation dose reached 103 cfu/plant per A. sinicus plant, the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation as well as plant growth, were significantly better than those in the low-inoculation groups. Further increasing the inoculation dose resulted in a stabilization of the symbiotic nitrogen fixation phenotype. To fully ensure the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation of rhizobial inoculants after application in the field, and taking into account the economic effectiveness of inoculant application and the complexity of soil conditions, this study has determined that 103 cfu/plant is the minimum viable cells for inoculating A. sinicus with M. huakuii rhizobia.
To investigate the relationship between the number of viable rhizobia Mesorhizobium huakuii cells inoculated and the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in Astragalus sinicus, two inoculation methods—seed surface and root inoculations—were employed, using liquid bacterial agents as inoculants. Through a sterile sand-pot experiment system, the minimum number of rhizobia required for nodule formation and nitrogen fixation in A. sinicus was determined. The results showed that when seed surface inoculation was applied, a rhizobial concentration of 102 cfu/seed led to the greening of plant leaves. The fresh weight and height of the above-ground parts of the plants significantly increased compared to treatments with lower inoculation doses. Meanwhile, nitrogen-fixing nodules developed on the roots of the A. sinicus plants, demonstrating a positive growth-promoting effect. When plant root inoculation was conducted, a single A. sinicus plant required only an inoculation dose of 101 cfu/plant to initiate nodule formation and nitrogen fixation. Notably, regardless of the inoculation method used, when the inoculation dose reached 103 cfu/plant per A. sinicus plant, the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation as well as plant growth, were significantly better than those in the low-inoculation groups. Further increasing the inoculation dose resulted in a stabilization of the symbiotic nitrogen fixation phenotype. To fully ensure the nodule formation and nitrogen fixation of rhizobial inoculants after application in the field, and taking into account the economic effectiveness of inoculant application and the complexity of soil conditions, this study has determined that 103 cfu/plant is the minimum viable cells for inoculating A. sinicus with M. huakuii rhizobia.
Abstract:
Pomelo is a fruit with high annual output and wide popularity in China. Currently, the pomelo processing industry is in a stage of rapid development, and the processing potential of pomelos is gradually being exploited. However, the step of adjusting pomelos to a uniform orientation in the processing flow still relies on costly and inefficient manual labor. To achieve fully automatic orientation adjustment of pomelos, reduce costs, increase efficiency, and liberate human labor, this paper proposes and designs an automatic orientation adjustment device for pomelos based on machine vision: images are collected through the cooperation of cameras and infrared sensors; the OpenCV library is used to write image processing programs to determine whether the pomelo needs to be adjusted; the shape is simplified and the adjustment parameters are calculated; the adjustment rod is controlled to contact the pomelo, and the pomelo completes the orientation adjustment through planar motion. Eventually, the pomelos leave the device with a uniform orientation. Through experiments on the common Shatian pomelo in South China, the results show that under the two working modes, the accuracy rate of initial posture recognition and the average success rate of orientation adjustment for Shatian pomelos are 93.3%, 82.6% and 96.7%, 85.1% respectively. The average operation time of the program for pomelo orientation adjustment in the parallel working mode is 5.14 seconds. The proposed pomelo orientation adjustment method not only helps to improve the working efficiency of the Shatian pomelo processing industry, but also has the potential to be applied to the orientation adjustment of other varieties of pomelos.
Pomelo is a fruit with high annual output and wide popularity in China. Currently, the pomelo processing industry is in a stage of rapid development, and the processing potential of pomelos is gradually being exploited. However, the step of adjusting pomelos to a uniform orientation in the processing flow still relies on costly and inefficient manual labor. To achieve fully automatic orientation adjustment of pomelos, reduce costs, increase efficiency, and liberate human labor, this paper proposes and designs an automatic orientation adjustment device for pomelos based on machine vision: images are collected through the cooperation of cameras and infrared sensors; the OpenCV library is used to write image processing programs to determine whether the pomelo needs to be adjusted; the shape is simplified and the adjustment parameters are calculated; the adjustment rod is controlled to contact the pomelo, and the pomelo completes the orientation adjustment through planar motion. Eventually, the pomelos leave the device with a uniform orientation. Through experiments on the common Shatian pomelo in South China, the results show that under the two working modes, the accuracy rate of initial posture recognition and the average success rate of orientation adjustment for Shatian pomelos are 93.3%, 82.6% and 96.7%, 85.1% respectively. The average operation time of the program for pomelo orientation adjustment in the parallel working mode is 5.14 seconds. The proposed pomelo orientation adjustment method not only helps to improve the working efficiency of the Shatian pomelo processing industry, but also has the potential to be applied to the orientation adjustment of other varieties of pomelos.
Abstract:
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), as a globally important vegetable crop, mainly includes leaf types (such as lettuce and celtuce) and stem types (stem lettuce). China, being the world's largest lettuce producer, accounts for over 50% of the global total in terms of both cultivation area and yield. However, lettuce breeding in China faces challenges such as severe cultivar homogenization and synonymy issues, which significantly hinder the protection of new varieties and industry development. In this study, by comparing the genome sequences of lettuce cultivar Salinas and stem lettuce cultivar YL1, we systematically identified 23,898 potential insertion/deletion (InDel) loci across the whole genome. From these, 80 loci were selected for polymorphism validation, and the results showed that 42 InDel markers exhibited good polymorphism in six stem lettuce and six lettuce cultivars. Further analysis revealed that these markers have differential discriminative capabilities among different cultivar types: 14 markers were suitable for distinguishing heading lettuce cultivars, 17 markers were effective for stem lettuce cultivar identification, and 35 markers showed polymorphism in celtuce cultivars. Based on this marker system, we systematically analyzed 57 commercial cultivars (10 heading lettuce, 24 stem lettuce, and 23 leaf lettuce) with different market names. The results demonstrated that the 10 heading lettuce cultivars were classified into 8 groups, the 24 stem lettuce cultivars into 20 groups, and the 23 leaf lettuce cultivars into 12 groups, revealing genetic differences and synonymy among these varieties.The results not only provide efficient molecular marker tools for lettuce cultivar identification but also lay a crucial foundation for marker-assisted breeding and the formulation of new variety testing guidelines. This research holds significant practical value for promoting innovation and development in the lettuce seed industry.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), as a globally important vegetable crop, mainly includes leaf types (such as lettuce and celtuce) and stem types (stem lettuce). China, being the world's largest lettuce producer, accounts for over 50% of the global total in terms of both cultivation area and yield. However, lettuce breeding in China faces challenges such as severe cultivar homogenization and synonymy issues, which significantly hinder the protection of new varieties and industry development. In this study, by comparing the genome sequences of lettuce cultivar Salinas and stem lettuce cultivar YL1, we systematically identified 23,898 potential insertion/deletion (InDel) loci across the whole genome. From these, 80 loci were selected for polymorphism validation, and the results showed that 42 InDel markers exhibited good polymorphism in six stem lettuce and six lettuce cultivars. Further analysis revealed that these markers have differential discriminative capabilities among different cultivar types: 14 markers were suitable for distinguishing heading lettuce cultivars, 17 markers were effective for stem lettuce cultivar identification, and 35 markers showed polymorphism in celtuce cultivars. Based on this marker system, we systematically analyzed 57 commercial cultivars (10 heading lettuce, 24 stem lettuce, and 23 leaf lettuce) with different market names. The results demonstrated that the 10 heading lettuce cultivars were classified into 8 groups, the 24 stem lettuce cultivars into 20 groups, and the 23 leaf lettuce cultivars into 12 groups, revealing genetic differences and synonymy among these varieties.The results not only provide efficient molecular marker tools for lettuce cultivar identification but also lay a crucial foundation for marker-assisted breeding and the formulation of new variety testing guidelines. This research holds significant practical value for promoting innovation and development in the lettuce seed industry.
Abstract:
This study investigated the molecular mechanism of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in enhancing lupin"s tolerance to saline-alkaline stress. Saline-alkaline stress was simulated using a 100 mmol/L NaHCO? and Na?CO? (1:1 ratio) solution, with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as the exogenous NO donor. The experiment included seven treatments: blank control, saline-alkaline stress control, and five SNP concentrations (50–250 μmol/L). Key physiological indicators (soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase activity) were measured, and transcriptome sequencing was performed on saline-alkaline-stressed and SNP-treated (optimal concentration) groups.Results showed that exogenous NO improved lupin"s salinity tolerance by increasing osmolyte (soluble sugar) content and enhancing key sucrose-synthesizing enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes encoding β-furanofructokinase, sucrose synthase, and β-glucosidase, while genes for GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and aldolase were downregulated. These changes optimized sugar metabolism efficiency under stress. Additionally, NO-regulated transcription factors (bHLH, WRKY, ERF, MYB, bZIP) were implicated in stress tolerance. The findings provide insights for breeding lupin varieties adapted to saline-alkaline soils.
This study investigated the molecular mechanism of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in enhancing lupin"s tolerance to saline-alkaline stress. Saline-alkaline stress was simulated using a 100 mmol/L NaHCO? and Na?CO? (1:1 ratio) solution, with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as the exogenous NO donor. The experiment included seven treatments: blank control, saline-alkaline stress control, and five SNP concentrations (50–250 μmol/L). Key physiological indicators (soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase activity) were measured, and transcriptome sequencing was performed on saline-alkaline-stressed and SNP-treated (optimal concentration) groups.Results showed that exogenous NO improved lupin"s salinity tolerance by increasing osmolyte (soluble sugar) content and enhancing key sucrose-synthesizing enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes encoding β-furanofructokinase, sucrose synthase, and β-glucosidase, while genes for GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and aldolase were downregulated. These changes optimized sugar metabolism efficiency under stress. Additionally, NO-regulated transcription factors (bHLH, WRKY, ERF, MYB, bZIP) were implicated in stress tolerance. The findings provide insights for breeding lupin varieties adapted to saline-alkaline soils.
Abstract:
This study screened and validated functional endophytic bacterial strains from pepper roots with antagonistic activity against P. capsici, providing a sustainable microbial biocontrol strategy for safe pepper production. Antagonistic strains against Phytophthora blight were isolated and screened from chili pepper roots and reintroduced to R/S pepper cultivars via root irrigation. High-throughput sequencing and resistance gene expression analysis revealed their impact on bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil, roots, and stems, and their efficacy in Phytophthora plight suppression. Two endophytic bacterial strains isolated from resistant pepper (CM334) roots-P10 (Paenibacillus aurantiacus) and P29 (Bacillus velezensis)-exhibited plant growth-promoting traits (nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and potassium mobilization) along with significant antagonistic activity against P. capsici. Pot experiments demonstrated that root irrigation with functional strains differentially modified bacterial community composition across ecological niches in both resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars. Compared to P. capsici-only treatment (P), The P10+P. capsici (PP) and P29+P. capsici (BP) treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia (BCP) by 1.58-37.65 percentage points in rhizosphere soil, roots, and stems. This indicated that BCP, as a core bacterial genus induced by inoculation, played a vital biocontrol role against P. capsici in pepper. Moreover, the functional strains significantly upregulated resistance-related genes (CaPR1 and CaHY5) in pepper roots and enhanced defense enzyme activities (POD, PPO, PAL) in leaves of both susceptible and resistant cultivars. This study obtained two endophytic bacterial strains exhibiting effective antagonism against P. capsici, which provides both theoretical support and potential biocontrol resources for eco-friendly management and safe production of pepper crops.
This study screened and validated functional endophytic bacterial strains from pepper roots with antagonistic activity against P. capsici, providing a sustainable microbial biocontrol strategy for safe pepper production. Antagonistic strains against Phytophthora blight were isolated and screened from chili pepper roots and reintroduced to R/S pepper cultivars via root irrigation. High-throughput sequencing and resistance gene expression analysis revealed their impact on bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil, roots, and stems, and their efficacy in Phytophthora plight suppression. Two endophytic bacterial strains isolated from resistant pepper (CM334) roots-P10 (Paenibacillus aurantiacus) and P29 (Bacillus velezensis)-exhibited plant growth-promoting traits (nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and potassium mobilization) along with significant antagonistic activity against P. capsici. Pot experiments demonstrated that root irrigation with functional strains differentially modified bacterial community composition across ecological niches in both resistant and susceptible pepper cultivars. Compared to P. capsici-only treatment (P), The P10+P. capsici (PP) and P29+P. capsici (BP) treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia (BCP) by 1.58-37.65 percentage points in rhizosphere soil, roots, and stems. This indicated that BCP, as a core bacterial genus induced by inoculation, played a vital biocontrol role against P. capsici in pepper. Moreover, the functional strains significantly upregulated resistance-related genes (CaPR1 and CaHY5) in pepper roots and enhanced defense enzyme activities (POD, PPO, PAL) in leaves of both susceptible and resistant cultivars. This study obtained two endophytic bacterial strains exhibiting effective antagonism against P. capsici, which provides both theoretical support and potential biocontrol resources for eco-friendly management and safe production of pepper crops.
Abstract:
To investigate the differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between pepper varieties with varying capsaicin contents and identify potential functional microorganisms involved in capsaicin synthesis, we performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of rhizosphere soil microbial communities from high- and low-capsaicin varieties. LEfSe (LDA > 3.0, P<0.05) and Spearman correlation analyses revealed that high-capsaicin varieties significantly enriched bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota) and genera (Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Castellaniella), alongside fungal taxa (Mortierellomycota, Mortierella, and Humicola.). Notably, the bacterial genus, Devosia displayed a significant positive correlation with capsaicin content. These enriched dominant bacterial and fungal phyla and genera in rhizosphere of high-capsaicin varieties are associated with nutrient cycling in literature, suggesting their potential to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus availability and indirectly promote capsaicin biosynthesis. Devosia may represent a key functional genus, though mechanistic role requires further investigation.
To investigate the differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between pepper varieties with varying capsaicin contents and identify potential functional microorganisms involved in capsaicin synthesis, we performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of rhizosphere soil microbial communities from high- and low-capsaicin varieties. LEfSe (LDA > 3.0, P<0.05) and Spearman correlation analyses revealed that high-capsaicin varieties significantly enriched bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota) and genera (Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Castellaniella), alongside fungal taxa (Mortierellomycota, Mortierella, and Humicola.). Notably, the bacterial genus, Devosia displayed a significant positive correlation with capsaicin content. These enriched dominant bacterial and fungal phyla and genera in rhizosphere of high-capsaicin varieties are associated with nutrient cycling in literature, suggesting their potential to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus availability and indirectly promote capsaicin biosynthesis. Devosia may represent a key functional genus, though mechanistic role requires further investigation.
OU Lvsuo, QIN Jiaxin, XU Chen xi, CHEN Xiangling, LU Chengque, ZHU Feng, XU Rangwei, LIU Huan, LI Guoguo, CHENG Yunjiang
Abstract:
Abstract This study investigated the influence of rootstock selection on fruit quality dynamics during ripening in 'Wuming Orah' mandarin, establishing scientific criteria for optimal harvest time and ripening regulation. Using fragrant citrus (Citrus × junos Siebold ex Tanaka) and (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) as rootstocks, fruit samples were collected at eight developmental stages (S1–S8) spanning the color-break period to full maturity. Key quality parameters were analyzed, including color index of fruit pericarp, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), juice rate, and primary metabolite profiles at five critical stages. Transcriptomic analysis via RNA-Seq was performed at three pivotal stages, with qRT-PCR validation of key genes. Results demonstrated that P. trifoliata-grafted fruits exhibited accelerated pericarp coloration and enhanced redness during S1–S5. Compared to C. junos-grafted fruits, P. trifoliata conferred significantly higher juice yield (increase: 0.37%–11.64%), TSS content (elevation: 0.73%–1.00%), and TSS/TA ratio (increase: 0.32–3.41). Sensory evaluation revealed superior overall preference scores for P. trifoliata fruits (8.11 vs. 7.22). Primary metabolomics analysis indicated elevated sucrose, D-fructose, D-glucose, and myo-inositol levels in P. trifoliata-grafted fruits. No significant inter-rootstock differences in TA, TSS/TA, or sensory attributes were observed during S6–S8. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1,481 differentially expressed genes, predominantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, protein phosphorylation, and transcriptional regulation pathways. qRT-PCR confirmed the early upregulation of CsSUC1 (the key sucrose transporter gene) in P. trifoliata-grafted fruits, correlating with accelerated sugar accumulation. These findings indicate that the optimal harvest window for P. trifoliata-grafted Wuming Orah mandarin occurs in early January—approximately two weeks earlier than C. junos-grafted fruits (mid-January). The hastened maturation associated with P. trifoliata rootstock appears mechanistically linked to enhanced soluble sugar accumulation.
Abstract This study investigated the influence of rootstock selection on fruit quality dynamics during ripening in 'Wuming Orah' mandarin, establishing scientific criteria for optimal harvest time and ripening regulation. Using fragrant citrus (Citrus × junos Siebold ex Tanaka) and (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) as rootstocks, fruit samples were collected at eight developmental stages (S1–S8) spanning the color-break period to full maturity. Key quality parameters were analyzed, including color index of fruit pericarp, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), juice rate, and primary metabolite profiles at five critical stages. Transcriptomic analysis via RNA-Seq was performed at three pivotal stages, with qRT-PCR validation of key genes. Results demonstrated that P. trifoliata-grafted fruits exhibited accelerated pericarp coloration and enhanced redness during S1–S5. Compared to C. junos-grafted fruits, P. trifoliata conferred significantly higher juice yield (increase: 0.37%–11.64%), TSS content (elevation: 0.73%–1.00%), and TSS/TA ratio (increase: 0.32–3.41). Sensory evaluation revealed superior overall preference scores for P. trifoliata fruits (8.11 vs. 7.22). Primary metabolomics analysis indicated elevated sucrose, D-fructose, D-glucose, and myo-inositol levels in P. trifoliata-grafted fruits. No significant inter-rootstock differences in TA, TSS/TA, or sensory attributes were observed during S6–S8. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1,481 differentially expressed genes, predominantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, protein phosphorylation, and transcriptional regulation pathways. qRT-PCR confirmed the early upregulation of CsSUC1 (the key sucrose transporter gene) in P. trifoliata-grafted fruits, correlating with accelerated sugar accumulation. These findings indicate that the optimal harvest window for P. trifoliata-grafted Wuming Orah mandarin occurs in early January—approximately two weeks earlier than C. junos-grafted fruits (mid-January). The hastened maturation associated with P. trifoliata rootstock appears mechanistically linked to enhanced soluble sugar accumulation.
Abstract:
To compare the fruit quality differences between the Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) bud mutant “Hetaocheng (HTC)” and its wild type, the genetic relationship and fruit physiochemical properties were analyzed. The results prelimarily showed that “HTC” was a bud mutation of ‘Newhall’ navel orange, with a genetic similarity (based on the genome sequence speculation) as high as 96.6% and a similar phenology period. The average single fruit weight of “Hetaocheng” in the cultivation area of Wuhan was 90.11 g. which was significantly smaller than that of ‘Newhall’ (188.46 g), the soluble solids (TSS) was 10.63%, which was no difference from that of ‘Newhall’. The total carotenoid content of the peel of “HTC” was 309.96 ug/g DW, which was significantly lower than that of ‘Newhall’ (357.73 ug/g DW), and the total carotenoid content of the pulp was 31.57 ug/g DW, which was significantly higher than that of ‘Newhall’ (24.50 ug/g DW). And the contents of α-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin and lutein in the peel and pulp were significantly higher than that of ‘Newhall’. The above results indicated that the fruit size, peel hardness and carotenoid content in the peel bulged sweet orange mutant had all undergone significant changes compared with the wide type.
To compare the fruit quality differences between the Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) bud mutant “Hetaocheng (HTC)” and its wild type, the genetic relationship and fruit physiochemical properties were analyzed. The results prelimarily showed that “HTC” was a bud mutation of ‘Newhall’ navel orange, with a genetic similarity (based on the genome sequence speculation) as high as 96.6% and a similar phenology period. The average single fruit weight of “Hetaocheng” in the cultivation area of Wuhan was 90.11 g. which was significantly smaller than that of ‘Newhall’ (188.46 g), the soluble solids (TSS) was 10.63%, which was no difference from that of ‘Newhall’. The total carotenoid content of the peel of “HTC” was 309.96 ug/g DW, which was significantly lower than that of ‘Newhall’ (357.73 ug/g DW), and the total carotenoid content of the pulp was 31.57 ug/g DW, which was significantly higher than that of ‘Newhall’ (24.50 ug/g DW). And the contents of α-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin and lutein in the peel and pulp were significantly higher than that of ‘Newhall’. The above results indicated that the fruit size, peel hardness and carotenoid content in the peel bulged sweet orange mutant had all undergone significant changes compared with the wide type.
Abstract:
Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) is the primary causal agent of cassava mosaic disease. Its capsid protein (CP) plays a crucial role in virus-plant interactions during infection. Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are low molecular weight thiol oxidoreductases, among which CC-type GRXs are key regulators of plant disease resistance. Given that CP is a key pathogenicity factor of CsCMV involved in modulating host immune responses, this study investigated whether CsCMV CP interacts with MeGRXC3 (a CC-type GRX) to synergistically regulate redox homeostasis and thereby modulate viral infection. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and subcellular localization assays, the interaction between CsCMV CP and MeGRXC3 was examined. Y2H results confirmed their interaction in yeast cells. BiFC assays, performed by co-expressing the corresponding vectors in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells, revealed distinct green fluorescent signals upon 488 nm excitation, indicating interaction in planta. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis demonstrated co-localization of CsCMV CP with MeGRXC3 in tobacco epidermal cells upon co-expression, providing additional evidence for their interaction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CsCMV CP interacts with MeGRXC3 in both yeast and plant cells. This finding lays the groundwork for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CP facilitates CsCMV infection.
Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) is the primary causal agent of cassava mosaic disease. Its capsid protein (CP) plays a crucial role in virus-plant interactions during infection. Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are low molecular weight thiol oxidoreductases, among which CC-type GRXs are key regulators of plant disease resistance. Given that CP is a key pathogenicity factor of CsCMV involved in modulating host immune responses, this study investigated whether CsCMV CP interacts with MeGRXC3 (a CC-type GRX) to synergistically regulate redox homeostasis and thereby modulate viral infection. Using yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and subcellular localization assays, the interaction between CsCMV CP and MeGRXC3 was examined. Y2H results confirmed their interaction in yeast cells. BiFC assays, performed by co-expressing the corresponding vectors in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells, revealed distinct green fluorescent signals upon 488 nm excitation, indicating interaction in planta. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis demonstrated co-localization of CsCMV CP with MeGRXC3 in tobacco epidermal cells upon co-expression, providing additional evidence for their interaction. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CsCMV CP interacts with MeGRXC3 in both yeast and plant cells. This finding lays the groundwork for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CP facilitates CsCMV infection.
Abstract:
The continuous increase of global nitrogen fertilizer use has led to the increasingly serious problem of N2O emissions. How to effectively reduce N2O emissions and improve nitrogen use efficiency has become the focus of research. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the soil nitrogen cycle, directly or indirectly influencing processes such as nitrogen mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification, and N?O emissions. Therefore, this review aims to deeply analyze the regulatory role of DOM in soil nitrogen cycle and N2O emissions, mainly involving the following aspects: (1) By providing a carbon source and energy, DOM promotes microbial metabolic activity, accelerating the mineralization of organic nitrogen and alleviating nitrogen supply limitations; (2) The composition and form of DOM significantly regulate nitrogen immobilization, nitrification, and denitrification reactions, affecting the rate of nitrogen transformation in the soil; (3) During nitrification and denitrification processes, DOM can act as an electron donor and influence nitrogen transformation by altering the soil microbial community structure. Understanding the impact of DOM on the soil nitrogen cycle not only helps to comprehend the dynamic changes in soil nitrogen but also provides a theoretical basis for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing agricultural management.
The continuous increase of global nitrogen fertilizer use has led to the increasingly serious problem of N2O emissions. How to effectively reduce N2O emissions and improve nitrogen use efficiency has become the focus of research. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the soil nitrogen cycle, directly or indirectly influencing processes such as nitrogen mineralization, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification, and N?O emissions. Therefore, this review aims to deeply analyze the regulatory role of DOM in soil nitrogen cycle and N2O emissions, mainly involving the following aspects: (1) By providing a carbon source and energy, DOM promotes microbial metabolic activity, accelerating the mineralization of organic nitrogen and alleviating nitrogen supply limitations; (2) The composition and form of DOM significantly regulate nitrogen immobilization, nitrification, and denitrification reactions, affecting the rate of nitrogen transformation in the soil; (3) During nitrification and denitrification processes, DOM can act as an electron donor and influence nitrogen transformation by altering the soil microbial community structure. Understanding the impact of DOM on the soil nitrogen cycle not only helps to comprehend the dynamic changes in soil nitrogen but also provides a theoretical basis for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing agricultural management.
Abstract:
In order to explore the sensory quality of cigar tobacco leaves and its key differential components under different nitrogen application rates, and to analyze the material basis of the flavor characteristics of cigar tobacco leaves in Hunan. The cigar variety CX81 was used as the test material, and four nitrogen application treatments were set up : N0 ( 0 kg/hm2, CK ), N1 ( 180 kg/hm2 ), N2 ( 210 kg/hm2 ), N3 ( 240 kg/hm2 ). The sensory quality of fermented cigar leaves was evaluated and the main chemical components were analyzed. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen the key difference indicators under different nitrogen application rates, and the relationship between them and sensory quality was explored. (1) The results showed that the increase of nitrogen application rate could improve the smoke intensity, alcohol content, pollen aroma and glutinous rice aroma of cigars.(2) With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the total nitrogen, nicotine and browning reaction products of cigar tobacco leaves increased significantly, the total amount of phenylalanine degradation products, carotenoid degradation products, neophytadiene and neutral aroma substances increased first and then decreased, and the total sugar, reducing sugar and cembranoid degradation products decreased gradually. (3) The main chemical components were screened, and 21 key differential components were screened out. Among them, 7 key differential components were significantly positively correlated with sensory quality, and 1 was significantly negatively correlated. (4) The increase of nitrogen application rate mainly increased the sweetness and woody aroma of cigars by increasing the total amount of neutral aroma substances (except neophytadiene), increased the content of benzaldehyde, furfural, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-furandione and browning reaction products, increased the total nitrogen and nicotine, reduced the mass fraction of reducing sugar, improved the smoke intensity and smoke alcohol and sense, and enriched the aroma of pollen and glutinous rice.
In order to explore the sensory quality of cigar tobacco leaves and its key differential components under different nitrogen application rates, and to analyze the material basis of the flavor characteristics of cigar tobacco leaves in Hunan. The cigar variety CX81 was used as the test material, and four nitrogen application treatments were set up : N0 ( 0 kg/hm2, CK ), N1 ( 180 kg/hm2 ), N2 ( 210 kg/hm2 ), N3 ( 240 kg/hm2 ). The sensory quality of fermented cigar leaves was evaluated and the main chemical components were analyzed. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen the key difference indicators under different nitrogen application rates, and the relationship between them and sensory quality was explored. (1) The results showed that the increase of nitrogen application rate could improve the smoke intensity, alcohol content, pollen aroma and glutinous rice aroma of cigars.(2) With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the total nitrogen, nicotine and browning reaction products of cigar tobacco leaves increased significantly, the total amount of phenylalanine degradation products, carotenoid degradation products, neophytadiene and neutral aroma substances increased first and then decreased, and the total sugar, reducing sugar and cembranoid degradation products decreased gradually. (3) The main chemical components were screened, and 21 key differential components were screened out. Among them, 7 key differential components were significantly positively correlated with sensory quality, and 1 was significantly negatively correlated. (4) The increase of nitrogen application rate mainly increased the sweetness and woody aroma of cigars by increasing the total amount of neutral aroma substances (except neophytadiene), increased the content of benzaldehyde, furfural, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-furandione and browning reaction products, increased the total nitrogen and nicotine, reduced the mass fraction of reducing sugar, improved the smoke intensity and smoke alcohol and sense, and enriched the aroma of pollen and glutinous rice.
Abstract:
To investigate the characteristics of the digestive system of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei, a series of studies were conducted on its feeding organs and digestive tract using morphological and histological approaches. The results showed that E. kishinouyei possesses densely packed upper and lower jaw teeth, with the upper tooth band extending distinctly backward. The esophagus is short and thick, and the stomach is U-shaped with a relatively large capacity. The intestine can be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on two distinct bends. The foregut is enlarged, and the intestinal coefficient is 0.45?±?0.06. The liver exhibits a unique main-accessory liver structure: the main liver, divided into two lobes (long left and short right), is located at the anterior end of the abdominal cavity, while the accessory liver extends into the subcutaneous space behind the base of the pectoral fins via a connective band that passes through the body wall. Both sides of the accessory liver are morphologically similar. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) for the main liver is 0.65%?±?0.46%, and for the accessory liver, 0.54%?±?0.27%. Histological observations revealed well-developed taste buds around the lips and on the barbels. The esophageal musculature consists entirely of striated muscle, with longitudinal muscle bundles distributed in the submucosa. Numerous well-developed gastric glands were found in the corpus region of the stomach, and the circular muscle layer in the pyloric region was markedly thickened. Among the intestinal sections, the mucosal folds in the anterior intestine were the tallest, while the ratios of mucosal fold height to intestinal diameter remained relatively high in both the midgut and hindgut. Goblet cell numbers were lowest in the midgut and significantly higher in the hindgut. The well-developed taste buds, large accessory liver, and high relative height of intestinal mucosal folds reflect the species' strong adaptation to fast-flowing water environments. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of domestication strategies for E. kishinouyei.
To investigate the characteristics of the digestive system of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei, a series of studies were conducted on its feeding organs and digestive tract using morphological and histological approaches. The results showed that E. kishinouyei possesses densely packed upper and lower jaw teeth, with the upper tooth band extending distinctly backward. The esophagus is short and thick, and the stomach is U-shaped with a relatively large capacity. The intestine can be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on two distinct bends. The foregut is enlarged, and the intestinal coefficient is 0.45?±?0.06. The liver exhibits a unique main-accessory liver structure: the main liver, divided into two lobes (long left and short right), is located at the anterior end of the abdominal cavity, while the accessory liver extends into the subcutaneous space behind the base of the pectoral fins via a connective band that passes through the body wall. Both sides of the accessory liver are morphologically similar. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) for the main liver is 0.65%?±?0.46%, and for the accessory liver, 0.54%?±?0.27%. Histological observations revealed well-developed taste buds around the lips and on the barbels. The esophageal musculature consists entirely of striated muscle, with longitudinal muscle bundles distributed in the submucosa. Numerous well-developed gastric glands were found in the corpus region of the stomach, and the circular muscle layer in the pyloric region was markedly thickened. Among the intestinal sections, the mucosal folds in the anterior intestine were the tallest, while the ratios of mucosal fold height to intestinal diameter remained relatively high in both the midgut and hindgut. Goblet cell numbers were lowest in the midgut and significantly higher in the hindgut. The well-developed taste buds, large accessory liver, and high relative height of intestinal mucosal folds reflect the species' strong adaptation to fast-flowing water environments. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of domestication strategies for E. kishinouyei.
Abstract:
Low available magnesium (Mg) content in soils is prevalent across China"s primary lemon-producing regions, leading to frequent Mg deficiency symptoms in lemon plants and compromising fruit yield and quality. To investigate the differential nutrient uptake in lemon saplings under Mg-deficient stress and identify Mg-tolerant rootstocks, this study employed a hydroponic sand culture experiment using lemon saplings grafted ontoSTrifoliate orange andSC35 citrange rootstocks. Two Mg treatments were applied: adequate Mg supply (1 mmol/L MgSO4.7H2O) and Mg-deficient stress (0 mmol/L). After 180 days of cultivation, nutrient concentrations and translocation coefficients across various tissues were quantified. Results demonstrated that under adequate Mg supply,SP. trifoliata-grafted saplings exhibited significantly higher Mg uptake and utilization efficiency compared to C35 citrange-grafted saplings, along with superior Mn and Cu accumulation capacity. Mg deficiency reduced N translocation coefficients in both rootstock systems, while C35 citrange-grafted plants demonstrated higher Mg utilization efficiency. However, C35 citrange rootstock displayed impaired translocation capacity for Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Notably, Mg-deficient conditions markedly increased Mn absorption inSP. trifoliata-grafted saplings, posing potential Mn toxicity risks. Comprehensive analysis revealed that C35 citrange rootstock offers distinct advantages for "Yunning No.1" cultivation under Mg-deficient but otherwise nutrient-sufficient conditions, whereas traditionalSP. trifoliataSrootstock proves more suitable for multi-nutrient-deficient environments.
Low available magnesium (Mg) content in soils is prevalent across China"s primary lemon-producing regions, leading to frequent Mg deficiency symptoms in lemon plants and compromising fruit yield and quality. To investigate the differential nutrient uptake in lemon saplings under Mg-deficient stress and identify Mg-tolerant rootstocks, this study employed a hydroponic sand culture experiment using lemon saplings grafted ontoSTrifoliate orange andSC35 citrange rootstocks. Two Mg treatments were applied: adequate Mg supply (1 mmol/L MgSO4.7H2O) and Mg-deficient stress (0 mmol/L). After 180 days of cultivation, nutrient concentrations and translocation coefficients across various tissues were quantified. Results demonstrated that under adequate Mg supply,SP. trifoliata-grafted saplings exhibited significantly higher Mg uptake and utilization efficiency compared to C35 citrange-grafted saplings, along with superior Mn and Cu accumulation capacity. Mg deficiency reduced N translocation coefficients in both rootstock systems, while C35 citrange-grafted plants demonstrated higher Mg utilization efficiency. However, C35 citrange rootstock displayed impaired translocation capacity for Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Notably, Mg-deficient conditions markedly increased Mn absorption inSP. trifoliata-grafted saplings, posing potential Mn toxicity risks. Comprehensive analysis revealed that C35 citrange rootstock offers distinct advantages for "Yunning No.1" cultivation under Mg-deficient but otherwise nutrient-sufficient conditions, whereas traditionalSP. trifoliataSrootstock proves more suitable for multi-nutrient-deficient environments.
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2023,42(2):1-8, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.02.001
Abstract:
Cattle industry is an important part of animal husbandry and a pillar industry for agriculture and rural development in China.However， the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cattle industry and public health security.With the continuous expansion of domestic and foreign trade related to cattle， its impact is on the rise.In this paper， the epidemic characterization， control status and challenges of important bovine diseases in China were reviewed from three aspects， including important infectious diseases， emerging infectious diseases and re-emerging infectious diseases.It is considered that the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle is associated with complex and changing natural， social， and economic factors， which is characterized by following aspects： unclear epidemiological background， the continuous emergence of new diseases， the re-emergence of some controlled diseases， the frequent co-infection with multiple pathogens， diagnosis， and treatment difficulties etc.Finally， based on the current internal and external challenges for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases， the prevention and control suggestions were put forward， in order to provide reference for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases in China.
Cattle industry is an important part of animal husbandry and a pillar industry for agriculture and rural development in China.However， the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cattle industry and public health security.With the continuous expansion of domestic and foreign trade related to cattle， its impact is on the rise.In this paper， the epidemic characterization， control status and challenges of important bovine diseases in China were reviewed from three aspects， including important infectious diseases， emerging infectious diseases and re-emerging infectious diseases.It is considered that the prevalence of important infectious diseases in cattle is associated with complex and changing natural， social， and economic factors， which is characterized by following aspects： unclear epidemiological background， the continuous emergence of new diseases， the re-emergence of some controlled diseases， the frequent co-infection with multiple pathogens， diagnosis， and treatment difficulties etc.Finally， based on the current internal and external challenges for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases， the prevention and control suggestions were put forward， in order to provide reference for the effective prevention and control of important bovine infectious diseases in China.
2023,42(5):12-19, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.05.002
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Soil salinization seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture，but the application of modified biochar has a significant effect on the improvement of saline-alkali soil.In order to explore the mechanism of modified biochar improving saline-alkali soil.This article summarizes the effects of different modification methods on the physical and chemical properties of pristine biochar，as well as the improvement effect and influencing factors of modified biochar on saline-alkali soil.The results showed that the modified biochar had the characteristics of large specific surface area，many types and quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups，and a decrease in the proportion of alkaline substances.It can promote the formation of aggregate structure in saline-alkali soil，increase the adsorption of salt ions and nutrient retention，change the functional structure of soil microorganisms，and strengthen the ability of crops to cope with external stress.However，there were few studies on the long-term effects of modified biochar and the differences of its application in different types of saline-alkali soil.In the future，field verification tests of different types of saline-alkali soil should be carried out to explore the adsorption capacity and long-term effect of modified biochar on different salt ions，in order to optimize its improvement methods under different saline-alkali types.
Soil salinization seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture，but the application of modified biochar has a significant effect on the improvement of saline-alkali soil.In order to explore the mechanism of modified biochar improving saline-alkali soil.This article summarizes the effects of different modification methods on the physical and chemical properties of pristine biochar，as well as the improvement effect and influencing factors of modified biochar on saline-alkali soil.The results showed that the modified biochar had the characteristics of large specific surface area，many types and quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups，and a decrease in the proportion of alkaline substances.It can promote the formation of aggregate structure in saline-alkali soil，increase the adsorption of salt ions and nutrient retention，change the functional structure of soil microorganisms，and strengthen the ability of crops to cope with external stress.However，there were few studies on the long-term effects of modified biochar and the differences of its application in different types of saline-alkali soil.In the future，field verification tests of different types of saline-alkali soil should be carried out to explore the adsorption capacity and long-term effect of modified biochar on different salt ions，in order to optimize its improvement methods under different saline-alkali types.
2024,43(4):70-81, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.04.009
Abstract:
Carbon in soil is an important component of the global carbon cycle，and the processes of carbon cycling play a crucial role in regulating climate，with microorganisms being the key driving force behind carbon cycling in soil. This article reviewed the roles and mechanisms of microorganisms in the input of organic carbon in soil，formation and stabilization of organic matter in soil，the processes of decomposing and mineralizing organic matter in soil，and the effects of soil properties，climate conditions，plant factors，and human activities on microorganisms mediated carbon cycling in soil，especially the progress and theoretical updates in related studies. Microorganisms in soil can indirectly promote the photosynthesis in plant and the input of carbon in soil through its symbiosis with plants，and can directly participate in the fixation and transformation of carbon in soil. Microbial residues and their secretions play a crucial role in the formation of mineral-associated organic matter and aggregates in soil，which is beneficial for the long-term stability of organic carbon in soil. The microorganisms mediated effect of priming has a regulatory effect on the decomposition of organic matter in soil，which can affect the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 from the soil. Studies on the mechanism of microorganisms mediated processes of stabilizing the organic carbon and storing carbon in soil in the future should be strengthened and focus on the complex relationship between the structure and function of microbial community and the carbon cycling in soil，as well as their response to global changes. It will provide new insights for China to achieve its major strategic goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality” through enhancing the potential of carbon sequestration or the function of carbon sink with microbial activity.
Carbon in soil is an important component of the global carbon cycle，and the processes of carbon cycling play a crucial role in regulating climate，with microorganisms being the key driving force behind carbon cycling in soil. This article reviewed the roles and mechanisms of microorganisms in the input of organic carbon in soil，formation and stabilization of organic matter in soil，the processes of decomposing and mineralizing organic matter in soil，and the effects of soil properties，climate conditions，plant factors，and human activities on microorganisms mediated carbon cycling in soil，especially the progress and theoretical updates in related studies. Microorganisms in soil can indirectly promote the photosynthesis in plant and the input of carbon in soil through its symbiosis with plants，and can directly participate in the fixation and transformation of carbon in soil. Microbial residues and their secretions play a crucial role in the formation of mineral-associated organic matter and aggregates in soil，which is beneficial for the long-term stability of organic carbon in soil. The microorganisms mediated effect of priming has a regulatory effect on the decomposition of organic matter in soil，which can affect the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 from the soil. Studies on the mechanism of microorganisms mediated processes of stabilizing the organic carbon and storing carbon in soil in the future should be strengthened and focus on the complex relationship between the structure and function of microbial community and the carbon cycling in soil，as well as their response to global changes. It will provide new insights for China to achieve its major strategic goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality” through enhancing the potential of carbon sequestration or the function of carbon sink with microbial activity.
2023,42(4):167-176, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.04.019
Abstract:
The slow/controlled-release technology has been widely applied in the agricultural production with the rapid development of green， efficient， and intensive modern agriculture.The use of slow/controlled release fertilizers （SRFs or CRFs） can reduce environmental pollution， restore soil ecology， improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer， and reduce labor costs.However， there are also some shortcomings in the application of slow/controlled release fertilizers.This article summarized the development， classification， preparation methods， and applications of SRFs or CRFs in recent years based on reviewing literatures.The advantages and disadvantages of slow/controlled release fertilizers in application were summarized.The problems and countermeasures in the application of slow/controlled release fertilizers were sorted out.It is proposed that systematic studies should be conducted on the application technology and evaluation system of slow/controlled release fertilizers in the future， focusing on the development of green materials， production processes， and equipment innovation， to form the integration and demonstration of industrial technology for slow/controlled release fertilizers， and to develop efficient， environment friendly， and low-cost slow/controlled release fertilizers that meet the requirements of production.
The slow/controlled-release technology has been widely applied in the agricultural production with the rapid development of green， efficient， and intensive modern agriculture.The use of slow/controlled release fertilizers （SRFs or CRFs） can reduce environmental pollution， restore soil ecology， improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizer， and reduce labor costs.However， there are also some shortcomings in the application of slow/controlled release fertilizers.This article summarized the development， classification， preparation methods， and applications of SRFs or CRFs in recent years based on reviewing literatures.The advantages and disadvantages of slow/controlled release fertilizers in application were summarized.The problems and countermeasures in the application of slow/controlled release fertilizers were sorted out.It is proposed that systematic studies should be conducted on the application technology and evaluation system of slow/controlled release fertilizers in the future， focusing on the development of green materials， production processes， and equipment innovation， to form the integration and demonstration of industrial technology for slow/controlled release fertilizers， and to develop efficient， environment friendly， and low-cost slow/controlled release fertilizers that meet the requirements of production.
2023,42(2):9-16, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.02.002
Abstract:
In August 2019，lumpy skin disease （LSD） broke out firstly in Yili，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region，China，and then spread throughout the country.Due to lack of comprehensive knowledge and experience in prevention and control of LSD，clinically，they are often lack of targeted measures，leading to the spread of the disease and causing significant economic losses to the cattle industry.Therefore，in order to identify the key risk factors and the key links of prevention and control of LSD，this paper comprehensively reviewed the etiological characteristics，pathogenic mechanism，clinical characteristics，transmission rules，diagnosis，prevention and control measures，and put forward suggestions for the effective prevention and control and elimination of LSD in China.
In August 2019，lumpy skin disease （LSD） broke out firstly in Yili，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region，China，and then spread throughout the country.Due to lack of comprehensive knowledge and experience in prevention and control of LSD，clinically，they are often lack of targeted measures，leading to the spread of the disease and causing significant economic losses to the cattle industry.Therefore，in order to identify the key risk factors and the key links of prevention and control of LSD，this paper comprehensively reviewed the etiological characteristics，pathogenic mechanism，clinical characteristics，transmission rules，diagnosis，prevention and control measures，and put forward suggestions for the effective prevention and control and elimination of LSD in China.
2023,42(2):147-157, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.02.019
Abstract:
Root exudates are the main medium of communication between crops and soil，play important roles in the activation of nutrients in soil，the nutrient uptake and growth of crops.This article summarized the classification and function of root exudates，and their effects on the activation of nutrients including nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium and iron in soil，the nutrient absorption and growth of crops to study the relationship between root exudates，crops，soil and microorganisms，and to use different root exudates to achieve interspecific promotion，improve the utilization rate of natural resources and agricultural productivity.The different mechanisms of crop response to nutrient stress were discussed.The prospects including strengthening the identification means of root exudates to realize the in-situ damage-free identification and analysis of root exudate components，using interdisciplinary knowledge to further reveal the root-soil interface biological interaction process of efficient utilization of crop nutrients mediated by root exudates，focusing on functional localization of target genes and microorganisms that verify that root exudates affect plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses，using genetic engineering to effectively improve plant health，promoting the process of transforming research results into scientific and technological applications，and applying beneficial root exudates to practical production via using bionics principle were put forward.
Root exudates are the main medium of communication between crops and soil，play important roles in the activation of nutrients in soil，the nutrient uptake and growth of crops.This article summarized the classification and function of root exudates，and their effects on the activation of nutrients including nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium and iron in soil，the nutrient absorption and growth of crops to study the relationship between root exudates，crops，soil and microorganisms，and to use different root exudates to achieve interspecific promotion，improve the utilization rate of natural resources and agricultural productivity.The different mechanisms of crop response to nutrient stress were discussed.The prospects including strengthening the identification means of root exudates to realize the in-situ damage-free identification and analysis of root exudate components，using interdisciplinary knowledge to further reveal the root-soil interface biological interaction process of efficient utilization of crop nutrients mediated by root exudates，focusing on functional localization of target genes and microorganisms that verify that root exudates affect plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses，using genetic engineering to effectively improve plant health，promoting the process of transforming research results into scientific and technological applications，and applying beneficial root exudates to practical production via using bionics principle were put forward.
2023,42(4):244-253, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.04.028
Abstract:
As a high-value carotenoid， lycopene has many physiological functions， such as anti-oxidation， scavenging free radicals and preventing heart cerebrovascular disease. It is widely used in fields such as food and medicine. At present， lycopene mainly comes from natural tomato extraction， and its market application is limited due to the limited production capacity. While the biotechnology represented by synthetic biology has brought the dawn for the innovative production of lycopene. In this paper， the physicochemical properties， physiological functions and production methods of lycopene were summarized according to the relevant domestic and foreign research literature. In particular this paper focuses on the recent research progress in the metabolic engineering， fermentation and extraction of lycopene by biotechnology. The research status of lycopene synthetic biology was systematically reviewed. Finally， the future direction and problems of lycopene production by biotechnology are prospected， so as to provide reference for the related research on the biosynthesis of lycopene.
As a high-value carotenoid， lycopene has many physiological functions， such as anti-oxidation， scavenging free radicals and preventing heart cerebrovascular disease. It is widely used in fields such as food and medicine. At present， lycopene mainly comes from natural tomato extraction， and its market application is limited due to the limited production capacity. While the biotechnology represented by synthetic biology has brought the dawn for the innovative production of lycopene. In this paper， the physicochemical properties， physiological functions and production methods of lycopene were summarized according to the relevant domestic and foreign research literature. In particular this paper focuses on the recent research progress in the metabolic engineering， fermentation and extraction of lycopene by biotechnology. The research status of lycopene synthetic biology was systematically reviewed. Finally， the future direction and problems of lycopene production by biotechnology are prospected， so as to provide reference for the related research on the biosynthesis of lycopene.
2023,42(5):35-41, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.05.005
Abstract:
The planting area and annual yield of jujube in China rank first in the world，while Xinjiang is the largest jujube production area in China.The jujube industry，as an important pillar industry of regional economic development in Xinjiang，has a good industrial foundation and development prospects.However，the processing products of Xinjiang jujube are still mainly primary processing products，with a low proportion of intensive and deep processing，which limits the high-quality development of the Xinjiang jujube processing industry.This article reviewed the situation of jujube planting，production and market circulation in China and Xinjiang，and summarized the progress of jujube processing products and processing technology in recent years.The current problems of Xinjiang jujube industry including the low degree of mechanization，short industrial chain，and serious product homogeneity were analyzed.Measures and advices in terms of planting patterns，product development，and brand construction were proposed.It will provide useful reference for promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of jujube processing industry in Xinjiang.
The planting area and annual yield of jujube in China rank first in the world，while Xinjiang is the largest jujube production area in China.The jujube industry，as an important pillar industry of regional economic development in Xinjiang，has a good industrial foundation and development prospects.However，the processing products of Xinjiang jujube are still mainly primary processing products，with a low proportion of intensive and deep processing，which limits the high-quality development of the Xinjiang jujube processing industry.This article reviewed the situation of jujube planting，production and market circulation in China and Xinjiang，and summarized the progress of jujube processing products and processing technology in recent years.The current problems of Xinjiang jujube industry including the low degree of mechanization，short industrial chain，and serious product homogeneity were analyzed.Measures and advices in terms of planting patterns，product development，and brand construction were proposed.It will provide useful reference for promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of jujube processing industry in Xinjiang.
2023,42(6):35-42, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.06.006
Abstract:
The transformation of potassium （K） forms in soil plays an important role in the improvement and evaluation of potassium fertility in soil，efficient fertilization techniques of potassium，and regulation of potassium nutrition in plants.In recent years，the team of studying potassium in soil at Nanjing Institute of Soil Science，Chinese Academy of Sciences，has carried out a series of studies on the differentiation method and content range of different forms of potassium in soil，the mechanism of efficient utilization of potassium in soil by plants，the release mechanism of non-exchangeable potassium （NEK） in soil and its influencing factors，especially the method of evaluating the bioavailability of non-exchangeable potassium in soil.The content of non-exchangeable potassium in soil had a maximum value in different types of soil based on the results of soil K extraction with a strong sodium tetraphenylboron （NaTPB） method.The non-exchangeable potassium extracted through exchange and diffusion can account for 20% to 60% of the total potassium in the soil.The release of non-exchangeable potassium from minerals mainly depends on the content of other ions and the concentration of potassium in environment，and the efficient absorption of non-exchangeable potassium by plants depends on the ability of root systems to absorb potassium at low concentrations as well.It has been confirmed that the formation and release of non-exchangeable potassium in soil play an important role in the soil holding capacity and bioavailability of potassium in soil.The new methods for measuring the total amount of non-exchangeable potassium in soil，determining changes of potassium in soil，and grading plant-available potassium in soil have been established.It will provide powerful methods and means for accurately evaluating and predicting the potassium fertility in soil，and studies related to soil potassium，which will facilitate the transition of studying potassium in soil with the qualitative and semi-quantitative methods to the quantitative methods.
The transformation of potassium （K） forms in soil plays an important role in the improvement and evaluation of potassium fertility in soil，efficient fertilization techniques of potassium，and regulation of potassium nutrition in plants.In recent years，the team of studying potassium in soil at Nanjing Institute of Soil Science，Chinese Academy of Sciences，has carried out a series of studies on the differentiation method and content range of different forms of potassium in soil，the mechanism of efficient utilization of potassium in soil by plants，the release mechanism of non-exchangeable potassium （NEK） in soil and its influencing factors，especially the method of evaluating the bioavailability of non-exchangeable potassium in soil.The content of non-exchangeable potassium in soil had a maximum value in different types of soil based on the results of soil K extraction with a strong sodium tetraphenylboron （NaTPB） method.The non-exchangeable potassium extracted through exchange and diffusion can account for 20% to 60% of the total potassium in the soil.The release of non-exchangeable potassium from minerals mainly depends on the content of other ions and the concentration of potassium in environment，and the efficient absorption of non-exchangeable potassium by plants depends on the ability of root systems to absorb potassium at low concentrations as well.It has been confirmed that the formation and release of non-exchangeable potassium in soil play an important role in the soil holding capacity and bioavailability of potassium in soil.The new methods for measuring the total amount of non-exchangeable potassium in soil，determining changes of potassium in soil，and grading plant-available potassium in soil have been established.It will provide powerful methods and means for accurately evaluating and predicting the potassium fertility in soil，and studies related to soil potassium，which will facilitate the transition of studying potassium in soil with the qualitative and semi-quantitative methods to the quantitative methods.
2023,42(5):42-52, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.05.006
Abstract:
Grassland animal husbandry is not only an important part of modern animal husbandry， but also a traditional basic industry and characteristic advantage industry in Xinjiang.In order to promote the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， this paper set out from the precise objectives of ‘high-quality products， grassland restoration， herdsmen’s income increase and cultural inheritance’.Based on the current situation of grassland animal husbandry development in Xinjiang， this paper analyzed the practical challenges impeding the transformation and upgrading of the industry and proposed a pathway towards achieving the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.The study found that the realistic dilemma faced by Xinjiang grassland animal husbandry in the process of transformation and upgrading include： the change of breeding mode and the lack of technology application affecting the quality of animal products， overgrazing of natural grasslands affecting ecological restoration， insufficient development of industry chain affecting the increase of herdsmen’s income， and the change of herdsmen’s mode of production and life affecting the inheritance of grassland culture.The study concluded that the essence of the high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry is the dynamic balance of ‘grass-animal-human-culture’.In the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， we should pay attention to the matching between scientific and technological research and development application and breeding mode， improve incentive policies and grazing management measures， accelerate the construction and value increase of the whole industry chain， and strengthen the cultural characteristics of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.
Grassland animal husbandry is not only an important part of modern animal husbandry， but also a traditional basic industry and characteristic advantage industry in Xinjiang.In order to promote the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， this paper set out from the precise objectives of ‘high-quality products， grassland restoration， herdsmen’s income increase and cultural inheritance’.Based on the current situation of grassland animal husbandry development in Xinjiang， this paper analyzed the practical challenges impeding the transformation and upgrading of the industry and proposed a pathway towards achieving the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.The study found that the realistic dilemma faced by Xinjiang grassland animal husbandry in the process of transformation and upgrading include： the change of breeding mode and the lack of technology application affecting the quality of animal products， overgrazing of natural grasslands affecting ecological restoration， insufficient development of industry chain affecting the increase of herdsmen’s income， and the change of herdsmen’s mode of production and life affecting the inheritance of grassland culture.The study concluded that the essence of the high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry is the dynamic balance of ‘grass-animal-human-culture’.In the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， we should pay attention to the matching between scientific and technological research and development application and breeding mode， improve incentive policies and grazing management measures， accelerate the construction and value increase of the whole industry chain， and strengthen the cultural characteristics of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.
2024,43(2):164-174, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.02.019
Abstract:
Aquaculture is one of the most important ways of providing aquatic products， and the aquafeeds， especially for carnivorous aquatic animals， requires large amounts of fishmeal. To date， fishmeal has been recognized as the best source of protein in aquafeeds in terms of nutritional quality. However， with overfishing， anthropogenic activities and extreme weather， the production of major fish species that provide fishmeal has been decreasing globally year by year， leading to fishmeal shortage and price increase， and thus there is an urgent need for the aquaculture industry to seek for high quality alternative protein sources to fishmeal in order to achieve its sustainable development. Aquaculture is one of the most important ways of providing aquatic products. The aquatic feeds especially for carnivorous aquatic animals require large amounts of fishmeal. To date， fishmeal has been recognized as the best sources of protein in aquatic feeds in terms of nutritional quality. However， the production of major fish species that provide fishmeal has been decreasing globally year by year with overfishing， anthropogenic activities and extreme weather， leading to the shortage of fishmeal and the increase of its price， and thus there is an urgent need to seek the alternative sources of protein with high quality as fishmeal to achieve the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. Black soldier fly （BSF， Hermetia illucens） is a saprophytic insect， and its larvae have characteristics including wide feeding habits， strong reproductive ability， and rich and balanced nutrients. It is considered as a highly potential and new sources of feed protein and has broad prospects of application in the production of aquatic animals. This article reviewed the main nutritional and bioactive components of BSF larvae， as well as progress on their application in feeds for different aquaculture species such as herbivorous， omnivorous， carnivorous， crustacean， and amphibian reptiles. The optimal amount of BSF larvae in different aquatic feeds was summarized. The feasibility of using BSF larvae as a sustainable source of protein in aquatic feeds was explored. The problems and challenges in its practical application were analyzed. It will provide a basis and reference for developing and utilizing black soldier fly and studying its mechanism in aquatic animals.
Aquaculture is one of the most important ways of providing aquatic products， and the aquafeeds， especially for carnivorous aquatic animals， requires large amounts of fishmeal. To date， fishmeal has been recognized as the best source of protein in aquafeeds in terms of nutritional quality. However， with overfishing， anthropogenic activities and extreme weather， the production of major fish species that provide fishmeal has been decreasing globally year by year， leading to fishmeal shortage and price increase， and thus there is an urgent need for the aquaculture industry to seek for high quality alternative protein sources to fishmeal in order to achieve its sustainable development. Aquaculture is one of the most important ways of providing aquatic products. The aquatic feeds especially for carnivorous aquatic animals require large amounts of fishmeal. To date， fishmeal has been recognized as the best sources of protein in aquatic feeds in terms of nutritional quality. However， the production of major fish species that provide fishmeal has been decreasing globally year by year with overfishing， anthropogenic activities and extreme weather， leading to the shortage of fishmeal and the increase of its price， and thus there is an urgent need to seek the alternative sources of protein with high quality as fishmeal to achieve the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. Black soldier fly （BSF， Hermetia illucens） is a saprophytic insect， and its larvae have characteristics including wide feeding habits， strong reproductive ability， and rich and balanced nutrients. It is considered as a highly potential and new sources of feed protein and has broad prospects of application in the production of aquatic animals. This article reviewed the main nutritional and bioactive components of BSF larvae， as well as progress on their application in feeds for different aquaculture species such as herbivorous， omnivorous， carnivorous， crustacean， and amphibian reptiles. The optimal amount of BSF larvae in different aquatic feeds was summarized. The feasibility of using BSF larvae as a sustainable source of protein in aquatic feeds was explored. The problems and challenges in its practical application were analyzed. It will provide a basis and reference for developing and utilizing black soldier fly and studying its mechanism in aquatic animals.
CUI Dongming, SHAN Chen, SHI Lihua, WANG Kunguang, DOU Zhechao, CHI Zhiguang, WANG Guowei, KUANG Jialing, ZUO Yuanmei
2023,42(6):59-72, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.06.009
Abstract:
Iron is an essential micronutrient for the normal development of all living things. In particular， cultivating iron-rich seeds through biofortification is an important technical solution to solve the "hidden hunger" of human beings， and chelated iron fertilizer is widely used due to its high efficiency. Therefore， the research and development of novel micronutrient chelators is always a competitive hotspot in the world.The plant-secreted mugineic acids and microbial-secreted siderophores， which can efficiently activate insoluble iron to be bioavailable for plants， are potential novel biochelates， especially microorganisms that can efficiently secrete siderophores have application potential. These novel iron fertilizers can improve the iron nutrition of plants without external iron input， but can activate the rich iron resources in the soil effectively by utilizing the strong chelating property of the active substance of the strain itself， and provide enough bioavailable iron for plants. Therefore， these findings offer applied opportunities for novel biochelates to improve plant iron nutrition and crop yield and sustainable development of agriculture. To further explore and develop those novel and green biochelates， provide new pathways for the development of green intelligent fertilizer， and achieve the sustainable development of agriculture， based on the research progress of the molecular and physiological mechanism of iron uptake and utilization by plants and microorganisms， the research progress and application of novel iron biochelates from plants and microorganisms were reviewed. The study covers the status and causes plant iron deficiency， ways to improve iron nutrition， molecular ecological advantages of iron absorption and utilization by plant root exudates under mechanism Ⅱ， as well as the potential of microbial siderophores to improve plant iron nutrition. It is expected that further research and development will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of these novel biochelates to improve the efficiency of iron nutrient uptake in plants， and provide new ways for realizing the sustainable development of green agriculture. It is expected that further research and development will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of these novel biochelates to improve the efficiency of iron nutrient uptake in plants， and provide new ways for realizing the sustainable development of green agriculture.
Iron is an essential micronutrient for the normal development of all living things. In particular， cultivating iron-rich seeds through biofortification is an important technical solution to solve the "hidden hunger" of human beings， and chelated iron fertilizer is widely used due to its high efficiency. Therefore， the research and development of novel micronutrient chelators is always a competitive hotspot in the world.The plant-secreted mugineic acids and microbial-secreted siderophores， which can efficiently activate insoluble iron to be bioavailable for plants， are potential novel biochelates， especially microorganisms that can efficiently secrete siderophores have application potential. These novel iron fertilizers can improve the iron nutrition of plants without external iron input， but can activate the rich iron resources in the soil effectively by utilizing the strong chelating property of the active substance of the strain itself， and provide enough bioavailable iron for plants. Therefore， these findings offer applied opportunities for novel biochelates to improve plant iron nutrition and crop yield and sustainable development of agriculture. To further explore and develop those novel and green biochelates， provide new pathways for the development of green intelligent fertilizer， and achieve the sustainable development of agriculture， based on the research progress of the molecular and physiological mechanism of iron uptake and utilization by plants and microorganisms， the research progress and application of novel iron biochelates from plants and microorganisms were reviewed. The study covers the status and causes plant iron deficiency， ways to improve iron nutrition， molecular ecological advantages of iron absorption and utilization by plant root exudates under mechanism Ⅱ， as well as the potential of microbial siderophores to improve plant iron nutrition. It is expected that further research and development will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of these novel biochelates to improve the efficiency of iron nutrient uptake in plants， and provide new ways for realizing the sustainable development of green agriculture. It is expected that further research and development will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of these novel biochelates to improve the efficiency of iron nutrient uptake in plants， and provide new ways for realizing the sustainable development of green agriculture.
2024,43(3):75-88, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.03.008
Abstract:
Reducing agricultural carbon emissions and improving the capacity of agricultural carbon sinks are important measures for China to realize the goal of “Dual-carbon”， which is also where the potential lies. Therefore， it is undoubtedly of great significance to clarify the current status of research on agricultural carbon issues and its characteristics. In order to contribute to the early realization of China’s “Dual-carbon” goal， this paper comprehensively comprehends the existing studies based on the three dimensions of agricultural carbon emissions， agricultural carbon sinks， and driving factors of agricultural low-carbon development. Specifically， firstly， the basic concepts of agricultural carbon emissions are clarified and common measurement methods are introduced， and the current research status is reviewed， taking into consideration temporal evolution， spatial distribution， efficiency characteristics， and emission reduction pathways. Secondly， the basic concepts of agricultural carbon sinks are defined， and the forest carbon sink， soil carbon sink and ocean carbon sink are derived， followed by the introduction of their respective measurement method. Then， the focus is on the net agricultural carbon sink and the marketization of carbon sink. Finally， the main factors that affect the development of low-carbon agriculture are discussed from both macro and micro levels. At the macro level， policy， economic and social factors are considered， while at the micro level， the internal factors of the head of the household and the external environment faced by the farmers are examined. With regards to the direction of future research on agricultural carbon issues， this paper believes that it should focus on the following four aspects， namely， the scientific prediction of agricultural carbon peaks and the design of differentiated emission reduction paths， the scientific assessment of the potential for agricultural carbon reduction and carbon sequestration and the discussion of paths to achieve these goals， the construction of an agricultural carbon market， and exploration of the idea of realizing the value of carbon sinks， as well as the exploration of the matching of the supply and demand of low-carbon production techniques by farmers and the optimization of their systems.
Reducing agricultural carbon emissions and improving the capacity of agricultural carbon sinks are important measures for China to realize the goal of “Dual-carbon”， which is also where the potential lies. Therefore， it is undoubtedly of great significance to clarify the current status of research on agricultural carbon issues and its characteristics. In order to contribute to the early realization of China’s “Dual-carbon” goal， this paper comprehensively comprehends the existing studies based on the three dimensions of agricultural carbon emissions， agricultural carbon sinks， and driving factors of agricultural low-carbon development. Specifically， firstly， the basic concepts of agricultural carbon emissions are clarified and common measurement methods are introduced， and the current research status is reviewed， taking into consideration temporal evolution， spatial distribution， efficiency characteristics， and emission reduction pathways. Secondly， the basic concepts of agricultural carbon sinks are defined， and the forest carbon sink， soil carbon sink and ocean carbon sink are derived， followed by the introduction of their respective measurement method. Then， the focus is on the net agricultural carbon sink and the marketization of carbon sink. Finally， the main factors that affect the development of low-carbon agriculture are discussed from both macro and micro levels. At the macro level， policy， economic and social factors are considered， while at the micro level， the internal factors of the head of the household and the external environment faced by the farmers are examined. With regards to the direction of future research on agricultural carbon issues， this paper believes that it should focus on the following four aspects， namely， the scientific prediction of agricultural carbon peaks and the design of differentiated emission reduction paths， the scientific assessment of the potential for agricultural carbon reduction and carbon sequestration and the discussion of paths to achieve these goals， the construction of an agricultural carbon market， and exploration of the idea of realizing the value of carbon sinks， as well as the exploration of the matching of the supply and demand of low-carbon production techniques by farmers and the optimization of their systems.
2024,43(1):40-51, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.01.005
Abstract:
Tomatoes were routinely planted in the same field for 3 consecutive years.Using sterile deionized water （CK） as a control，and wood vinegar diluted by 300 times （A），600 times （B），and 900 times （C）.The antibacterial activity of wood vinegar with different dilutions and its effect on the root growth and the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system were studied to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the tomato industry using wood vinegar.The results showed that the antibacterial activities of wood vinegars with different dilution significantly inhibited pathogens of bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt.Among the wood vinegars with three dilutions，irrigation with wood vinegar diluted by 600 times was not only beneficial to the growth of the roots，but also helped to improve the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system.Compared with the control （CK），wood vinegars with different dilutions reduced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria to varying degrees，and increased the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms including Acidobacter，Ascomycota，Neocospora，Aspergillus，Penicillium，Trichoderma，Chaetomium，Trichoderma and Fusarium.It is indicated that wood vinegar has a significant inhibitory effect on the pathogenic microorganisms of tomato bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt.Irrigation with diluted wood vinegar is beneficial to the root growth of tomato and improves the microecology of the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system.Among them，the improvement effect of wood vinegar diluted by 600 times （B） was the best.
Tomatoes were routinely planted in the same field for 3 consecutive years.Using sterile deionized water （CK） as a control，and wood vinegar diluted by 300 times （A），600 times （B），and 900 times （C）.The antibacterial activity of wood vinegar with different dilutions and its effect on the root growth and the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system were studied to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable development of the tomato industry using wood vinegar.The results showed that the antibacterial activities of wood vinegars with different dilution significantly inhibited pathogens of bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt.Among the wood vinegars with three dilutions，irrigation with wood vinegar diluted by 600 times was not only beneficial to the growth of the roots，but also helped to improve the diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system.Compared with the control （CK），wood vinegars with different dilutions reduced the relative abundance of Actinobacteria to varying degrees，and increased the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms including Acidobacter，Ascomycota，Neocospora，Aspergillus，Penicillium，Trichoderma，Chaetomium，Trichoderma and Fusarium.It is indicated that wood vinegar has a significant inhibitory effect on the pathogenic microorganisms of tomato bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt.Irrigation with diluted wood vinegar is beneficial to the root growth of tomato and improves the microecology of the rhizosphere of tomato under continuous cropping system.Among them，the improvement effect of wood vinegar diluted by 600 times （B） was the best.
2023,42(5):28-34, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.05.004
Abstract:
Drought has become one of the key environmental factors limiting the development of agriculture in China. Due to fixed growth， plants cannot actively escape from stress when external water factors change， and can only rely on their own mechanisms to resist external stress. Therefore， studies on plant drought resistance are becoming very urgent. This article reviewed the previous researches related with plant drought tolerance. The focus was on exploring the classification of desiccation-tolerant plants， the response mechanisms of their morphological structure， physiological and molecular level during dehydration and rehydration to provide new ideas for mining desiccation-tolerant genes， creating desiccation-tolerant germplasm resources and breeding new desiccation-tolerant varieties.
Drought has become one of the key environmental factors limiting the development of agriculture in China. Due to fixed growth， plants cannot actively escape from stress when external water factors change， and can only rely on their own mechanisms to resist external stress. Therefore， studies on plant drought resistance are becoming very urgent. This article reviewed the previous researches related with plant drought tolerance. The focus was on exploring the classification of desiccation-tolerant plants， the response mechanisms of their morphological structure， physiological and molecular level during dehydration and rehydration to provide new ideas for mining desiccation-tolerant genes， creating desiccation-tolerant germplasm resources and breeding new desiccation-tolerant varieties.
2023,42(3):10-17, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.03.002
Abstract:
Smart agriculture offers new insights for reducing emissions and increasing carbon sinks in agriculture， and contributes to the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Based on clarifying the connotation and characteristics of smart agriculture under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality， this article analyzes the problems and challenges faced by the development of smart agriculture， and proposes countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the development of smart agriculture under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality should emphasize the philosophy of leading low-carbon with intelligence and driving intelligence with low-carbon. The science and technology should focus on the low-carbon oriented innovation and application. Attentions should be paid to the double-wheel drive of government and market in terms of system. The development of smart agriculture in China is still at its initial stage. There are shortcomings and bottlenecks in data resources， technical equipment， production capacity， talent reserve， policy support， and other aspects. Therefore， we should establish a carbon data system for agriculture， strengthen the innovation and R & D in agricultural technology， improve the training system of talent， promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture， construct a low-carbon development mechanism for smart agriculture with “government doing something， market being effective” in the future.
Smart agriculture offers new insights for reducing emissions and increasing carbon sinks in agriculture， and contributes to the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Based on clarifying the connotation and characteristics of smart agriculture under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality， this article analyzes the problems and challenges faced by the development of smart agriculture， and proposes countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the development of smart agriculture under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality should emphasize the philosophy of leading low-carbon with intelligence and driving intelligence with low-carbon. The science and technology should focus on the low-carbon oriented innovation and application. Attentions should be paid to the double-wheel drive of government and market in terms of system. The development of smart agriculture in China is still at its initial stage. There are shortcomings and bottlenecks in data resources， technical equipment， production capacity， talent reserve， policy support， and other aspects. Therefore， we should establish a carbon data system for agriculture， strengthen the innovation and R & D in agricultural technology， improve the training system of talent， promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture， construct a low-carbon development mechanism for smart agriculture with “government doing something， market being effective” in the future.
2024,43(2):10-21, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.02.002
Abstract:
Owing to the properties of low concentration and high toxicity，emerging contaminants （ECs） have become one of the major threats to water safety.Biochar has attracted extensive attention in the removal of ECs from aquatic environment due to its easy accessibility and high treatment efficiency.In order to promote the application of biochar in the removal of ECs，in this paper the pollution status of ECs ，the properties of biochar，and the research and application of biochar in the removal of ECs in aquatic environment were reviewed.The research progress of removal of ECS by biochar as absorbents，advanced oxidation catalysts and microbial immobilization carriers was summarized，and the prospect was put forward.
Owing to the properties of low concentration and high toxicity，emerging contaminants （ECs） have become one of the major threats to water safety.Biochar has attracted extensive attention in the removal of ECs from aquatic environment due to its easy accessibility and high treatment efficiency.In order to promote the application of biochar in the removal of ECs，in this paper the pollution status of ECs ，the properties of biochar，and the research and application of biochar in the removal of ECs in aquatic environment were reviewed.The research progress of removal of ECS by biochar as absorbents，advanced oxidation catalysts and microbial immobilization carriers was summarized，and the prospect was put forward.
2024,43(4):60-69, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2024.04.008
Abstract:
The specific predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio and like organisms （BALOs） are been highly valued due to their potential applications in agriculture， industry and medicine， especially in treating the infections caused by pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic resistance. However， many fundamental scientific issues regarding BALOs have been unclear in the past decades， which is the bottom cause why these types of bacteria have not been effectively developed and utilized yet. In recent years， significant progress has been made in the life cycle， mechanisms of predation， the distribution of resource and the diversity of BALOs， and the applications of BALOs in medicine， agriculture， and industry. Especially since the formal establishment of the phylum Bdellovibrionota in 2021， there has been an explosive growth in studies related to BALOs. This article systematically reviewed the progress on studying BALOs. It was focused on introducing the latest reports on predatory mechanisms of BALOs and other outstanding achievements to promote the understanding and further application of BALOs resources， and to guide the studies on BALOs in the future.
The specific predatory bacteria Bdellovibrio and like organisms （BALOs） are been highly valued due to their potential applications in agriculture， industry and medicine， especially in treating the infections caused by pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic resistance. However， many fundamental scientific issues regarding BALOs have been unclear in the past decades， which is the bottom cause why these types of bacteria have not been effectively developed and utilized yet. In recent years， significant progress has been made in the life cycle， mechanisms of predation， the distribution of resource and the diversity of BALOs， and the applications of BALOs in medicine， agriculture， and industry. Especially since the formal establishment of the phylum Bdellovibrionota in 2021， there has been an explosive growth in studies related to BALOs. This article systematically reviewed the progress on studying BALOs. It was focused on introducing the latest reports on predatory mechanisms of BALOs and other outstanding achievements to promote the understanding and further application of BALOs resources， and to guide the studies on BALOs in the future.
2023,42(4):1-6, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.04.001
Abstract:
Landscape architecture should fully play its positive role in the context of global climate change and the target of carbon peak and neutrality proposed by China government. The practical actions of landscape architecture in various countries taken to address the goals of carbon peak and neutrality were learned about through exclusively interviewing International Federation of Landscape Architects Asia Pacific Region Climate Change Working Group. The goals and prospects for the development of landscape architecture in the future were proposed from two aspects including the flexible design and low-carbon design of landscape architecture.
Landscape architecture should fully play its positive role in the context of global climate change and the target of carbon peak and neutrality proposed by China government. The practical actions of landscape architecture in various countries taken to address the goals of carbon peak and neutrality were learned about through exclusively interviewing International Federation of Landscape Architects Asia Pacific Region Climate Change Working Group. The goals and prospects for the development of landscape architecture in the future were proposed from two aspects including the flexible design and low-carbon design of landscape architecture.
2023,42(6):50-58, DOI: 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.06.008
Abstract:
Molybdenum （Mo），as an essential trace element in plants，plays a crucial role in promoting the growth and development of plant and enhancing plant stress resistance.The absorption and transportation of molybdenum in plants are mainly regulated by the molybdate transporter genes MOT1 and MOT2.Molybdenum enters the plant and participates in the growth and metabolism of plant in the form of molybdenum containing enzymes.The regulation of plant stress resistance is mainly manifested as follows：molybdenum affects the photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism，hormone synthesis，and reactive oxygen species metabolism in the plant through molybdenum containing enzymes including nitrate reductase，aldehyde oxidase，and xanthine dehydrogenase，thereby regulating plant cold resistance.Molybdenum regulates root development，nutrient and water use，and drought resistance gene expression through signal transduction processes mediated by nitrate reductase and aldehyde oxidase，further affecting lipid synthesis and metabolism to regulate plant drought resistance.The recent studies have found that molybdenum plays an important role in plant adaptation to salt stress and alleviating heavy metal stress as well.It will provide new insights into improving plant stress resistance via regulating molybdenum nutrition.
Molybdenum （Mo），as an essential trace element in plants，plays a crucial role in promoting the growth and development of plant and enhancing plant stress resistance.The absorption and transportation of molybdenum in plants are mainly regulated by the molybdate transporter genes MOT1 and MOT2.Molybdenum enters the plant and participates in the growth and metabolism of plant in the form of molybdenum containing enzymes.The regulation of plant stress resistance is mainly manifested as follows：molybdenum affects the photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism，hormone synthesis，and reactive oxygen species metabolism in the plant through molybdenum containing enzymes including nitrate reductase，aldehyde oxidase，and xanthine dehydrogenase，thereby regulating plant cold resistance.Molybdenum regulates root development，nutrient and water use，and drought resistance gene expression through signal transduction processes mediated by nitrate reductase and aldehyde oxidase，further affecting lipid synthesis and metabolism to regulate plant drought resistance.The recent studies have found that molybdenum plays an important role in plant adaptation to salt stress and alleviating heavy metal stress as well.It will provide new insights into improving plant stress resistance via regulating molybdenum nutrition.
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Huazhong A gricultural University
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Huazhong A gricultural University
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ZHANG Xianlong
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