Abstract:Global climate change poses significant challenges to the sustainable development of agriculture worldwide. The domestic and international progress in three aspects including the sustainable development of agriculture， the impact of global climate change on the sustainable development of agriculture， and the human actions in response to global climate change for the sustainable development of agriculture were systematically reviewed based on the main topic of “Sustainable Development of Agriculture in the Context of Global Climate Change” and aimed at global food security and strategies for ecological security. The knowledge， methods， and tools from geography， management， agronomy， and economics were integrated based on the global goals of sustainable development. The contents of five interdisciplinary studies including the development and utilization of agricultural resources， the protection of farmland and food security systems， the transformation of patterns of agricultural and ecological security and models of development， strategies and strategic planning for the sustainable development of agriculture in the context of global climate change were proposed according to the interdisciplinary nature， comprehensive knowledge， and scientific frontiers of the main topic. The interdisciplinary research system of the sustainable development of agriculture in the context of global climate change was prospected from directions of interdisciplinary research including the governance of global climate， the transformation of agro-food system， the resilience of urban and rural climate， the system of smart agroforestry， the utilization of natural resources and the protection of ecosystem under the advanced ideas and concepts of “community of Earth destiny” and “community of human destiny”. It will provide reference for building an interdisciplinary studies and collaborative education model， and exploring the pathway of global governance for the sustainable development of agriculture.

Abstract:Natural resources can regulate the balance of ecology， provide a good environment and economic foundation for society， and are the material basis for the survival and development of human. Therefore， firmly holding the bottom line of utilizing natural resources and strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of natural resource assets are key factors in promoting the harmonious coexistence between human and nature in the development of modernization. This article analyzed the four stages of the process of developing and protecting natural resources through historical analysis and inductive deduction， clarified the certainty of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in the development of modernization， proposed the characteristics of developing and protecting of natural resources in the new era， and constructed a path for realizing the development and protection of natural resources to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the construction of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in the development of modernization. The results showed that the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in the development of modernization transcended the concepts， methods， and theories of ecological modernization in Western world. The development and protection of natural resources in the new era emphasizes the sustainable development， legalization and standardization， systematic and comprehensive management， and technological innovation. The development and protection of natural resources should adhere to the concept of a community of shared life between humans and nature， adhere to the thinking of systematic governance， strengthen the construction of digital information， promote the development with green and low-carbon， improve the system for natural resources， and enhance the level of supervision and regulation.

Abstract:Soil erosion poses a threat to food security and ecosystem services， and is one of the severe environmental problems facing China. It is affected by both natural factors and human activities. At present， a large number of studies in China have focused on the driving effect of socio-economic factors on soil erosion， but there are still insufficient in studying the spatial non-stationary relationship between the two and paying attention to the scale differences of affecting factors. 346 prefecture-level cities in China were used to study the complex driving mechanisms of socio-economic activities on soil erosion. The soil erosion prediction （RUSLE） model and multiscale geographically weighted regression （MGWR） model were used to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion in various cities in China using 2017 as a reference year. The spatial driving effects of socio-economic factors on rates of soil erosion in prefecture-level cities across China and the differences in the scale of action between factors were studied. Results showed that the spatial distribution of the rate of soil erosion in various prefecture-level cities in China had a significant positive spatial correlation. Hotspots of soil erosion were mainly distributed in the west， northeast， the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau， Sichuan Basin and the Loess Plateau. Compared with models based on global regression and traditional geographically weighted regression models， MGWR significantly improved the explanatory power of socio-economic variables on the rate of soil erosion， with a model fitting goodness of 0.87. From the perspective of driving factors， the direction of the effect of each driving factor on the rate of soil erosion in various prefecture-level cities in China had structural differences with changes of spatial location except for the factor of regional gross domestic product per capita. On average， population density was the factor contributing the most to the rate of soil erosion in various prefecture-level cities in China. The rate of soil erosion in prefecture level cities in China was more susceptible to the influence of multiple cropping indices in the western region， while the driving mechanism of socio-economic factors on the rate of soil erosion in the eastern region was more complex， and the spatial scale differences of different driving factors were more obvious. It is indicated that decision makers should fully consider the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of human activities on soil erosion to achieve the sustainable development of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:The differences in spatial patterns of population shrinkage in rural areas within counties and their influencing factors were analyzed to provide empirical evidence and scientific guidance for analyzing the relationship between population and land in rural areas within counties and promoting efficient and intensive use of resources. The precise geographic data including residential patches of rural settlements and LandScan - a high-resolution population distribution dataset- were used to innovatively construct a population shrinkage index. This index was used systematically to detect the dynamic changes in population density of rural areas in China at the patch scale from 2000 to 2020. The spatial patterns of population shrinkage in rural areas across 2 847 counties in China was comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that patches of population shrinkage were prominently concentrated in the Huaihe River Basin， with mild shrinkage mainly observed in rural areas in the western region and severe shrinkage in rural areas along the eastern coast. The population shrinkage in rural areas within counties had significant regional differences， forming a spatial pattern of “two belts and multiple agglomerations”. Counties （cities） with different administrative divisions exhibited differentiated characteristics of population shrinkage. Urbanization （UR）， education service （EDU）， and agricultural mechanization （ARG） were the three pivotal factors affecting the internal population shrinkage in rural areas within counties in China. The interplay between educational service and rural income had the strongest explanatory power.It will provide a robust empirical foundation and scientific direction for dissecting the population -land nexus within counties， refining the plans for rural settlement， and advocating for the efficient， intensive utilization of resources.

Abstract:28 by-laws of Nature-based Solutions （NbS） global guidelines were localized and translated， and 28 localized indexes combined with the connotation requirements of comprehensive land consolidation in rural areas were constructed and proposed to promote the localization of the NbS Global Guidelines for comprehensive land consolidation in rural areas. An empirical evaluation was conducted using the comprehensive land consolidation project in Yuquan Subdistrict Office of Dangyang City， Hubei Province as an example. The results showed that this project performed well in scale-based design， inclusive governance， economic feasibility， and adaptive management， well in identifying social challenges， net benefits of biodiversity， mainstreaming， and sustainable development， but was weak in trade-off mechanisms. It is indicated that the 28 localized evaluation indexes constructed are easy to quantify and can serve as an effective set of tools for decision-makers and practitioners to conduct self-assessment of NbS localization.

Abstract:The impact and pathways of changes in land use on carbon emissions in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality （double carbon） were studied from the perspective of transforming farmland into construction land to promote the collaborative governance of ecological environment and achieve the development with green and high-quality. A panel fixed effects model was used to investigate the effects and mechanisms of transforming farmland into construction land on carbon emission based on the data of 224 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009-2010 and 2018-2019. The results showed that the transformation of farmland into construction land across China had a shrinking trend， with the most prominent trend in the eastern and northeastern regions， while the shrinking trend was not obvious in the central and western provinces. The emissions of total carbon only showed a downward trend in the eastern provinces， while other provinces showed an upward trend. The transformation of farmland into construction land significantly increased carbon emissions， and this result remained valid after conducting tests of robustness and addressing issues of potential endogeneity. It is indicated that the changes in industrial structure and energy consumption caused by the transformation of farmland into construction land are the main pathways affecting carbon emissions.

Abstract:Guangzhou City was used to study the characteristics of differentiated distribution and influencing factors of carbon emissions at the level of town and street governance units.A top-down approach to spatial econometric methods for carbon emissions was used to calculate the total carbon emissions and intensity of 175 town and street units in 2020 and analyze the heterogeneous spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in different types of town and street units.The IPAT model and Spearman correlation analysis was used to screen influencing factors and construct a ridge regression model.Differentiated factors of governance and strategies for reducing carbon emissions at levels of town and street governance units were obtained.The results showed that the total carbon emissions of street units in Guangzhou City were much higher than those of town units，but the per capita carbon emissions of town units were much higher than those of street units.Among them，the per capita carbon emission of industrial towns（14.37 t） were about five times that of streets with commercial offices（2.89 t）.The total carbon emissions and intensity had a circular pattern of " low-inner，high-middle，low-outer " in terms of spatial distribution，but high-value areas of total carbon emissions were concentrated in the suburbs，and high-value areas of per capita carbon emissions were concentrated in the far suburbs.The indexes of urban construction including the population density，the rate of urbanization，and the structure of construction land were strongly correlated with carbon emissions based on analyzing factors affecting carbon emission at different levels of town and street governance units，but different types of street and town units had significantly differential effects.It is indicated that differentiated pathways of carbon reduction including “controlling the total amount” and “controlling the intensity” should be proposed for different types of streets and towns.

Abstract:It is of great significance to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural carbon emissions and its strategies for realizing the target of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. Hefei City was used to study the spatiotemporal characteristics and regulation strategies of agricultural carbon emissions at the level of county. The greenhouse gases generated during the production process of planting and animal husbandry were used as the main carbon source to construct a measurement index system for carbon emissions from four levels including the utilization of agricultural energy， the input of agricultural material， the planting of rice， and the farming of livestock and poultry. A calculation model of agricultural carbon emission was constructed based on the IPCC inventory method. The agricultural carbon emission and carbon emission intensity of Hefei City at the level of county from 2003 to 2022 were calculated. The spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emission were analyzed with standard deviation ellipse and center of gravity transfer model， ArcGIS visualization method. The results show that the total agricultural carbon emissions of counties in Hefei are 1 213 380-1 410 320 tons in terms of total agricultural carbon emissions and intensity， and the overall trend is “first slowly rising to the peak， and then gradually decreasing”. Agricultural carbon emission intensity is 0.482-2.358 tons/ten thousand yuan， and the overall downward trend is obvious； From 2003 to 2005， the agricultural carbon emissions of counties in Hefei were mostly concentrated in Lujiang County and Feidong County， with a slight difference between the north and the south. From 2006 to 2022， the spatial pattern of “high in the north and low in the south” increased. The spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emission intensity changed greatly， showing the spatial pattern of “north high and south low”，“north low and south high” and “northeast high and northwest low” in three time periods from 2003 to 2007， 2008 to 2017 and 2018 to 2022 respectively. From the agricultural carbon emission center of gravity， the agricultural carbon emission center of Hefei is northeast as a whole.From 2003 to 2022， the total migration was about 17.75 km. It will provide some references for calculating agricultural carbon emissions and the formulating policies of reducing agricultural carbon emissions in China.

Abstract:An evaluation system for urban-rural integration indexes was constructed to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas in Jiangsu Province and other regions. The natural discontinuity method， nuclear density estimation method and exploratory spatial analysis method were combined to describe the spatiotemporal distribution and evolution of urban-rural integration in counties in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2021. The internal obstacles and external driving factors of urban-rural integration in counties in Jiangsu Province were identified based on obstacle degree model and geographic detector model. The results showed that the level of urban-rural integration in counties in Jiangsu Province had continued to rise since 2013， but there were differences in the level of urban-rural integration between counties and the differences were still expanding. The integration level of each dimension by 2021 from high to low was as follows： social integration， ecological integration， spatial integration， economic integration， and population integration. The integration level of each region from high to low was as follows： southern Jiangsu region， central Jiangsu region， and northern Jiangsu region. There was a global spatial positive correlation between urban and rural integration in counties in Jiangsu Province， and the local spatial distribution pattern was characterized by high-high agglomeration type and low-low agglomeration type， with low-level agglomeration accounting for the main part. Overall， the low level of industrial structure and employment structure， the deviation between industrial structure and employment structure， were the main internal obstacles to the integrated development of urban and rural areas in counties in Jiangsu Province. There were differences in the resistance levels of various obstacles in the southern， central， and northern regions of Jiangsu from a regional perspective. Digital technology was an important external driving force for the integration of urban and rural areas in counties in Jiangsu Province. Among them， the digitalization of rural economy had the most obvious driving effect on the integration of urban and rural areas， and digital marketing was the main driving path. It is believed that efforts should be made to strengthen communication and interaction between counties， and promote coordinated and balanced development among them； optimize the industrial structure and employment structure of counties simultaneously， adapt to local conditions， target the advantages and disadvantages of each county， and break down obstacles to the integrated development of urban and rural areas in counties in Jiangsu Province. Focus should be put on supporting the application of digital technology in the rural economy， cultivating new business models represented by rural e-commerce， and helping the integrated development of urban and rural areas in counties to reach a new level.

Abstract:Changing the traditional model of development was studied to optimize the green transformation of the whole society and the path of promoting the development with green， low-carbon and recycle in the face of resource scarcity and increasing emissions of carbon. An indexes system was constructed based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2021. The entropy weighted technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution （TOPSIS） model， coupling and coordination degree model and spatial autocorrelation model， the coupling and coordination degree of digital economy were used to analyze the coupling and coordination degree and spatiotemporal evolution of the three systems including digital economy， development with low-carbon， and new urbanization. The results showed that the comprehensive development level of the three systems was significantly improved from 2010 to 2021， showing a spatial distribution characteristic of “high in the east and low in the west” from a regional perspective. The coupling and coordination degree of the three systems had a fluctuating upward trend， and the overall level went from barely coordination to basic coordination， with a low overall level. The three systems exhibited positive spatial autocorrelation in space， with the correlation gradually increasing and the spatial distribution evolving towards the state of aggregation. The high-high agglomeration type was mainly distributed in the southeastern coastal and central areas and had a significant diffusion trend， with a coordinated development level of “high in the southeast and low in the northwest”. Suggestions are proposed for the coupling and coordination of digital economy， development with low-carbon， and new urbanization based on results of empirical analyses. It will provide reference for strengthening regional action in chain， filling the weak spots， and promoting the development with green， low-carbon， and recycle.

Abstract:Improving the green utilization efficiency of industrial land is an important way to achieve sustainable land use and development of industrial economy with high-quality， and the agglomeration of manufacturing （AGG） industry is an important factor affecting the green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL）. The panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2019 were used to study the mechanism and effects of manufacturing agglomeration （AGG） on the green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL） from the perspective of environmental regulation （ER）. The results showed that the green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL） in China from 2000 to 2019 had a trend of steady increase followed by rapid growth， with an average annual growth rate of 2.942%. The green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL） in the eastern region of China remained higher than that in the central and western regions of China， with an average annual growth rate of 4.993% and 1.061%， respectively. The effects of manufacturing agglomeration （AGG） on the green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL） had a threshold characteristic with the changes in the intensity of environmental regulation （ER）. There was a U-shaped relationship between the manufacturing agglomeration （AGG） and the green utilization efficiency of industrial land （EIL） with the increase of the intensity of environmental regulation （ER）. It was found from heterogeneity analyses that the negative effect of AGG on EIL gradually weakened with the improvement in the level of ER from 2000 to 2009， and had a negative to positive trend from 2010 to 2019. Voluntary ER was the first to generate a threshold effect， while market-oriented and command-and-control types of ER were observed to manifest at a higher level of ER. It is indicated that the differentiated policies for environmental regulation （ER） should be formulated to upgrade the industrial structure of manufacturing industry and the green utilization of industrial land.

Abstract:The effect of spatial non-integration between the administrative regions and economic zones in China has always existed， and administrative divisions have become an important means of spatial governance in recent years， laying the foundation for solving the problem of developing cross regional spaces with high-quality. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration was used to study the spatiotemporal changes， spatial spillover effects， and mechanisms of driving land development intensity. The adjacency relationships between county-level administrative units were embedded into the spatial econometric model to further investigate the impact of administrative spatial spillover on land development intensity under different scenarios of spatial adjacency. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the land development intensity among administrative units within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration， with significant spatiotemporal differentiation and spatial agglomeration. From a spatial perspective， the overall land development intensity in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration had a significant upward trend， but the overall spatial pattern of "high in the southeast and low in the northwest" was not broken. Population density， the proportion of added value of the tertiary industry， and per capita GDP had a significant impact on the land development intensity. The correlation between the land development intensity and the spatial distribution was significantly positive and spatial， with obviously direct spatial spillover. The administrative spatial spillover of different adjacency relationships was different and the spatial spillover of adjacency scenarios of county-level administrative units was enhanced from 2010 to 2019. It is indicated that the administrative spatial spillover of land development intensity should be fully utilized to achieve balanced regional development in the future.

Abstract:The green space of Luojiagang Greenbelt Park in Wuhan and its surrounding built environment were used to study the mechanism and effect of urban greenbelts on reducing particulate matter in the air. Three days with clear and windless weather and similar meteorological conditions in winter were repeatedly observed. A combination of land use regression （LUR） model and principal component analysis （PCA） was used to analyze the effect of urban greenbelt on mitigating the concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air in winter and identify the key influencing factors. The results showed that there was a width effect of urban greenbelt on mitigating the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air in winter based on the LUR model. The green space with a width of 30-40 meters had the most significant mitigation efficiency of PM₁₀ in the air in winter. In winter， the concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air inside urban greenbelt was higher than that in adjacent road locations. There was a significant accumulation effect of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air in urban greenbelt. It is indicated that the effect of urban greenbelt on mitigating the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air was disturbed by emissions of surrounding traffic pollution. The micro-meteorological conditions created by green spaces of different widths can have a certain impact on the concentration of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in the air.

Abstract:The interceptor collection method was used to collect arthropod communities from six small and medium-sized parks within the third ring road of Beijing to study the relationship between the diversity of arthropods and microenvironmental factors in urban green spaces and promote the stability of ecosystems in urban green spaces.Pearson correlation analysis，regression analysis，and principal component analysis （PCA） were used to analyze the relationship between the diversity of arthropods and their natural enemies and the microenvironmental factors in urban green spaces.The results showed that Aphididae was the dominant family in arthropods，accounting for 52.12% of the total abundance.Diaeretiella rapae and Semidalis aleyrodiformes were the dominant species of aphidophagus predator insects，accounting for 27.73% and 23.92% of the total abundance，respectively.There were significant differences in the richness，abundance，and Shannon-Wiener index of predator insects among different plots.The areas，richness and Shannon Wiener index of flowering plants were significantly positively correlated with the abundance of arthropods（P<0.001），the richness（P<0.001） and the abundance（P<0.001） of aphidophagus predator insects，and significantly negatively correlated with the Shannon Wiener index of arthropod communities（P<0.001）.The frequency and dosage ratio of pesticide application were significantly positively correlated with the abundance of arthropods（P<0.001）.The results of principal component analysis showed that the main microenvironmental factors affecting the diversity of arthropods in urban green spaces included the dosage ratio of pesticide，the area of flowering plant，the frequency of pesticide application，the evenness of flowering plants，the Shannon Wiener diversity of flowering plants，and the abundance of flowering plants.The results of RDA analysis showed that the area，evenness，Shannon Wiener diversity and abundance of flowering plants were significantly positively correlated with the abundance of arthropods and aphidophagus predator insects，and significantly negatively correlated with the diversity of arthropods.The results of comprehensive ranking showed that the top three factors with the greatest influence were the dosage ratio of pesticide，the area of flowering plant and the frequency of pesticide application.The microenvironmental factors and their impacts on the diversity of arthropods in urban green spaces were preliminarily clarified.It will provide references for promoting the protection of biodiversity in urban green spaces.

Abstract:In recent years， there has been a shift in the approach to using grey infrastructure for rainwater and flood management， and the rainwater and flood regulation and storage function from the perspective of blue-green synergy has begun to be emphasized. To explore the reduction effect of various green space regulation methods on rainfall runoff， taking the South Lake catchment zone of Wuhan City as the research object， this paper simulates the changes in the total annual runoff control rate， peak flow and peak time under the sponge green space renovation measures based on the SWMM （storm water management model）， revealing the effect of green space on reducing rainwater runoff in the urban catchment zone from the perspective of blue-green synergy. The results show that： the transformation of concave green space with a scale of 20%-30% for urban catchment zones can achieve the sponge city construction goal of an annual runoff control rate of 65%.Among different sponge green space transformation measures， there is no significant difference in the effect of complex concave-down green space （with aquifer and lower pipe） and simple concave-down green space （without aquifer and lower pipe） on a single rainfall event. However， the performance of complex concave green space will be more significant for long-term and multi rainfall situations.

Abstract:Under the macro background of territorial space governance and green development， although the ecological restoration work for open-pit production mines has been widely carried out， the comprehensive research on exploring the multi-way utilization mode and the construction of sustainable landscape mode is still insufficient. This study aims to explore the typical ecological restoration landscape construction model adapted under the green development goal of open-pit production mines. Through systematically combing the research progress in the field of ecological restoration， combined with text analysis， field research and inductive research methods， such as production， life， ecology， from the perspective of three function depth fusion， put forward the ecological restoration of open production mine and sustainable utilization of the combination of three representative new landscape pattern： cultural leisure utilization mode， business industry utilization mode and agriculture and forestry production utilization mode. The core concept， unique points and relevant successful cases at home and abroad are elaborated in detail， aiming to provide theoretical support and application reference for subsequent practice. At the same time， in Huangshi City Tongshankou Mine， for example， try to put forward for the mine green development and transformation utilization strategy suggestions： ecological restoration process effectively into local characteristics， promote the diversified economic development and sustainable use of landscape， for similar mine ecological restoration and sustainable development path to provide useful reference and reference.

Abstract:Bulk sampling was conducted on the fiber （10 days after anthesis） of interspecific F₁ hybrids and parents of upland cotton to study the heterosis in fibers of interspecific F₁ hybrids in terms of phenotype and genetics and analyze the reasons for the unclear heterosis in traits of yield. Transcriptomics was used to analyze the significant differences in transcription levels between samples. Bioinformatics was used to identify the significant differences in metabolic pathways and key genes between samples. The results showed that the F₁ hybrid had fewer long fiber cells and the surface of the seed was covered by green fuzz. A total of 1 128 upregulated genes and 678 downregulated genes were identified in the transcriptome data of fiber between parents of upland cotton and interspecific F₁ hybrids. The results of analyzing gene enrichment showed that the differential expression genes （DEGs） were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of phenylpropane and biosynthesis pathways of flavonoid. The results of parental allele-specific expression analysis of DEGs showed that the allele of fiber in interspecific F₁ hybrids tended to be expressed in sea- island cotton， among which the dihydroflavonol-3 '，5' - hydroxylase （F3'5'H） genes in the metabolic pathway of flavonoid in interspecific F₁ hybrids only expressed the alleles of sea-island cotton. Overall， the traits of fiber yield in the interspecific F₁ hybrids between sea-island cotton and upland cotton had negative heterosis and significant green and short fuzz in the fibers， which may be related to the secondary metabolites produced by the biosynthesis of phenylpropane and flavonoid. It is indicated that the heterosis and key metabolic pathways and genes of fibers in the interspecific F₁ hybrids between upland cotton and sea-island cotton are investigated at the transcription level. The relationship between phenotypic traits and transcription and the relationship between transcription and metabolic synthesis are established.

Abstract:The early-maturing cotton cultivar Huamian 3097 was used to study the rational application dosage of nitrogen for the direct seeding cotton after harvesting rapeseed oil in the cotton area of the Yangtze River Basin based on the concept of “increasing yield without increasing input”. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 to investigate the effects of six application dosages of nitrogen including N₁₈₀ （180 kg/hm²）， N₂₁₀ （210 kg/hm²）， N₂₄₀ （240 kg/hm²）， N₂₇₀ （270 kg/hm²）， N₃₀₀ （300 kg/hm²）， and N₃₃₀ （330 kg/hm²） on the growth and development， photosynthetic characteristics， and yield of cotton. The results showed that the yield of cotton under N₂₇₀ and N₃₀₀ was comparable， but higher than that under N₁₈₀ and N₃₃₀.The two-year average yield of cotton seed and the number of bolls per unit area under N₂₇₀ increased by 7.0% and 5.4%， 24.9% and 21.6% compared to that under N₁₈₀ and N₃₃₀， respectively. There was no difference in plant height， number of fruit branches， height of the first fruit branch， number of green leaves， and number of nodes between treatments. The light transmittance of cotton canopy decreased with the process of growth and the increase of application dosage of nitrogen. The light transmittance of cotton canopy within the canopy height of 30-50 cm and the cotton row of 20 cm under N₂₇₀ was 23.9% higher than that under N₃₃₀， 10.0% lower than that under N₁₈₀， and comparable to that under N₃₀₀.The net photosynthetic rate， transpiration rate， and stomatal conductance under N₂₇₀ （N₃₀₀） was higher than that under N₁₈₀ and N₃₃₀. The concentration of intercellular CO₂ under N₂₇₀ was lower than that under N₁₈₀ and N₃₃₀. It is indicated that applying 270 kg/hm² nitrogen fertilizer to direct-seeding cotton after harvesting rapeseed oil is conducive to the growth and development of cotton， can increase the number of bolls per unit area and improve light transmission of canopy to enhance photosynthetic performance， and thus can achieve a higher yield.

Abstract:The 17-year-old forest of Caragana korshinskii in Damao Banner， Baotou City， Inner Mongolia was used to study the rule of changes in the configuration of fine root and the nutrients in soil of Caragana korshinskii under different stumping modes. The changes in the configuration of fine root and the nutrients in soil of artificial forests of Caragana korshinskii under treatments of stumping with 0 cm， 10 cm， and 20 cm and non-stumping （CK）. The results showed that the content of soil organic matter （SOM）， available nitrogen （AN）， available phosphorus （AP）， and available potassium （AK） in soil was the highest in the mode of stumping with 10 cm. The fine roots under different stumping modes had a typical fishtail-shaped branching structure， and the mode of stumping with 10 cm effectively improved the root branching structure and enhanced the growth of secondary branches. The total root length， specific root length， tissue density， and the content of dry matter in fine roots of Caragana korshinskii all were the best under the mode of stumping with 10 cm. The results of comprehensive analysis of membership function showed that the decreasing order was stumping with 10 cm （0.58）>stumping with 0 cm （0.46）>stumping with 20 cm （0.44）>no stubble （0.42）. It is indicated that the mode of stumping with 10 cm has the best effect on the regeneration and rejuvenation of Caragana korshinskii， which is conducive to promoting the conservation of soil and water and the sustainable development of the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas.

Abstract:Microplastics are widely present in soil， and the problem of microplastic pollution in soil has been considered during recent years. Three typical farmland soils including the paddy soil， the red soil and the fluvo-aquic soil were used to conduct indoor incubation experiments for 70 days to study the effects of microplastic pollution on the mineralization of organic carbon in soil under rice straw returning. 4 treatments including the control （CK）， addition of microplastics （polyethylene， PE）， addition of rice straw （RS）， addition of microplastics and rice straw （RS-PE） were set for each type of soil. The physical and chemical properties， the emission of CO₂， the content of soluble organic carbon （SOC） and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） in each soil treated were measured. The results showed that the cumulative emission of CO₂ from three types of soils within 70 days under the PE and RS-PE treatment was in the order of fluvo-aquic soil>paddy soil>red soil. Compared with CK， the cumulative emission of CO₂ from three types of soils significantly increased after RS treatment， and the cumulative emission of CO₂ from the red soil and fluvo-aquic soil significantly increased after PE treatment. Adding PE and RS increased the content of SOC and MBC in three types of soils， promoting the mineralization of organic carbon in soil. The E₂/E₃ value in three types of soils was in the order of paddy soil>red soil>fluvo-aquic soil. The addition of PE and RS increased the average relative molecular weight， aromaticity， and hydrophobicity of SOC in soil. The mineralization of organic carbon in three types of soils was significantly and negatively correlated with the average relative molecular weight of SOC （E2/E3）， and the mineralization of organic carbon in paddy and fluvo-aquic soil was significantly and positively correlated with the aromaticity （SUVA254） and hydrophobicity （SUVA260） of SOC. It is indicated that t the addition of microplastics and rice straw significantly affect the mineralization of organic carbon in soil.

Abstract:In order to identify the species of pathogenic fungi responsible for a novel soybean root rot in Guangdong， understand their biological characteristics， and screen effective fungicides to control the disease， the pathogenic fungi were isolated from the roots and stem bases of infected soybean plants using a tissue isolation method.The fungi were identified based on their morphology and through a combined phylogenetic analysis of 3 genes （rDNA-ITS， TEF-1α， and RPB2）.Subsequently， the isolated pathogenic fungi were inoculated into the roots and stem bases of the original soybean cultivar Guixia No.2， either alone or in combination， to determine their pathogenicity.The effects of various media， temperatures， carbon and nitrogen sources， pH， light and fungicides on mycelial growth， as well as the lethal temperatures of the pathogens’ conidia were measured.The results showed that two fungal strains with different characteristics were isolated from the roots and stem bases of infected soybean plants， identified as Fusarium neocosmosporiellum and F. falciforme， respectively.The later was first reported in soybeans in Guangdong， China.Inoculation experiments showed that both fungal strains， whether individually or in combination， could cause symptoms similar to those of soybean root rot disease observed in the field.F. neocosmosporiellum exhibited the fastest growth at 28 ?C and pH 7， effectively using a variety of carbon and nitrogen sources， with lactose and peptone identified as the most effective carbon and nitrogen sources， respectively.The lethal temperature for conida was 51 ?C for 10 min.In contrast， F. falciforme showed the highest growth rate at 25 ?C and pH 7， with a strong capacity for using carbon and nitrogen sources.Lactose， sucrose， and maltose were the most effective carbon sources， while peptone was the optimal nitrogen source.The lethal temperature for conidia was 54 ?C for 10 min.Different light treatments did not affect the mycelial growth of either strain.The fungicide prochloraz exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on both strains.In summary， the pathogenic fungi responseble for the novel soybean root rot disease in Guangdong were F.neocosmosporiellum and F. falciforme.These two fungi demonstrate strong environmental adaptability and sensitivity to prochloraz， making it the preferred choice for controlling the novel soybean root rot disease.

Abstract:Jujube witches’ broom disease is a significant threat to jujube trees.To reveal the key biological pathways associated with disease resistance in jujube germplasm in response to phytoplasma infection， a graft-inoculation method was used to evaluate the resistance of 324 jujube germplasm resources to this disease.The study utilized disease-resistant germplasms ‘QS10’，‘UU12’，‘EQ15’ and the susceptible germplasms ‘Zhongyangmuzao’，‘Hupingzao’，‘Luzhao 5’ as materials.The phytoplasma content in leaf tissues was measured at 90 days and 120 days post-infection，and transcriptome sequencing was conducted to elucidate the differential responses.The results showed that the concentration of phytoplasma in resistant germplasm was low and gradually decreased after grafting，while the concentration of phytoplasma in susceptible germplasm was higher and gradually increased over time.The DEGs of both resistant and susceptible germplasm were significantly enriched in pathways such as plant-pathogen interaction，plant hormone signal transduction，and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.Notable differences were observed in the expression of genes related to peroxisome，photosynthetic pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.WGCNA analysis revealed that core genes such as lipid phosphatase，RNA editing factor MORF 3，LysM domain receptor-like kinase，and serine/threonine protein kinase sty13-like were associated with resistant germplasm.Research indicated that in response to phytoplasma invasion，the differential expression of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction，synthesis of secondary metabolites，plant hormone signal transduction，and MAPK signaling pathways may contribute to the differential phenotypes observed between resistant and susceptible germplasms.The peroxisome-related genes are upregulated in disease-resistant germplasm，while photosynthetic genes are less affected by phytoplasma invasion，which may contribute to the normal progression of energy metabolism and redox balance of resistant germplasm，thereby enhancing its disease resistance.Additionally，secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and terpenes may play a role in eliminating the damage caused by active oxygen.

Abstract:Heart rot is a newly identified pitaya disease， which affects the yield and commercial value of the fruit， with an incidence rate of 10% in autumn and winter seasons.In order to effectively prevent and control heart rot in pitaya fruit， we used strains isolated from diseased fruit in the field as materials.We conducted ITS gene sequence analysis， as well as in vivo inoculation methods in both indoor and field settings， to identify the pathogen and determine the initial point of infestation and its biological properties.The results showed that the the symptoms of pitaya heart rot disease in the field include yellowing and dropping of some young fruits， premature reddening of young fruit skin， and brown rot of the fruit flesh.The pathogenic strain was identified as Gilbertella persicaria.The initial infection point of the pathogen is the stigma of the pistil， and the sporangiospores can colonize the stigmas of female either directly or indirectly through pollen， resulting in heart rot during pollination， fertilization and fruit development.The optimal growth temperature and pH value for G. persicaria were 30 ℃ and pH 5， respectively， while light exposure could inhibit the sporulation of the fungus.These results indicate that G.persicaria could cause pitaya heart rot by infecting the stigmas of female.To mitigate the damage of G. persicaria to pitaya fruits， it is recommended to promptly remove petals after pollination or apply fungicide treatments， thus decreasing the initial inoculum load.

Abstract:The colorimeter was used to measure the values of L^* （brightness），a^* （redness-greenness） and b^* （yellowness-blueness） in petals of marigold （Tagetes erecta） to establish a rapid method for determining the lutein content in petals of marigold.The color coefficients including a^*/b^*，（a^*/b^*）²，chroma value，hue value and shade value were calculated.UV-spectrophotometry combined with HPLC method was used to determine the lutein content in petals.The correlation between the lutein content and the color coefficients was analyzed.The regression equation was established and confirmed.The results showed that the lutein content in petals of marigold was significantly correlated with a^*、a^*/b^*、（a^*/b^*）²，hue value and shade value.The regression equation between the lutein content and a^* value constructed by cubic function model had the highest degree of fitness，and there was no significant difference between the predicted value and the measured value of the lutein content.It is indicated that the cubic function model based on a^* value can quickly and non-destructively predict the content of lutein petals of marigold.

Abstract:Sunlight withering treatment was conducted on different tea varieties including black tea， green tea and red green mixed varieties， and different tenderness of fresh leaf including one bud with one leaf， one bud with two leaves to study the effects of sunlight withering on the quality of processed black tea with different fresh leaf tenderness and tea plant varieties. The results showed that the effects of sunlight withering on the quality of processed black tea of different fresh leaf tenderness and tea plant cultivars were different. There was less damage to the leaves and the content of tea polyphenols and amino acids respectively decreased by 1%, 6%, 8% and 11%, 19%, 14% during the withering process of the tenderness of fresh leaf including one bud with two or three leaves and below. The content of soluble sugar increased more， increasing by 15%， 13% and 11%， respectively. The content of theaflavins was relatively high， with a significant increase of 32% in black tea with one bud with three leaves and 10% with one bud with four or five leaves. It is indicated that sunlight withering has a significant effect on treating the tenderness of fresh leaf including one bud with two or three leaves and below， and is suitable for tea tree varieties with weaker floral and fruity aromas. It is not necessary to perform sunlight withering on varieties of processed black tea with strong floral and fruity aromas. Albino and purple varieties are not suitable for sunlight withering.

Abstract:In order to explore the effective protective substances for freeze-drying Mycoplasma bovis （M. bovis）， this study employed a four-factor， four-level orthogonal design experiment alongside a single-factor experiment. The effects of skim milk， sucrose， mannitol， glucan， trehalose， urea， BSA， lysine， and other substances on the survival rate of M. bovis were detected by measuring the number of the live M. bovis HB150 post freeze-drying and the optimal concentrations and ratios of the different protective agents were ultimately established. The ratios of the main and auxiliary components of the freeze-drying protectants were determined through orthogonal design experiments， and the final ratios of the lyophilized protectants were as follows： 15% skimmed milk， 4.0% sucrose， 4.0% mannitol， 3.0% glucan， 2.0% alginate， 1.5% urea， 1.0% BSA， and 0.3% lysine. When freeze-drying at -40 ℃ and 12 Pa for 20 h， this formulation maintained the highest activity rate of M. bovis， reaching （55.2±2.1）%. The results indicated that the selected dynamic dry protectants exhibited a strong protective effect and could be effectively applied in the actual freeze-drying process of M. bovis.

Abstract:To explore the effect of N-acetyltransferase（NAT） on the pathogenicity of Streptococcus agalacae， the nat gene deletion strain Δnat was constructed by homologous recombination in the background of a wild strain HN016. The growth curve， morphology， cell adhesion， invasion， antiphagocytosis， whole blood survival and pathogenicity of wild strain and Δnat strain were compared. The results showed that the hemolytic capacity of Δnat decreased， and the loss of nat decreased the adhesion and invasion of S. agalactiae to tilapia brain cells and increased the bacterial susceptibility to blood killing and phagocytosis. The result of challenge experiment of tilapia showed that the lethality of Δnat （2×10⁸ CFU/fish， the mortality rate was 36%） was significantly lower than that of wild strain HN016 （2×10⁸ CFU/fish， the mortality rate was 85%）. And the bacterial loads of Δnat were much less than that of HN016 in blood， spleen and brain tissue at 12 h post infection. This study firstly reports that NAT plays an important role in S. agalactiae resistance to host blood and phagocyte clearance， and assists in the bacterial invasion and colonization of tilapia tissues.

Abstract:The residues of 19 pesticides in integrated rice and Procambarus clarkii breeding environments in Hubei Province were investigated， and the ecological risk and dietary risks associated with P. clarkii in paddy fields were assessed. The results showed that three pesticides， β-666， δ-666 and endrin， were detected in the water samples from 22 sites of rice and P. clarkii farming， but most of these residues were attributed to earlier environmental residues. Four types of pesticides were detected in P. clarkii samples， with one source linked to pesticide application on rice， and another related to the feed of P. clarkii. The order of dietary risk values for P. clarkii was hexachlorobenzene > HCHS > DDTs > pendimethalin， with the dietary intake risks ranging from 0.002% to 0.206%. Therefore， the levels of pesticide residues in the rice and P. clarkii breeding environments in Hubei Province are within a safe range， but the potential dietary risks associated with multi-route and long-term pesticide exposure to crawfish warrant ongoing attention.

Abstract:Macrophage is an essential component of the innate immune system. However， Streptococcus agalactiae has the ability to survive within macrophage， allowing it to infiltrate the central nervous system. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the survival of S. agalactiae within macrophages， we investigated the genome-wide transcriptional changes of S. agalactiae following phagocytosis by RAW264.7 and explored the metabolic pathways and genes associated with the intracellular survival of S. agalactiae. The S. agalactiae strain HN016 was co-incubated with RAW264.7 and the intracellular bacteria were subjected to transcriptome sequencing （RNA-seq）， gene ontology （GO）， and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis. Additionlly， HN016 was incubated with primary tilapia macrophages in vitro and RNA from the intracellular bacteria were extracted. Quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） was used to verify the expression of the target genes. The results showed that a total of 1 215 differentially expressed genes （DEGs）， including 869 up-regulated genes and 319 down-regulated genes， were screened， compared with the untreated group. DEGs were significantly enriched in all three Go terms： molecular function， biological process， and cellular component. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the main enriched pathways were ABC transporter， ribosome， quorum sensing， and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Among the DEGs， 27 virulence-related genes were screened， including fbsA （+8.65）， sip （+6.28）， cylD （+4.93）， and cfb （-4.65）. qPCR was used to validate the RNA-seq results， and the agreement between two datasets demonstrated the reliability of the RNA-seq analysis. The transcript levels of surviving bacteria in primary macrophages of tilapia were similar to those in mouse macrophages. Based on these findings， it was hypothesized that the noxious environment within macrophage enhanced the signaling mechanisms， energy transport capacity， and metabolic capacity of secondary metabolites produced by macrophages， as well as the expression levels of virulence-related genes of S. agalactiae.

Abstract:Hubei hybrid wolfberry was used to study its nutritional quality and anti-fatigue effect and compare with that of the commercially available northern wolfberry as the raw material of the thick pulp beverage. The effects of Hubei hybrid wolfberry drink on relieving physical fatigue were investigated by analyzing its nutritional quality and determining the exhaustion time of swimming with a load in mice. In the animal experiments， the content of liver glycogen（LG），muscle glycogen （MG），blood lactic acid（BLA），blood urea nitrogen （BUN），malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD），and glutathione reductase （GR） after exercise in mice after gavage of Hubei hybrid wolfberry thick pulp beverage at different dosage（4，8，12 mL/kg） were determined and compared with that of the blank group. The results showed that active substances including phenolics 175.44 μg/g， flavonoids 98.91 μg/g， proteins 1.90 mg/g， betaine 0.30 mg/mL， and Se 1.59 μg/kg in Hubei hybrid wolfberry thick pulp beverage were higher than that of commercially available wolfberry thick pulp beverage， and had better antioxidant activity. The results of animal experiments showed that the medium-dosage and high-dosage group（daily gavage at 8 and 12 mL/kg） of Hubei hybrid wolfberry thick pulp beverage effectively prolonged the exhaustion time of swimming with a load in mice， and both of them significantly improved the anti-fatigue effect on mice （P<0.05）， 1.66 times and 2.10 times more than that in the blank group. The high-dosage group（daily gavage at 12 mL/kg） was 1.32 times higher than that of the commercially available commercially available wolfberry thick pulp beverage group， and the difference was significant（P<0.05）. After exercise， the content of MG and LG of mice in the high dosage group of Hubei hybrid wolfberry thick pulp beverage increased by 47.03% and 116.22% compared to the blank group， and the content of BLA， BUN， and MDA significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and the activity of SOD and GR significantly increased （P<0.05）， indicating that Hubei hybrid wolfberry thick pulp beverage has better anti-fatigue effect. It will provide a scientific basis for mining the health effect of Hubei hybrid wolfberry and a new idea for developing functional foods for people with exercise fatigue.

Abstract:An orthogonal experiment with 4 factors and 3 levels was designed using models of operating including XP2020 and T16， types of pesticide including chlorfenapyr suspension， methomyl indoxacarb water emulsion， and cyanogen caulis EC and silicone adjuvant， volumes of application including 15 L/hm²， 22.5 L/hm²， and 30 L/hm²， and empty column as control to study the optimal operation mode of using agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles （UAVs） to prevent and control the corn borer. 9 collection areas of UAV droplet and investigation areas of prevention and control were set up in the field experiment， and high-gap operation areas of sprayer and blank area were set up as controls to comprehensively evaluate the deposition of droplet and the effect of prevention and control of corn borer under different modes of operation. The significance of each factor was analyzed in depth with Analysis of Variance （ANOVA）. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between the diameter of droplet volume in the experimental area and the amount of deposition under the current experimental conditions （R²=0.712， P<0.05）. The type of pesticide had a significant impact on the effect of prevention and control of corn borer （P<0.05）. The model of operating and the volume of pesticide applied within the range （15~30 L/ hm²） had no significant impact on the effect of prevention and control of corn borer. It is recommended to use T16 UAV in combination with cyanogen caulis EC and silicone adjuvant， with an application rate of 22.5 L/hm² to prevent and control the corn borers taking into account various factors including the effect of prevention and control， the efficiency of operation， economic benefits， and the mitigation of risk. The effect of prevention and control on corn borer can reach 72% after 7 days of application. It will provide a reference for using agricultural UAVs to prevent and control the corn borer larvae and an important guidance for optimizing the application of pesticide and improving the utilization of pesticide.