Abstract:Dark tea as a unique post-fermented tea in China is facing severe challenges in upgrading industry. The mechanism of forming the quality during the pile-fermentation process of dark tea was firstly elucidated from the perspective of chemical foundations and key driving factors to promote the high-quality development of the dark tea industry. Strategies for precise control were further thoroughly explored in response to the bottleneck of traditional methods of processing. Key breakthroughs in technology in the future including the integration of multi-omics， the construction of synthetic microbial communities， and the systems of intelligent processing are proposed. Deepening the application of microbial resources in the quality-oriented regulation， the avoidance of safety risk， and the development of functional product to construct a system of directed fermentation technology for specific quality， ultimately driving the dark tea industry towards a new stage of standardization and value-added development.

Abstract:The similarities and differences in the processes，the contributions of quality，and the synergistic mechanisms of three types of post-fermentation including wet-pile post-fermentation，dry-pile post-fermentation，and aged tea post-fermentation were systematically analyzed based on Mr.CHEN Chuan’s theory of “Three types of post-fermentation” as the core framework to address the long-standing controversy over the classification and positioning of Puer tea.The formation of quality in black tea following the full-chain of post-fermentation logic spanning from “ primary processing to reprocessing to storage” was revealed.It is explicitly stated that the primary processing of Dianqing tea essentially constitutes wet-pile post-fermentation aimed at producing dark tea.The raw Puer tea including the loose tea and the compressed tea is a type of black tea formed through gradual aging and post-fermentation on the basis mentioned above.The ripened Puer tea represents a model of synergistic interaction among the three types of post-fermentation.Therefore，both the raw and ripened Puer tea belong to the category of dark tea.Based on these findings，this article suggests revising the clause in the national standard GB/T 22111—2008 that restricts The raw Puer tea to compressed tea alone，removing the restriction clause on the form of “steamed and compressed”，and recognizing the legal status of the loose tea.It will provide a solid theoretical foundation and a clear practical pathway for unifying the logic of classifying dark tea，fundamentally solving the controversy over the categorization of Puer tea，and promoting the scientific revision of relevant national and international standards.

Abstract:The quality and antioxidative function of dark tea as a unique post-fermented tea in China depend on the transformation of active components mediated by microbial-inducing piled fermentation，and are regulated by the technology of fermentation and raw materials in synergy.This article systematically reviewed the functions and mechanisms of core microbial species during the process of fermentation in dark tea，analyzed the structural characteristics of antioxidants derived from fermentation，and elaborated in depth on the mechanisms of antioxidation regulated by signaling pathway.The directions of studies and application in the future were prospected as well.

Abstract:The unique quality and health benefits of ripened Puer tea stem from its microbial post -fermentation process. Phenolic compounds undergo significant transformation during this process to form the material basis for their flavor and functional characteristics. This article reviews the changes in phenolic compounds including catechins degraded by microbial extracellular enzymes and converted into gallic acid， theaflavins， and novel biologically active derivatives such as Puer catechins， carboxymethylated catechins， and Teadenol A through the oxidation， polymerization， cleavage， and other reactions during the fermentation process of ripened Puer tea to study the changes in phenolic compounds during the fermentation process of ripened Puer tea and analyze the mechanism of quality formation. The total amount of flavonoids remains stable， and the hydrolysis of glycoside in flavonoids releases quercetin and other aglycones. The composition of phenolic acids changes significantly， with an increase in the content of gallic acid and tannic acid further being metabolized into aroma-contributing compounds like methoxybenzenes. Furthermore， theaflavins and thearubigins formed during fermentation are subsequently converted into theabrownins via enzymatic polymerization and complexation with non-phenolic components such as polysaccharides and proteins. These transformations underpin the characteristic reddish-brown infusion color， mellow taste， and distinctively aged flavor of ripened Puer tea and are closely associated with its health benefits including the regulation of gut microbiota， antioxidant activity， and metabolic modulation. Studies in the future should integrate multi-omics to deeply analyze the interactions between microorganisms and phenolic metabolism， accurately identify the structure-activity relationships of key bioactive derivatives to comprehensively elucidate the quality formation and functional characteristics of ripened Puer tea.

Abstract:People’s requirements for aroma and taste when drinking tea are gradually increasing with the increasing output value and consumption demand of tea industry in China.Puer ripe tea belongs to the black tea category， and its unique “stale” aroma and “mellow and sweet” taste is highly favored by consumers.This article systematically introduced the characteristics of quality and evaluation methods of sun-dried green tea， raw Puer tea and ripened Puer tea.The achievements of studying the aroma components of Puer tea were summarized by reviewing relevant literatures.The key aroma components of Puer tea were reviewed from six major categories including 20 kinds of alcohols， 14 kinds of aldehydes， 8 kinds of hydrocarbons， 8 kinds ofesters and lactones， 13 kinds of ketones and 8 kinds of hetero oxygen.The main taste components of Puer tea were analyzed from four dimensions including polyphenols （bitterness and astringency）， caffeine （contributing bitterness）， free amino acids （presenting umami） and soluble tea polysaccharides （giving sweetness）.However， the lack of selective extraction of aroma pretreatment technology and separation and identification of small molecule compounds in taste was the main bottleneck restricting the deep analysis of flavor in Puer tea.Studies in the future need to integrate manual evaluation with molecular sensory science， and collaboratively optimize techniques of pretreatment and separation and identification to provide technical support for systematically evaluating the quality of Puer tea and accurately analyzing its aroma and taste.

Abstract:A rapid identification method for geographical traceability of dark tea based on the miniature near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was proposed to provide transparent and reliable traceability information about the areas of producing dark tea， standardize the order of tea market and protect rights of consumers. The miniature near-infrared spectrometer was used to collect spectral information in situ of dark tea including the An-tea in Anhui Province， Tibetan tea in Ya'an City of Sichuan Province， Anhua dark tea in Hunan Province， and Chin-brick tea in Hubei Province. The simulated annealing algorithms， particle swarm optimization algorithms， ant colony optimization（ACO） algorithm， and iterative variable set optimization method combined with linear discriminant analysis and extreme learning machine（ELM） method were used to construct a geographical traceability classification model for dark tea. The results showed that the accuracy of the ELM prediction model based on the 10 characteristic wavelength information related to the geographical traceability of dark tea extracted with ACO was 97.5%. It is indicated that the combination of the miniature near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometric methods has good practical value for the geographical traceability of dark tea from major production areas in China.

Abstract:Fresh leaves from ‘Subei Zhong’ were used to make Fuzhuan brick tea and white brick tea to analyze the mechanism of forming the characteristic “fungus aroma” in Fuzhuan brick tea.Artificial inoculation with Eurotium cristatum was conducted under two conditions including monofungus fermentation by artificial inoculation （inoculated only with E. cristatum） and traditional fermentation.Metabolomics was used to analyze the dynamic changes in key aroma compounds associated with the characteristic “fungus aroma”.The gene expression profile of E. cristatum during the process of monofungus fermentation was further studied by combining with transcriptomics.The results of analysis with metabolomics showed that the level of （E，E）-2， 4-heptadienal （E，E）-2，4-nonadienal，（E，Z）-2，6-nonadienal and other key alkenal compounds that contribute to the formation of fungal aroma in Fuzhuan brick tea was significantly higher than that in white brick tea.The content of alkenal compounds significantly increased at the later stage of traditional fermentation， while the content of unsaturated fatty acids， the precursor substances of alkenal compounds， increased at the later stage of monofungus fermentation.The reason may be that the metabolic pathway for producing alkenal compounds is inhibited during the process of fermentation.The results of sequencing transcriptome showed that more than 96% of clean reads were identified in the genome of E. cristatum， with an average of 94% of the genes having unique locations in the genome.The results of annotation analysis showed that fatty acid-related genes serving as carbon sources for E. cristatum were enriched in the linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathways， and the linoleic acid metabolic pathway was annotated into two lipoxygenases.The lipoxygenase corresponding to the alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathway was not annotated.Fatty acid consumption was reduced， leading to their accumulation during the process of fermentation with E. cristatum.Moreover， the alpha-linolenic acid metabolic pathway in E. cristatum was not annotated with lipoxygenase， indicating that this fungus cannot produce di-unsaturated aldehydes via the lipoxygenase oxidation pathway.This explain why the level of （E，E）-2，4-heptadienal and （E，E）-2，4-nonadienal in the tea of monofungus fermentation was significantly lower than that in traditionally fermented tea.Therefore， monofungus fermentation alone fails to develop the characteristic “fungus aroma”.There may be signal transmission and substance exchange among other microorganisms in the complex environment of traditional fermentation， which work together to ferment and convert unsaturated fatty acids into volatile alkenal compounds by E. cristatum.It is indicated that the formation of characteristic “fungus aroma” is achieved through the synergistic fermentation of the basic aroma of raw dark tea and the microbial community mainly composed of E. cristatum.

Abstract:To explore the role of the UDP-glucosyltransferase EcUGT88E3 of Eurotium cristatum in regulating glycosylation of flavonoids， the EcUGT88E3 gene was cloned with homologous sequence cloning method and analyzed with bioinformatics. The pET28a-EcUGT88E3/BL21（DE3） expression system was constructed and the induction conditions were optimized to achieve heterologous expression and purification of the EcUGT88E3 gene. Results showed that the full-length EcUGT88E3 gene was 1 704 bp， with a 75 bp of 5′-UTR， 207 bp of 3′-UTR. The complete open reading frame （ORF） was 1 422 bp， encoding 473 amino acids. Bioinformatics predicted that the encoded protein is a hydrophobic protein with molecular weight of 52.03 ku. The prediction of protein structure indicated that EcUGT88E3 lacks signal peptide and transmembrane domain， and belongs to a microsomal-targeted protein containing GT1 and GT-B superfamily domains. The recombinant EcUGT88E3 protein was expressed as inclusion bodies， with a molecular weight consistent with that predicted. The optimal induction conditions for the pET28a-EcUGT88E3 prokaryotic expression vector in E. coli BL21 （DE3） were 27 ℃ and 0.2 mmol/L IPTG for 4 hours.

Abstract:C57BL/6 mice were used to study the antioxidant and health-care functions of Fuzhuan brick tea. Groups including blank control group（N）， high-dose Fuzhuan brick tea gavage group（HF）， CS exposure model group（CS）， CS exposure + low-dose Fuzhuan brick tea gavage group（CSLF）， CS exposure +medium dose Fuzhuan brick tea gavage group（CSMF）， and CS exposure +high-dose Fuzhuan brick tea gavage group（CSHF） were set up. The effects of aqueous extracts from Fuzhuan brick tea on body weight， antioxidant enzymes in serum， and oxidative damage in lung tissues of mice induced by cigarette smoke were analyzed. The results showed that smoke exposure significantly reduced the body weight in mice（P≤0.05） compared with group N and HF. Moreover， the activity of antioxidant enzymes including CAT， GSH-Px， SOD in the serum of mice were significantly decreased（P≤0.05）， with a significant increase in the level of oxidative stress indexes including TNF-α， MDA， ROS， IL-6， IL18 in lung tissues of mice（P≤0.05）. Severe inflammatory reactions occurred in both the alveolar and bronchial areas. The body weight of mice administered with gavage of Fuzhuan brick tea increased. There were no significant differences in the level of CAT， MDA， and IL-18 between the CSLF group and the normal control group（P>0.05）. There were no significant differences in the level of CAT and IL-6 between the CSMF group and the normal control group（P>0.05）. No significant disparities were observed in the level of CAT， MPO， MDA， and IL-6 between the CSHF group and the normal control group（P>0.05）. The sections of lung tissues in mice showed normalization of alveolar septa， significant reduction in microvascular congestion within the alveoli， and decreased inflammatory cells in the CSHF group. It is indicated that cigarette smoke exposure causes severe oxidative damage and inflammatory response in the lung tissues of mice， and the aqueous extracts from Fuzhuan brick tea have a certain effect on repairing cigarette smoke-induced damage of lung tissues in mice.

Abstract:Fresh leaves from summer-autumn tea were directionally fermented through artificial inoculation with Eurotium cristatum to increase the utilization efficiency of fresh leaves from summer-autumn tea trees and improve the quality of summer-autumn tea. The effects of different conditions including the content of water， the amount， temperature， and time of inoculation on the sensory quality and physicochemical components of tea fermented by Eurotium cristatum were studied. The results showed that the sensory quality of tea fermented by Eurotium cristatum was optimal with an inoculation amount of 1.5×10? CFU， water content of 30% in rolled leaves， fermentation temperature of 28 °C， and fermentation time of 8 days. The tea produced under these conditions exhibited vigorous growth of “golden flowers”，a rich and pure fungal aroma， a yellowish-orange and bright infusion， and a mellow and sweet-aftertaste flavor. The content of tea polyphenols， water extracts， soluble sugars， free amino acids， and theaflavins in fermented summer-autumn tea decreased to varying degrees， with reductions of 23.38%， 17.42%， 47.18%， 30.41%， and 9.30% compared with that in unfermented summer-autumn tea. The content of thearubigins and theaflavins significantly increased by 31.53% and 21.10%， respectively. It is indicated that the fermentation with Eurotium cristatum can significantly improve the quality of summer-autumn tea， which is helpful for the development and utilization of summer-autumn tea resources.

Abstract:The microorganisms in the samples of pile-fermented Tibetan tea were isolated and purified under the high temperature including 45 ℃ and 60 ℃ to study the effects of thermophilic bacteria on the formation of quality in Tibetan tea.7 thermophilic bacteria were obtained and identified as the genera Heyndrickxia，Brevibacillus，and Terribacillus with morphological and molecular biological methods.They were inoculated into green tea for the solid-state fermentation of single strain under the constant temperature.The results of evaluation showed that the aroma of each treated tea sample in the experiment varied from “chestnut aroma” to “aged aroma” and then to “stuffy taste” during the process of pile-fermentation.Thermophilic bacteria had a certain effect on the taste，resulting in the flavor changing from “strong” to “mellow” and then to “smooth” during the process of pile-fermentation，with a “smooth” and “refreshing” taste.The results of biochemical testing showed that the content of tea polyphenols had a trend of decreasing during the process of pile-fermentation.Bacillus subtilis and the high concentration of Bacillus subtilis contributed to the degradation of tea polyphenols，which may be the reason for the “smooth” taste.The content of free amino acids had a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，but mainly due to the effects of hot and humid.The content of soluble sugar had a trend of first increasing and then decreasing，and then increasing again.The total amount of catechins changed in line with the trend of tea polyphenols.The content of gallic acid in all treatments increased at the end of pile-fermentation，while the content of other components generally decreased.

Abstract:The microbial community in piles of Puer tea， soils from tea garden， and Qingzhuan brick tea was used as bacterial sources to be primarily screened with to tannic acid screening medium to realize the high-value utilization of summer-autumn tea resources and optimize the technology of fermenting dark tea.The rescreening was conducted by measuring the activity of tannase in tea fermented by candidate strains.The characteristics of sensory， components of quality， and antioxidant activity in solid-state fermented tea were analyzed.The targeted strain was identified through morphological observation and 26S rDNA sequence analysis.The results showed that 45 tannase-producing strains were obtained from the primarily screening， and 9 strains with higher activity of enzyme were selected to rescreen the fermented tea.Among them， strain MJ19 had the highest activity of tannase in fermented tea， reaching 21.12 U/g.The sensory quality of tea fermented with MJ19 has significantly improved compared with that in the control， presenting characteristics of sweet， floral， and ester aromas.Its antioxidant activity was significantly enhanced， with the scavenging rate of DPPH radical and ABTS radical， and the reducing ability of FRAP iron increased by 117.44%， 120.04%， and 116.60%， respectively.Meanwhile， the content of gallic acid （GA） in fermented tea increased by 430% compared to that in the control.It is indicated that the strain MJ19 obtained through screening can effectively enhance the activity of tannase during the fermentation of dark tea.Finally， it was identified to be the Debaryomyces prosopidis group， belonging to yeast， which can significantly improve the sensory quality and antioxidant activity of the fermented tea.It will provide excellent microbial resources and a theoretical foundation for the high-value development and utilization of summer-autumn tea resources.

Abstract:A microbial library of Qingzhuan brick tea with pile-fermentation was screened with neutral red-olive oil plate assays and an improved copper soap method to study the effects of lipase-producing strains on the content of fatty acids in the fermented tea and analyze the mechanism of forming flavor quality in Qingzhuan tea.17 strains of bacteria and 19 strains of fungi capable of producing lipase were screened from the microbial library of Qingzhuan tea.Among them， N8.11-20 strain had the highest activity of lipase （7.82 U/mL） and was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The results of optimizing the culture conditions for producing lipase with single factor experiments showed that the optimal culture conditions for the activity of lipase in N8.11-20 strain are an inoculation volume of 6% （V/V）， a culture temperature of 34 ℃， an initial pH of 7.0， and a culture time of 72 hours.The content of oil in Laoqing tea fermented with N8.11-20 strain for 15 days increased from 12.22% to 15.37%， which increased the content of total fatty acid in the fermented tea.It is indicated that using lipase-producing strains to ferment dark tea can help improve the aroma quality of dark tea.

Abstract:The tea plant （Camellia sinensis） cultivar ‘Zhuyeqi' was subjected to four levels of artificial shading including 0%， 50%， 75%， and 80% to study the effects of different intensities and durations of artificial shading on the accumulation of water-soluble fluoride in tea plants during the summer and autumn seasons. Samples of soil in tea garden and various tissues including leaves， stems， roots of tea plants were collected on the 10th， 20th， 30th， and 40th day after treatment to determine the content of Ws-F. The results showed that artificial shading significantly promoted the accumulation of Ws-F in processed tea. The content of Ws-F in tea leaves with artificial shading increased significantly with the increase of the intensity of artificial shading compared with that in tea leaves without artificial shading. The balance of fluoride within the tea plants was disrupted when the intensity of artificial shading reached 80%. It was found from further analyses that the prolonged artificial shading may induce the transport of fluoride from young leaves to older leaves. It is indicated that artificial shading significantly increases the accumulation of Ws-F in summer-autumn tea， and there are complex interactions between the intensity and duration of artificial shading. It will provide valuable insights for the safe production of tea during the summer and autumn seasons.

Abstract:Rice-wheat rotation is one of the major rice farming systems in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. With the increase of water resource shortages and frequent droughts， the advantages of drought farmed rice have become increasingly prominent. 3 rice varieties including indica hybrid rice Hanyou 73（HY73）， indica conventional rice Huanghuazhan（HHZ）， and indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 4949（YY4949） and 1 wheat variety Zhengmai 9023（ZM9023） were used to optimize the mode of rice-wheat rotation and improve the resource utilization efficiency. The conventional flooding irrigation （as control） and drought farming treatments were set up during the rice season to systematically study the effects of drought farming on the plant growth， yield， and resource use efficiency in both rice and wheat seasons. The results showed that the plant height， number of tillers， and leaf area of different rice varieties under drought farming during the rice season was significantly reduced， with a decrease of 6.8%-13.2%， 8.2%-35.7%， and 26.6%-44.7%， except for the number of tillers in YY73 at the stage of heading and flowering. Among them， HY73 had a higher leaf area and the smallest decrease， HHZ had the lowest leaf area and the largest decrease， and YY4949 had the smallest variation in number of tillers after drought farming. The actual yield of HY73， HHZ， and YY4949 decreased from 7.46 t/hm² to 5.32 t/hm²， from 6.23 t/hm² to 4.46 t/hm²， and from 7.60 t/hm² to 5.27 t/hm²， respectively. The plant height， number of tillers， leaf area， second-top leaf length， leaf width， spikelet number， and spike length of subsequent wheat after drought-farmed rice was significantly higher than that of the control during some key stages of growth and development. The accumulation of dry matter and yield of subsequent wheat after drought-farmed rice was significantly increased， with a yield of 4.49 t/hm²， 7.7% higher than that of the control. The water use efficiency （WUE） and economic benefits of the rice season， wheat season， and annual period were significantly improved after drought farming during the rice season. The WUE of rice and wheat increased by 151.9% to 156.1%， and the annual economic benefits of rice and wheat increased by 8.7% to 34.8%. However， the nitrogen partial factor productivity， light energy utilization efficiency， and accumulated temperature utilization efficiency of rice-wheat rotation decreased by 14.4%-15.8%， 13.8%-16.7%， and 14.1%-15.8%， respectively. It is indicated that drought farming of rice （especially HY73） can achieve high economic benefits under the annual rice-wheat rotation system in Hubei Province. It will provide a theoretical basis for drought-cultivated rice in rice-wheat rotation systems.

Abstract:The cigar variety CX81 was used to study the material basis of nitrogen application rate affecting the sensory quality of cigar tobacco and analyze the flavor characteristics of cigar tobacco leaves in Hunan Province. 4 treatments of nitrogen application rate including N0 （0 kg/hm²， CK）， N1 （180 kg/hm²）， N2 （210 kg/hm²） and N3 （240 kg/hm²） were set up to determine the sensory quality and main chemical components of fermented tobacco leaves. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） was used to screen key differential indexes and analyze their relationship with sensory quality. The results showed that the increase in nitrogen application rate enhanced the intensity of smoke， the rich and mellow degree， pollen aroma， and glutinous rice aroma of cigar tobacco. The content of total nitrogen， nicotine and browning reaction products in cigar tobacco leaves increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The total amount of phenylalanine degradation products， carotenoid degradation products， the neophytadiene and neutral aroma substances increased first and then decreased， while the content of total sugar， reducing sugar， and cembranoid degradation products gradually decreased. There was no unique chemical component in cigar tobacco leaves under different nitrogen application rate， and the proportion of components with increased content of chemical components gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. 21 key differential components were screened， of which 7 were significantly positively correlated with sensory quality and 2 were significantly negatively correlated. It is indicated that increasing the application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the total amount of neutral aroma substances （except for neophytadiene）， thereby enhancing the sweetness and woody aroma of cigar tobacco. The intensity of smoke， the rich and mellow degree in smoke were further enhanced， and the pollen aroma and glutinous rice aroma were enriched by increasing the content of total nitrogen， nicotine， benzaldehyde， furfural， 3，4-dimethyl-2，5-furanedione， and browning reaction products， and reducing the mass fraction of reducing sugars.

Abstract:Sulfur quantum dots（SQDs）， as an emerging class of non-metallic quantum dots（QDs）， have attracted much attention in the biomedical field due to their characteristics of unique biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.However， there is still a lack of systematic studies on the interaction mechanism of their chiral surface properties with biological systems.This article successfully constructed enantiomeric SQDs（L-/D-Cys-SQDs） with mirror symmetry structure based on the chiral surface engineering strategy using L-cysteine（L-Cys） and D-cysteine（D-Cys） as chiral ligands.The results of circular dichroism（CD） analysis showed that the enantiomeric structures of L-Cys-SQDs and D-Cys-SQDs were identical.Cys-SQDs had positive and negative mirror symmetry signals at 200 nm， clarifying their differences in chiral conformation.Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were used as a model to systematically evaluate the conformational relationship of SQDs.The results of MTT assay showed that the cell viability of the L-Cys-SQDs group after 48 h treatment with 4.0 mg/mL SQDs， was 80.4%， while that of the D-Cys-SQDs group was significantly reduced to 66.0%， indicating that the D-configuration SQDs enhance the toxicity.The results of flow quantitative analysis showed that the cellular uptake of D-Cys-SQDs was 12.1% lower than that of L-Cys-SQDs， indicating a negative correlation between the cell internalization efficiency and toxicity.The results of the DCFH-DA probe assay showed that the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species（ROS） was elevated in the cells induced by D-Cys-SQDs compared with that of L-Cys-SQDs.The “configuration-dependent toxicity” phenomenon of chiral SQDs was revealed and the phenomenon of low uptake-high bioeffects was found， breaking through the traditional cognitive framework of “positive uptake-toxicity correlation” of nanomaterials.The chiral surface engineering strategy established will provide a new idea to precisely regulate the biological effects of SQDs， with both expanding the potential of chiral nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and laying the foundation for designing the functionalized QDs with low-toxicity.

Abstract:Pot experiments were conducted to analyze the content of heavy metals in sediment and different organs of Zizania latifolia to systematically study the patterns of dissipation， the characteristics of enriching and transporting heavy metals including lead （Pb）， arsenic （As）， cadmium （Cd）， and mercury （Hg） in the sediment-Z. latifolia system， and the effects of these heavy metals on the botanical traits of Z. latifolia and the nutritional quality of its succulent stems. The results showed that planting Z. latifolia significantly promoted the dissipation of Pb in sediments， with a dissipation rate 2.4 times higher than that in sediments without planting Z. latifolia. The distribution of heavy metals in the organs of Z latifolia followed the pattern of roots>stems>leaves>succulent stems. The content of Pb， As， Cd， and Hg in roots was 1 508 times， 148 times， 261 times， and 9 times higher than that in the succulent stems， respectively. The biological enrichment factor and transport coefficient of these four heavy metals in Z. latifolia was all less than 1， indicating that Z. latifolia has weak ability to enrich and transport heavy metals， but its ability to enrich and transport Cd and Pb is higher than that of As and Hg. The level of Pb in succulent stems remained below the food safety limit， while the level of Cd exceeded the food safety limit within the concentration range of low-dose heavy metal treatment. The content of As and Hg in edible stems was below food safety limit at low concentrations of environmental pollution， while high concentrations of environmental pollution led to excessive As and Hg in edible stems. Heavy metal stress significantly increased the content of flavonoids， vitamin C， titratable acids， and crude fiber in edible stems， but decreased the content of reducing sugars and soluble solids， resulting in a decrease in the tenderness and sugar-to-acid ratio of the succulent stems. It is indicated that Z. latifolia has potential for remediating Pb in sediments within the concentration range of 0-30 mg/kg， and its succulent stems meet food safety standards， achieving a win-win situation for ecological restoration and economic benefits. It will provide theoretical support for the “remediation-production”synergistic model in heavy metal contaminated sediment and has significant implications for promoting the sustainable development of agriculture.

Abstract:The Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R （slow growing rhizobium） was revitalized to obtain strains AW-8 and AW-10 to study the synergistic effects of M. huakuii on planting Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus） in the field. The symbiotic nodulation and nitrogen-fixing capabilities of the strains obtained were verified with re-inoculation experiments. M. huakuii AW-8 was used as the core strain to compare the symbiotic phenotypes of four Mesorhizobium strains through a soil pot cultivation experiment. Results showed that the aboveground biomass， nodulation， and nitrogen-fixation indexes of M.huakuii AW-8-inoculated Chinese milk vetch were higher than those of the original strain AW7R-1， and AW-8， AB-21， and AZ-21 were identified as all elite strains. The aboveground biomass， nodule number， nodule weight， and the activity of nodule nitrogenase of the Xinzi No.1 variety of Chinese milk vetch inoculated with AW-8 increased by 41.3%， 87.8%， 34.2% and 6.3%， respectively. The results of comparing the inoculation effects of strain AW-8， AW7R-1， AB-21， and AZ-21 at urea nitrogen levels of 0 kg/667 m²， 3 kg/667 m²， and 6 kg/667 m² showed that the content of nitrogen and the accumulation of total nitrogen in the above ground hay of Chinese milk vetch increased by 9.5% and 4.1% when urea nitrogen level of 3 kg/667 m² was applied and AW-8 was inoculated， while the content of available phosphorus， available potassium， and organic matter in rhizosphere soil increased by 2.6%， 35.9%， and 0.5%， respectively. The results of comprehensive analyses showed that co-application of M. huakuii AW-8 inoculation and 3 kg/mu urea synergistically enhanced the accumulation of nitrogen and the total nitrogen in Chinese milk vetch plants， and improved nutrients in rhizosphere soil as well. It is indicated that the inoculation of M. huakuii AW-8 and the application of appropriate nitrogen fertilizer has a synergistic effect on planting Chinese milk vetch.

Abstract:Sweet cherry （Prunus avium L.） is an important economic fruit tree，and the quality of its flower bud is greatly affected by temperature.The characteristics of whole genome of the heat shock transcription factors （HSF） family in sweet cherry were identified，and the expression profiles of the HSF gene family members in different organs/tissues of sweet cherry and their responses under high and low temperature stresses were analyzed using qRT-PCR technology.The results showed that there were 17 HSF members in the genome of sweet cherry，named as in sequence from PavHSF1 to PavHSF17 based on the locations on chromosomes.All members of this family are hydrophilic proteins localized in the nucleus，and distributed on chromosomes except for the chromosome 6 and 8.There were low temperature and other stress responsive elements in the promoter region，indicating that PavHSF may be involved in the response to abiotic stress.PavHSF can be divided into 3 categories and 13 subtypes in evolution，with 2 pairs of collinear gene.The number of gene pairs collined with monocotyledonous plants is the least.The results of analyzing tissue-specific expression showed that PavHSF members had the highest level of expression in dormant flower buds and leaf buds，while PavHSF3 was highly expressed in all tissues of sweet cherry.The expression of PavHSF11，PavHSF13，PavHSF15 and PavHSF16 under the high temperature was significantly increased，indicating that they are main genes responding to the high temperature.The expression of PavHSF13，PavHSF15 and PavHSF17 under the low temperature increased most significantly，indicating that they are transcription factors responding to the low temperature.It is indicated that PavHSF family is widely involved in the growth and development of sweet cherry，and closely related to the temperature stress.It will provide a basis for further cloning genes and studying functions of HSF family in sweet cherry.

Abstract:Rosaceae generally exhibit self-incompatibility， which affect both self-compatibility and cross-compatibility. 186 Rosa from the germplasm repository were used to study the self-compatibility and cross-compatibility in Rosa materials with different ploidy. The flow cytometry and the shoot tip chromosome counting methods were used to identify the ploidy and analyze the pollen germination rate， self-compatibility， and cross-compatibility in the Rosa with different ploidy. The results showed that there was 64 diploid Rosa among 186 Rosa， mainly including wild species and ancient roses. There was relatively few triploid Rosa， with only 21. There was 101 tetraploid Rosa， mainly including modern roses. The pollen germination rate of diploid and tetraploid Rosa ranged from 16.89% to 51.91% and 40.88% to 63.57%， with an average of 32.37% and 51.50%. However， the pollens of the triploid Rosa did not germinate at all. The results of further testing growth of pollen tubes of 53 self-pollinated Rosa and 12 hybrid pollinated Rosa showed that all 13 diploid Rosa exhibited self-incompatibility， with pollen tubes stagnating at 1/3 of the style； all 40 tetraploid Rosa were self-compatible， and the pollen tubes successfully entered the ovaries. The results of cross-pollination showed that the pollen tubes of hybrid combination with tetraploid as the male parent successfully entered the ovaries； some the pollen tubes of hybrid combinations with diploid as the paternal parent stagnated in the style. It is indicated that the tetraploid Rosa has good ability of pollen germination and strong compatibility for cross-pollination， making it highly usable in breeding hybrid Rosa.

Abstract:Sperms with high-quality in animals are the fundamental requirement for ensuring the breeding with high-quality and an important prerequisite for the completion of assisted reproductive technologies including artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization.Mitochondria in sperms，as important organelles inside sperm，are the energy metabolism center of sperm and participate in regulating processes including the hyperactivation and capacitation of sperms，the reaction of acrosome，etc.，thereby affecting the quality of sperm and the efficiency of fertilization in animals.Therefore，mitochondria in sperms are receiving more and more researches and attention.The quality of semen，artificial insemination，and in vitro fertilization may decrease due to the varying degrees of damage to mitochondria in sperms during in vitro storage.The reduction of mitochondrial damage or the enhancement of mitochondrial function during in vitro storage of sperms can maintain or improve the quality of sperm in vitro storage to meet needs for production with the in-depth study of mitochondria in sperms and the media for in vitro storage of sperms in recent years.This article reviewed the structural characteristics of mitochondria in sperms and the functions of mitochondria in sperms in regulating the quality of sperm through oxidative phosphorylation to produce adenosine triphosphate （ATP），reactive oxygen species （ROS），and maintaining the intracellular homeostasis of calcium （Ca²⁺） in sperm cells to regulate the quality of sperm and its mutual coupling.It will provide some ideas and directions for studying the mechanism of mitochondria in sperms in regulating the quality of sperm and optimizing the media for in vitro storage of semen.

Abstract:In order to explore the genetic diversity and structure of all-female yellow catfish （Tachysurus fulvidraco） population and to reveal their genetic differences from wild and cultured populations，this study focused on yellow catfish in Hubei Province. A total of 210 individuals were collected from 1 wild population （LH） and 6 cultured populations （WH，QJ，YX，JM，JZ，all being breeding parent populations） containing the all-female population （AF） in Hubei Province. Whole-genome resequencing was performed on these individuals，and the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the 7 populations were systematically analyzed. The results showed the following： In terms of genetic diversity，the nucleotide diversity （ND），average polymorphism information content （PIC），average observed heterozygosity （Ho），and expected heterozygosity （He） of the all-female populations were 0.000 5，0.046 9，0.052 5 and 0.046 9，respectively. the corresponding indices of the other cultured populations were 0.000 6，0.047 7，0.052 4，and 0.047 7，respectively，with no significant difference between the all-female population and the other cultured populations. However，the ND，PIC，Ho，and He of the wild populations were 0.001 7，0.178 4，0.197 4 and 0.178 4，respectively，which were significantly higher than those of the all-female population and other cultured populations. Further analysis of female individuals revealed that the ND, PIC, Ho, and He of the all female population showed no significant difference from the average values of the female individuals in other cultured populations (0.000 6, 0.047 3, 0.052 2, and 0.047 3, respectively), but both were much lower than those of the wild female population (0.004 1, 0.302 2, 0.508 3, and 0.352 3, respectively). Regarding genetic structure characteristics，the results of phylogenetic analysis and principal component analysis （PCA） revealed that some individuals in the all-female cultured population that had a close genetic relationship with the other 6 populations，and some individuals from the cultured populations and wild population also shared similar genetic backgrounds. In conclusion，the genetic diversity of the all-female was similar to that with the other cultured populations，and both were significantly lower than that of the wild populations，This suggests that in future yellow catfish breeding，targeted improvement of the genetic diversity of female parent populations is of great significance for ensuring germplasm quality and the sustainable development of the industry.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of tea polyphenols on deamination and glycolipid metabolism in Chinese perch，healthy and well-trained fish with an initial body weight of （35.40±1.90） g were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of tea polyphenol solution （0，25，50，and 100 mg/kg），designated as TP0 （blank control group），TP25，TP50，and TP100 groups，respectively. Metabolism-related indices in tissues and serum were measured at 6 h，12 h，24 h，and 48 h after injection. The results showed that，compared to the control group，serum levels of AST，ALT，and TP were significantly reduced in the tea polyphenol-injected groups，and the expression of the liver gdh gene was significantly downregulated after 48 h. Regarding glycolipid metabolism，blood glucose and liver glycogen levels decreased in all tea polyphenol-injected groups，while muscle glycogen content increased. The expression of key liver glycolysis enzyme genes （gk，pk） was upregulated，whereas the expression of the gluconeogenesis-limiting enzyme gene （pepck） was downregulated. Additionally，the expression of fat synthesis genes （accα，fas，srebp1） was significantly reduced，while the expression of the fat transporter gene （cpt1） was significantly increased in all tea polyphenol-injected groups. Among these，the TP25 group exhibited significant reductions in serum levels of high-density lipoprotein （HDL），low-density lipoprotein （LDL），total cholesterol （TCHO），and triglyceride （TG）. Furthermore，the expression of key genes in the AMPK signaling pathway （lkb1，eef2） was significantly upregulated in all tea polyphenol-injected groups. In summary，the tea polyphenol injection group directly inhibited the expression of the gdh gene，thereby reducing amino acid deamination. It also decreased the demand for protein catabolism by activating glycolysis and lipolysis to supply energy，which alleviated the accumulation of liver lipids. Additionally，it inhibited gluconeogenesis through the AMPK signaling pathway，reducing amino acid consumption. The results of this study indicate that tea polyphenols regulate low ammonia emissions through multiple pathways，providing a theoretical basis for the development of efficient and healthy breeding practice in Chinese perch.

Abstract:To select optimal reference genes to improve the accuracy of qRT-PCR analysis results in the freshwater snail Bellamya purificata，ten commonly used reference genes，including actβ、18S、gapdh、ef1α、ef1β、rps3、rpl4、tubα、tubβ and sdha were chosen as candidate genes，and geNorm，NormFinder，BestKeeper，ΔCt and RefFinder were used to assess their expression stability during the embryonic and larval stages，as well as across different tissues and between sexes in adult individuals.The results showed that，the expression stability of the candidate genes during the embryonic and larval stages was ranked as follows：gapdh>tubα>18S>ef1α>ef1β>rps3>actβ>tubβ>sdha>rpl4.In terms of inter-tissue expression stability between female and male individuals，the expression stability of the candidate genes were ranked as ef1β>tubα>rps3>ef1α>18S>actβ>gapdh>sdha>tubβ>rpl4 for females，and ef1α>rps3>ef1β>rpl4>tubα>actβ>18S>gapdh>tubβ>sdha for males，respectively.In terms of tissue expression stability between sexes，the ranking was as follows：ef1β>ef1α>rps3>tubα>18S>actβ>gapdh>rpl4>sdha>tubβ.Consequently，gapdh and tubα are recommended as reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis during the embryonic and larval stages，ef1β and tubα are suggested as reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis across female snail tissues，ef1α and rps3 are suggested as reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis across male snail tissues，while ef1α and ef1β are the most appropriate for qRT-PCR analysis between sexes in B.purificata.

Abstract:To identify the optimal dietary iron source for largemouth bass （Micropterus salmoides），juvenile fish with an initial body weight （IBW） of （8.60±0.04） g were fed four isonitrogenous，isolipidic，and isoiron diets containing different iron sources，namely，ferrous sulfate （FeSO?），ferrous methionine chelate （Fe-Met），ferrous glycine chelate （Fe-Gly），and ferrous compound amino acids chelate （Fe-CAA） for 10 weeks. The effects of these iron sources on growth performance，blood physiological and biochemical indices，and muscle quality were investigated. The results demonstrated that： （1） The final body weight of the Fe-CAA group［（52.31±0.44） g］ was significantly higher than that of the other three groups （P<0.05）. The condition factor （CF） in the FeSO? and Fe-Gly groups was significantly higher than that in the Fe-Met and Fe-CAA groups （P<0.05）. （2） Serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity were also influenced by the dietary source. High-density lipoprotein （HDL） levels in the FeSO?［（4.14±0.18） mmol/L］ and Fe-CAA［（4.28±0.11） mmol/L］ groups were significantly higher than in Fe-Gly group［（3.61±0.09） mmol/L］ （P<0.05）. Serum aspartate aminotransferase （AST） activity in the Fe-Gly group［（138.33±15.30） U/L］ exceeded that of the FeSO? group［（104.00±4.04） U/L］，while alanine aminotransferase （ALT） activity in the Fe-Met group［（15.00±4.58） U/L］ was significantly higher than in the FeSO? group［（4.67±1.33） U/L］ （P<0.05）. The Fe-CAA group exhibited higher serum superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity［（117.48±2.79） U/mL］ than the Fe-Gly and Fe-Met groups，and the lowest malondialdehyde （MDA） content［（21.30±1.06） mmol/mL］ compared with the other groups （P<0.05）. （3） Muscle SOD activity［（10.44±0.59） U/mg］ in the Fe-CAA group was the highest among all groups，while MDA content［（4.93±0.20） nmol/mg］ in the Fe-CAA group was lower than in the Fe-Met and Fe-Gly groups （P<0.05）. Glutathione （GSH） and catalase （CAT） activities in the FeSO? and Fe-CAA groups exceeded those in the Fe-Met and Fe-Gly groups （P<0.05）. Additionally，Fe-CAA exhibited a higher total antioxidant capacity［T-AOC，（1.79±0.04） mmol/L］ than the Fe-Gly and Fe-Met groups （P<0.05）. （4） Fe-CAA also showed significantly elevated trypsin activity［（1 116.62±138.90） U/mg］ compared to the FeSO? and Fe-Met groups （P<0.05）. In conclusion，Fe-CAA demonstrated advantages in enhancing growth performance and antioxidant capacity compared to the other three iron sources，which could be suggested as the first choice of iron source in largemouth bass diet.

Abstract:To identify probiotics that promote the growth of largemouth bass and enhance their resistance to largemouth bass ranavirus （LMBV），this study isolated Bacillus and Lactobacillus strains from the intestines of largemouth bass.The strains were selected based on hemolysis tests，antimicrobial susceptibility tests，enzyme production，acid production experiments，as well as colonization experiments in the largemouth bass intestine .Finally，5 strains of Bacillus subtilis （BS04，BS49，BS58，BS66，and BS74），2 strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens （BA04 and BA12），1 strain of Enterococcus faecalis （Efa01），and 5 strains of Lactococcus lactis （LL01，LL05，LL09，LL13，and LL22） were incorporated into feed respectively and administered to largemouth bass for 30 days to evaluate their effects on growth performance and resistance to LMBV.The results showed that BS04，BS49，BS66，BS74，BA04，BA12，LL01，LL05，LL09，LL13，and LL22 significantly increased the percentage weight gain and specific growth rate of largemouth bass，while significantly reducing their feed conversion ratio.The expression of 4 immune factors （IFN-γ，IL-1β，IL-8，and TNF-α） in the spleen and head kidney of largemouth bass in the BS04，BS49，and LL01 groups was significantly increased.The viral load in the spleen and head kidney of each experimental group was significantly reduced after the LMBV challenge，and the relative protection rate was higher than 20%，with the highest relative protection rate observed in the BS04 group at 55.1%.In conclusion，Bacillus subtilis BS04 isolated in this study can effectively improve the growth performance，immune response，and resistance to LMBV in largemouth bass，demonstrating its potential as a feed additive.

Abstract:The structure of the nr4a1 gene in zebrafish （Danio rerio） was characterized with bioinformatics and a nr4a1^-/- zebrafish model was constructed with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to study in depth the mechanism of regulating the resistance to bacterial inflammation in fish. The expression dynamics of nr4a1， levels of inflammatory factors， bacterial clearance capacity， and histopathological changes in nr4a1^-/- zebrafish and a nr4a1-overexpressing ZF4 cell line following by the infection with Aeromonas hydrophila were systematically evaluated with quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR）， tissue bacterial load assessment， and pathological analysis to elucidate the role and mechanism of nr4a1 in A. hydrophila-induced hepatic inflammation in zebrafish. The results showed that the sequence of nr4a1 gene in zebrafish was highly conserved， with an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 574 amino acids. The predicted protein has an isoelectric point of 5.79 and a relative molecular mass of 63.04. The nr4a1 gene in zebrafish was widely expressed across various tissues. In nr4a1^-/- zebrafish， a 7 bp deletion in the second exon resulted in premature termination of translation， truncating the encoded protein from 574 aa to 297 aa. The relative expression of nr4a1 in liver tissues of zebrafish initially decreased and then increased after the infection with A. hydrophila. Compared with wild-type zebrafish， nr4a1^-/- mutants exhibited a lower survival rate， with a significantly higher bacterial loads and more severe hepatic pathological damage in liver tissues. The results of qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of inflammatory factors including il-1β， tnf-α， nf-κB and il-22v was significantly higher in nr4a1^-/- zebrafish than that in wild-type controls. On the contrast， overexpression of nr4a1 in ZF4 cells significantly inhibited the infection-induced upregulation of these inflammatory factors. It is indicated that Nr4a1 acts as a negative regulator to inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors， thereby playing a crucial role in protecting the immune inflammatory response to A. hydrophila infection in zebrafish.

Abstract:In order to investigate the ecological regulatory factors influencing Trichodina infection in yellow catfish larvae and juveniles， a population dynamics study of trichodinids was conducted at a yellow catfish seedling farm in Wuhan City， Hubei Province， from May to June 2023.We detected trichodinid infection in yellow catfish larvae and juveniles， identified trichodinid species using morphological and molecular methods， measured physicochemical water quality factors， and quantitatively analyzed plankton.Besides， the correlations between trichodinid infection and aquatic environmental factors were examined using Spearman correlation and redundancy analysis.The results indicated that the prevalence of trichodinid infection ranged from 26.7% to 93.0%， with infection intensity ranging from 1 to 21.Six trichodinid species were identified， including Trichodina hyperparasitis Chen & Hsieh， 1984.The water temperature in the yellow catfish seedling pond ranged from 23.0 ℃ to 31.5 ℃， Secchi disk depth ranged from 53.0 to 109.0 cm， pH ranged from 6.8 to 8.5， ammonia nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.1 to 1.3 mg/L， nitrite nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.003 to 0.020 mg/L.A total of 54 genera and 73 species of zooplankton were identified， with Conochilus unicornis as the dominant species.Zooplankton density ranged from 1 171.30 to 28 712.02 ind./L， biomass ranged from 0.54 to 14.97 mg/L， the Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.56 to 1.32， the Pielou evenness index ranged from 0.22 to 0.49 and the Margalef richness index ranged from 2.31 to 4.28.A total of 59 genera and 131 species of phytoplankton have been identified， with Chlorella sp. as the dominant species.Phytoplankton density ranged from 1.88×10⁵ to 5.61×10⁶ ind./L， biomass ranged from 0.38 to 8.04 mg/L， the Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 0.53 to 1.64， the Pielou evenness index ranged from 0.16 to 0.49 and the Margalef richness index ranged from 3.66 to 6.86.Besides， dissolved oxygen， ammonia nitrogen， nitrite nitrogen， feed quantity， rotifer biomass， protozoan biomass， Euglenophyta biomass， Cryptophyta biomass， Pyrrophyta biomass， zooplankton Shannon-Wiener diversity index， and phytoplankton Margalef richness index were the primary aquatic environmental factors.Among these， the ammonia nitrogen and rotifer biomass were the most pivotal factors.Therefore， in practical aquaculture production， the population density of trichodinids can be regulated by adjusting the aforementioned aquatic environmental factors.

Abstract:Black soldier flies（Hermetia illucens L.） were reared with a holidic medium to study the characteristics of nutritional requirements and key nutrient factors for the black soldier fly.The growth and development of black soldier flies were evaluated by controlling nitrogen sources，carbon sources，the ratio of carbon-to-nitrogen and ratio of larvae-to-dry feed.The results showed that the black soldier fly reared on the holidic medium had better growth performance with the larval survival rate of （84.38 ± 1.18）%，the larval duration of （29.04±0.43） d，the peak individual fresh mass of （119.03±1.82） mg，the pupation rate of （60.59±1.50）%，the pupal duration of （14.70±0.16） d，and the emergence rate of （80.20±3.65）%.The performance of holidic medium was better than that of Drosophila medium，although the enriched medium was superior in certain aspects.The results of comprehensively analyzing the fresh weight of individual larvae，the rate of feed reduction，and the bioconversion rate of larvae showed that amino acids were the optimal nitrogen source，glucose and starch were the optimal carbon sources，the most suitable ratio of carbon-to-nitrogen was 15，and the optimal ratio of larvae-to-dry feed was 1∶0.15.It is indicated that the holidic medium developed in this article can enable black soldier flies to complete its life cycle，achieving better growth performance under the conditions of using amino acids，glucose，starch as the optimal carbon sources，with the suitable ratio of carbon-to-nitrogen of 15 and the optimal ratio of larvae-to-dry feed of 1∶0.15.

Abstract:The role of ten-eleven translocation 2 （Tet2） in host defense against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） infection and its potential effects on the inflammatory response and autophagy in mouse skin were studied.Subcutaneous inoculation of MRSA was performed in C57BL/6J Wild-type （Tet2^+/+） and Tet2 knockout （Tet2^-/-） mice to establish a murine skin abscess model.The changes in lesions of mouse skin were monitored，the tissue bacterial loads were measured.The expression of inflammatory factors and autophagy related genes were detected.The result showed that Tet2^-/- mice infected with MRSA had more severe damage in skin and higher tissue bacterial loads （P<0.01） compared with Tet2^+/+ mice.Changes in severe histopathology including the thickened epidermis，the dermis with broken collagen fibers，sebaceous gland atrophy and numerous infiltrated extensive inflammatory cells were observed in MRSA-infected Tet2^-/- mice.A large number of autophagosomal architectures were formed in MRSA-infected Tet2^+/+ mice under examination with transmission electron microscopy，whereas they are rarely found in Tet2^-/- mice.The result of Real-time quantitative PCR detection showed that Tet2 deficiency resulted in extremely significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL-1 and TNF-α （P<0.01），alongside down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 （P<0.05） and TGF-β （P<0.001）.Sqstm1 （p62） and Map1lc3b （LC3b） as two classical indicators for autophagy in Tet2^-/- mice were elevated and decreased compared to that in Tet2^+/+ mice （P<0.01） during MRSA-infection.The result of immunohistochemistry staining showed that there was extensive expression of p62 and decreased expression of LC3b in Tet2-deficient mice，indicating that Tet2 plays a protective role in MRSA-mediated skin injury by promoting autophagy，and its absence results in impaired autophagy and dysregulated inflammatory responses，ultimately leading to the exacerbated pathology of skin tissue in infected mice.

Abstract:A machine vision-based method for grading the quality and type of commercial potatoes was proposed to solve the problems of lowering the commodity value of commercial potatoes due to their mixed sales， time-consuming and laborious manual sorting， and low efficiency of grading. A potato image acquisition device was built to collect videos of potato， intercepting images of potato at equal intervals. The images of potato collected were corrected， and then image processing methods were used to obtain binarized images of potato. Edge detection was conducted on the binarized image of potato based on the quality characteristics of potato. Potato contour coordinate points were extracted and a three-dimensional model of potato was constructed. The volume prediction model of commercial potatoes was constructed with linear regression analysis， and the quality prediction model was obtained according to the density formula to grade the quality of commercial potatoes. Eight physical parameters including the length， width， aspect ratio， area， perimeter， roundness， eccentricity and convexity of the smallest outer rectangle of the potato area in the image were extracted based on the characteristics of potato type. The applicability of the principal component analysis（PCA） was judged with the KMO test and the Bartlett's test. PCA was used to downsize the matrix of the physical parameters. A prediction model for grading the type of potato was established by combining with the logistic regression analysis method to grade and detect deformities in commercial potatoes. An experiment of grading quality was conducted on 40 samples of potato with different sizes. 50 samples of potato were randomly selected for grading the type of commercial potato. The results showed that the accuracy of grading with the volume prediction model was 95%， 100%， and 95%， respectively. The accuracy of grading the type of commercial potato with prediction model for grading the type of commercial potato was 92% and 100%， respectively. It is indicated that the machine vision-based method for grading commercial potato proposed can be used for online detection of grading the quality and type of commercial potatoes.