Abstract:The large-scale application of field drip irrigation in Xinjiang has achieved significant economic，social and ecological benefits，but its impact on the water and salt balance in soil and the dynamics of groundwater is different in different regions as well. This article systematically reviewed the history of development and achievements of field drip irrigation in Xinjiang to accurately understand the effect of long-term water-saving irrigation on water-salt balance in soil and groundwater level in Xinjiang. The changes of soil moisture in the topsoil，the depth of underground phreatic water in the farmland in the main irrigation areas in northern and southern Xinjiang，and the redistribution of soil salt in the topsoil since the long-term field drip irrigation were analyzed. Four countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the perspective of maintaining the sustainable use of water and soil resources in Xinjiang. The groundwater and surface water are overall used to build a safe groundwater level. Scientific irrigation and drainage shall be combined to maintain good farmland topsoil. Unified planning and utilization of saline alkali land in the region is used to realize the sustainable utilization of regional water and soil resources. Water saving and salt reduction is used as the core to improve the utilization efficiency of regional agricultural resources. It will provide reference and direction for further developing sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources in Xinjiang. Water saving and salt reduction is a strategic measure for the sustainable development of agriculture in Xinjiang in the future. However，how to realize the efficient use of water and soil resources in arid saline-alkali areas and explore and follow the scientific issue of water and salt balance deserves long-term attention.

Abstract:Soil salinization seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture，but the application of modified biochar has a significant effect on the improvement of saline-alkali soil.In order to explore the mechanism of modified biochar improving saline-alkali soil.This article summarizes the effects of different modification methods on the physical and chemical properties of pristine biochar，as well as the improvement effect and influencing factors of modified biochar on saline-alkali soil.The results showed that the modified biochar had the characteristics of large specific surface area，many types and quantities of oxygen-containing functional groups，and a decrease in the proportion of alkaline substances.It can promote the formation of aggregate structure in saline-alkali soil，increase the adsorption of salt ions and nutrient retention，change the functional structure of soil microorganisms，and strengthen the ability of crops to cope with external stress.However，there were few studies on the long-term effects of modified biochar and the differences of its application in different types of saline-alkali soil.In the future，field verification tests of different types of saline-alkali soil should be carried out to explore the adsorption capacity and long-term effect of modified biochar on different salt ions，in order to optimize its improvement methods under different saline-alkali types.

Abstract:In 2021, 35 field experiments on the utilization efficiency of fertilizer (16 for maize and 19 for cotton) were conducted in the Southern Xinjiang region to study the effect of fertilization and the relationship between soil fertility and utilization efficiency of fertilizer in the Southern Xinjiang region. The nutrient deficiency treatments (NP, PK, NK) and full fertilizer treatment (NPK) were set up. The yield response, agronomic efficiency, nutrient accumulation pattern, soil fertility and the effect of fertilization on utilization efficiency of fertilizer for maize and cotton were studied respectively. Results showed that the average yield of maize and cotton treated with NPK was 14 020.3 kg/hm² and 6 582.7 kg/hm², respectively. The average agronomic efficiency of N, P₂O₅, K₂O was 13.0 kg/kg, 13.3 kg/kg, 10.7 kg/kg,and 6.1 kg/kg, 7.6 kg/kg, and 7.5 kg/kg, respectively. The average utilization efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers for maize and cotton was 42.4%, 21.2%, 54.1% and 41.7%, 18.9%, 58.2%, respectively. The application of N, P and K fertilizers increased yield of maize and cotton by 30.6%, 14.7%, 6.5% and 41.5%, 21.1%, 13.4%, respectively. Fertilizer application significantly improved the uptake of N, P and K by maize and cotton. 2.44 kg N, 0.91 kg P₂O₅, and 2.87 kg K₂O were required for every 100 kg maize kernels. 5.37 kg N, 1.67 kg P₂O₅, and 4.36 kg K₂O were required for every 100 kg cotton seed. The utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer in maize was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer, and the utilization efficiency of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in cotton was significantly and negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as well. Maize yield was negatively correlated with the application of phosphorus fertilizer and positively correlated with the content of effective phosphorus in soil, indicating that there may be a certain problem of excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer in maize in the Southern Xinjiang region. The utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer in maize and cotton was significantly negatively correlated with the content of effective phosphorus in soil. There was a significant negative correlation between soil pH, cotton yield, and the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in maize. It is indicated that soil salinity and alkalinity in the Southern Xinjiang region are one of the main limiting factors affecting cotton yield and the improvement of utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in maize. In the future, it is necessary to further optimize fertilization, increase the management of saline and alkali farmland, and improve utilization efficiency of fertilizer in combination with the popularization of drip irrigation technology in the Southern Xinjiang region.

Abstract:Drought has become one of the key environmental factors limiting the development of agriculture in China. Due to fixed growth， plants cannot actively escape from stress when external water factors change， and can only rely on their own mechanisms to resist external stress. Therefore， studies on plant drought resistance are becoming very urgent. This article reviewed the previous researches related with plant drought tolerance. The focus was on exploring the classification of desiccation-tolerant plants， the response mechanisms of their morphological structure， physiological and molecular level during dehydration and rehydration to provide new ideas for mining desiccation-tolerant genes， creating desiccation-tolerant germplasm resources and breeding new desiccation-tolerant varieties.

Abstract:The planting area and annual yield of jujube in China rank first in the world，while Xinjiang is the largest jujube production area in China.The jujube industry，as an important pillar industry of regional economic development in Xinjiang，has a good industrial foundation and development prospects.However，the processing products of Xinjiang jujube are still mainly primary processing products，with a low proportion of intensive and deep processing，which limits the high-quality development of the Xinjiang jujube processing industry.This article reviewed the situation of jujube planting，production and market circulation in China and Xinjiang，and summarized the progress of jujube processing products and processing technology in recent years.The current problems of Xinjiang jujube industry including the low degree of mechanization，short industrial chain，and serious product homogeneity were analyzed.Measures and advices in terms of planting patterns，product development，and brand construction were proposed.It will provide useful reference for promoting the high-quality and sustainable development of jujube processing industry in Xinjiang.

Abstract:Grassland animal husbandry is not only an important part of modern animal husbandry， but also a traditional basic industry and characteristic advantage industry in Xinjiang.In order to promote the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， this paper set out from the precise objectives of ‘high-quality products， grassland restoration， herdsmen’s income increase and cultural inheritance’.Based on the current situation of grassland animal husbandry development in Xinjiang， this paper analyzed the practical challenges impeding the transformation and upgrading of the industry and proposed a pathway towards achieving the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.The study found that the realistic dilemma faced by Xinjiang grassland animal husbandry in the process of transformation and upgrading include： the change of breeding mode and the lack of technology application affecting the quality of animal products， overgrazing of natural grasslands affecting ecological restoration， insufficient development of industry chain affecting the increase of herdsmen’s income， and the change of herdsmen’s mode of production and life affecting the inheritance of grassland culture.The study concluded that the essence of the high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry is the dynamic balance of ‘grass-animal-human-culture’.In the transformation and upgrading of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang， we should pay attention to the matching between scientific and technological research and development application and breeding mode， improve incentive policies and grazing management measures， accelerate the construction and value increase of the whole industry chain， and strengthen the cultural characteristics of grassland animal husbandry in Xinjiang.

Abstract:Xinjiang is the largest cotton producing area and production base of cotton with high-quality in China， with the planting area and yield ranking first in China. Cotton stalk， as the main by-product of cotton， is an important renewable resource in agriculture， and its value of utilization has attracted more and more attention. The mechanization in recycling cotton stalk is the primary link in the collection， storage， and transportation of cotton stalks， and is a prerequisite for ensuring the comprehensive utilization of cotton stalks out of the field. Solving problems of the mechanization in recycling cotton stalk has important practical significance for improving its comprehensive utilization rate and the ecological environment， and increasing economic benefits. The situation of cotton production and resources of cotton stalk in Xinjiang were analyzed by reviewing the relevant literature， combined with field investigation and project study. The situation of research and application of the typical machinery for recycling cotton stalks at home and abroad was overviewed. The types， key technologies， performance characteristics， problems， and trends of the machinery for recycling cotton stalks in China were summarized. It was pointed out that the low level of mechanization in recycling cotton stalks and the imperfect system of collecting， storing and transporting cotton stalks in China are the bottleneck issues that restrict the comprehensive utilization of cotton stalks at present. It is proposed to strengthen the innovation of the mechanization in recycling cotton stalk and break through the core key technologies. At the same time， the system of the collection， storage， and transportation of cotton stalks should be established and improved. The technology model for recycling and utilization of cotton stalks out of field should be constructed.

Abstract:The oasis farming areas on the edge of the Southern Xinjiang desert are one of the most severely affected areas by wind-blown sand hazard in China， resulting in huge economic losses via causing seedling death， stem collapse， branch breakage， flower and fruit falling especially at the stage of cotton seedling and at the stage of flowering and fruiting of fruit trees. Therefore， conducting studies on the hazard and prevention and control of wind-blown sand in Southern Xinjiang has important practical significance and regional economic value. This article reviewed the structural characteristics of wind-sand flow in farmland， sorted out two forms of hazard caused by wind-blown sand to crops， and summarized the mechanisms of crops protecting wind-blown sand and the status of studies on prevention and control measures of wind-blown sand. Finally， the problems existing in studying wind-blown sand hazards of crop were pointed out. The focus of study and the development prospects of hazards and control of wind-blown sand of crops in Southern Xinjiang in the future are proposed based on the types of crops and the environmental characteristics of wind-blown sand in Southern Xinjiang，

Abstract:To study the effects of nitrogen application rate and planting density on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice in Southern Xinjiang，split plot experiments were carried out in the main area of nitrogen application rate and the subarea of the planting density to analyze LAI，NR activity，nitrogen absorption and transport and yield changes in the population of Xindao 36. The results showed that appropriate nitrogen application and dense planting were beneficial for increasing LAI and NR activity in the population. LAI was higher at 360 kg/hm² nitrogen application rate and 2 083-2 669 thousand holes/hm² density，and NR was higher at 240-260 kg/hm² nitrogen application rate and 166 700-208 300 thousand holes/hm² density. The maximum amount of nitrogen transport in the stem and sheath and the increase in nitrogen in the ear can be obtained by applying 240 kg/hm² of nitrogen and a planting density of 277 800 holes/hm²，and the agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is significantly higher than that of other combinations. A proper increase in density can reduce the decline in nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen absorption efficiency caused by the increase in nitrogen application rate. Under the condition of a 240 kg/hm² nitrogen application rate，a planting density of 208 300-277 800 holes/hm² can achieve the coordinated improvement of nitrogen utilization and yield，which can be a reference for the planting of Xindao 36 in Southern Xinjiang.

Abstract:Paddy rice cultivars T-43 （drought-resistant type） and Xindao 1 （drought-sensitive type） were used to study rice yield and water use efficiency.Three irrigation modes including W1 （115.44 L/Pot），W2 （ 98.12 L/Pot） and W3 （83.41 L/Pot） were set to study the effects of drip volume on the morphology and distribution of rice root，the ratio of root to shoot，yield and water use efficiency at the stage of HS （heading stage） and 20 DAH （20 days after heading）. The results showed that the root length density （RLD），root surface area density （SAD），root mean diameter （AvgDiam） and root volume density （RVD） of T-43 at the stage of 20 d after heading under W1 treatment increased by 22.8% and 33.1%，21.8% and 37.7%，27.7% and 32.8% compared with other treatments，respectively. However，those indexes of Xindao 1increased by 80.2% and 53.2%，63.3% and 88.9%，95.0% and 32.3%. Under W2 treatment，the β value of RLD and SAD of T-43 varieties at the stage of heading increased by 0.4% and 1.7% compared with W1 treatments，the β value of Xindao 1 increased by 0.3% and 1.1%. Among them，0-40 cm RLD and specific root length （SRL） of T-43 increased by 1.2%-55.2%，1.6%-29%. Compared with other treatments，and 40-60 cm SAD，root dry weight （RDW） and AvgDiam of T-43 increased by 7.2%-13.8%，1.9%-3.0%，8.8%-9.4%. Thus，T-43 maintained a lower drip volume compared to W1 treatment. Under W2 treatment，there was no significant difference in yield and its components compared to W1，with a 4.5% increase in WUE. However，the yield and WUE of Xindao 1 decreased by 28.3% to 79.83 and 15.2% to 71.7% with the decrease of drip water. The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant or extremely significant positive correlation between various morphological indexes of yield，yield components，and WUE of the 0-20 cm shallow root of rice，greater than that of the 20-60 cm deep root of rice. It is indicated that there is a close correlation between morphological indexes of root and the yield，WUE of rice. It is feasible to regulate the distribution of shallow roots in crops and promote root development at the stage of 20 days after heading by appropriately reducing the amount of dripping water （about 15%）. The water use efficiency is improved without significantly affecting yield. Reasonable irrigation systems should be formulated based on the different water response characteristics of rice varieties in production to achieve higher economic benefits.

Abstract:To study the function of chalcone isomerase （CHI） gene in fiber development and response to stress in colored cotton，the physicochemical properties，conserved domain，cis-acting elements in the promoter of CHI gene，advanced structures and phylogeny of proteins were analyzed，transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） were used to analyze its expression profile.The results showed that 12 members of GhCHI gene family were identified from the genome of upland cotton，which can be divided into two subfamilies with typical chalcone superfamily domains，encoding 201-452 amino acids，mainly hydrophilic proteins，and secondary structures mainly composed of α-helix and irregular curls.The types of cis-acting elements in the promoter of GhCHI gene mainly include light response elements，hormone response elements，and elements involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.The results of analyzing expression profile showed that GhCHI1，GhCHI2，GhCHI3，and GhCHI4 were closely related to fiber development，especially with high level of expression during the period of pigmentation and coloring at the later stage of fiber development in colored cotton.These four genes also had high level of expression in leaves，receptacles，and pistils.GhCHI1，GhCHI2，and GhCHI3 were significantly induced to express under heat stress，salt stress，and drought stress.The results of qRT-PCR showed that GhCHI1-GhCHI4 were significantly enriched in fiber growth，especially in colored cotton.The results of analyzing the interaction of GhCHI1-GhCHI4 protein showed that they may interact with proteins such as 2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase and flavonoid 3'- monooxygenase involved in the flavonoid synthesis.It is indicated that GhCHI1，GhCHI2，GhCHI3，and GhCHI4 genes play important roles in fiber development and stress response in colored cotton.

Abstract:The field experiments with different volume of irrigation water and application modes of nitrogen fertilizer including N0：0 kg/hm²， N240：240 kg/hm²， N360：360 kg/hm²， W1：3 600 m³/hm²， W2：4 200 m³/hm²， and W3：5 400 m³/hm² were conducted in cotton at the stage of flowering and bolling in Alar region， Xinjiang to study the effects of different water nitrogen ratio on the spatial and temporal distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen and the yield of cotton. The contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil layers of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm， and the yield of cotton were measured. The optimal fertilization volume and irrigation input of cotton planting period were obtained through comprehensive comparative analysis. The results showed that nitrogen application of N240 and N360 significantly increased the content of nitrate nitrogen in cotton root layer at stage of flowering and bolling. Under fertilization treatment，The content of soil ammonium nitrogen had a short-term upward trend with the increase of irrigation level， and then reduced to the level before irrigation. Under the conditions of W2 irrigation volume and N240 nitrogen application volume， the yield of cotton reached 6 648.05 kg/hm² by applying 42% of the total fertilizer volume and 57% of the total irrigation volume in cotton at the stage of flowering and bolling. It is indicated that the yield of cotton is the highest under the conditions of W2 irrigation volume and N240 nitrogen application volume， which is the optimal volume of fertilization and irrigation for cotton at the stage of flowering and bolling in Alar region of Xinjiang.

Abstract:Field plot experiments were conducted with six treatments including no returning to the? field （CK）， returning cotton straw to field （P1）， returning maize straw to field （P2）， returning rapeseed straw to field （P3）， returning cotton straw+maize straw to field （P12）； returning cotton straw + rapeseed straw to field （P13） to study the effects of returning straw to field on reducing salt and retaining water in saline-alkali soil of Xinjiang. The effect of each treatment on the content of water， electrical conductivity， desalination rate， base ions， water use efficiency， and yield of the 0-60 cm soil layer during the whole growth period of cotton was measured. The results showed that treatment P12 and P13 enhanced the water storage capacity in soil compared to other treatments. The difference of the content of water decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth. Compared with CK treatment， the content of water in soil of treatment P12 and P13 increased by 3.78%-15.03% and 5.06%-18.23%， respectively. During the whole growth period of cotton，treatment P12 and P13 increased the desalting rate of 0-20 cm soil layer. Compared with CK treatment，the conductivity of treatment P12 and P13 decreased by 3.54%-39.27% and 17.83%-40.01%， respectively. The content of base ions in soil exhibited a pattern of Na⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺. The content of Na⁺， K⁺， Mg²⁺ in the base ions had the property of surface aggregation. The results of correlation analysis showed that the regulation of soil water and salt environment including the content of water， electrical conductivity， desalination rate in cotton fields increased the water use efficiency and the yield of crop. It is indicated that treatment P12 and P13 can significantly enhance water holding capacity in soil and improve salt distribution in soil during the whole growth period of cotton compared to other treatments. It will provide reference for the improvement of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang region.

Abstract:Xinluzao 64， the main local cotton variety was used to study the application effect of nitrogen reduction technology and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on cotton under drip irrigation in Xinjiang.Three treatments including no nitrogen fertilizer （H1）， traditional full urea application （H2，300 kg/hm²）， and 20% slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with urea application （H3，240 kg/hm²） were set up.The physical and chemical properties， enzyme activity and content of inorganic nitrogen in cotton field soil were measured at different stages of cotton growth.The content of nitrogen in cotton was measured at the stage of cotton boll opening.The effects of nitrogen reduction combined with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency of cotton were analyzed.The results showed that the stability of soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer treated with H3 was significantly higher than that treated with H2 （P<0.05） at each stage of cotton growth.There was no significant difference in total nitrogen between H3 and H2 treatments in the 0-40 cm soil layer.The enzyme activity in soil of H1 treatment was at a relatively low level throughout the whole period of cotton growth.The activity of urease in soil of H2 treatment was significantly higher than that of H3 treatment， while the activity of hydrogen oxide enzyme was lower than that in H3 treatment.There was no significant difference in the activity of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase between the H3 and H2 treatments.The H3 treatment reduced the leaching loss of nitrogen at the later stage of cotton growth compared to the H2 treatment.The content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil layer of 40~60 cm in H3 treatment decreased.The nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of H3 treatment was higher than that of H2 treatment （P<0.05）， reaching 45.75%， which was 7.87 percentage points higher than that of H2 treatment.The yield of cotton lint under H3 treatment increased by 18.26% compared to H1 treatment， and there was no significant difference in boll quality， yield of seed cotton and cotton lint compared to H2 treatment， which can achieve nitrogen reduction without yield reduction.It is indicated that H2 treatment enhances the stability of surface soil aggregates， maintains the high content of inorganic nitrogen throughout the whole growth period of cotton， reduces the leaching loss of nitrogen， and is beneficial for improving the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and yield of cotton.It can be popularized in cotton fields under drip irrigation.

Abstract:To explore the interaction effect of different nitrogen levels and mepiquat chloricie （DPC） on cotton， a two-factor cleft zone test was designed with “XinLuzhong 88” as test material， two nitrogen levels of 320 （N₁）， 480 kg/hm² （N₂）， and four doses of DPC spray of 67.0 （F1）， 150.0 （F2）， 260.5 （F3）， 371.0 g/hm² （F4）， were applied， the effect of the DPC under different nitrogen levels on photosynthetic characteristics and yield formation was studied. The results showed that there were interactions between nitrogen level and DPC dosage on the net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， transpiration rate （T_r）， dry matter accumulation， nitrogen accumulation and yield composition factors in cotton. The promotion effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DPC on P_n and T_r of cotton were mainly in cotton after full boll and opening boll stages， and both P_n and T_r were higher under N₁F3 treatment. The accumulation of dry matter， nitrogen accumulation and lint yield of final reproductive organs in N₁ treatment were higher than that of N₂， and the indexes were 5.6%， 11.32% and 7.68% higher respectively. Under the same nitrogen level， the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in reproductive organs， the number of single knots， single bell mass and lint yield of cotton， were significantly increased with N₁F3 treatment， but it did not reach a significant difference level compared with N₁F2 treatment， among which the lint yield of N₁F3 was 2 803.32 kg/hm²， only 0.3% higher than that of N₁F2 treatment. Therefore， considering the performance of each measurement index， under the test conditions， it is recommended to apply a nitrogen amount of 320 kg/hm²， and a DPC dosage of 150.0 g/hm² to ensure a higher cotton yield.

Abstract:Five levels of exogenous proline including 0， 0.25， 0.5， 1 and 2 mmol/L were set for Brassica napus under 150 mmol/L salt stress to study the regulatory mechanism of exogenous proline on the growth and development of rapeseed under salt stress. The effects of exogenous proline on the antioxidant systems， osmotic substances， and content of ion under salt stress were investigated. The results showed that salt stress significantly inhibited the growth of rapeseed. Low concentrations （0.25 mmol/L and 0.5 mmol/L） of exogenous proline promoted the growth of rapeseed. Compared to 0.25 mmol/L exogenous proline， the application of 0.5 mmol/L had a better promoting effect on the growth of rapeseed， reduced Na⁺ accumulation in leaves， increased the content of K⁺， improved the activity of antioxidant enzyme， and reduced the content of reactive oxygen species. In addition， 0.5 mmol/L exogenous proline promoted the accumulation of osmotic substances including proline in rapeseed leaves. The application of high concentrations （1 mmol/L and 2 mmol/L） of exogenous proline not only did not alleviate salt stress， but also caused further damage to rapeseed leaves. It is indicated that salt stress can cause damage to the growth of rapeseed. Applying an appropriate amount of exogenous proline can stimulate the antioxidant system， effectively alleviate the inhibition of salt stress on the growth of rapeseed， and improve its salt tolerance.

Abstract:The five-leaf stage rapeseed Huayouza 62 （salt-tolerant variety） and Xiangyou 15 （salt-sensitive variety） were used to study the response of ion balance and photosynthetic characteristics in leaves of rapeseed seedlings to exogenous Ca²⁺ under alkali stress and to deeply understand the mechanism of adding exogenous Ca²⁺ to alleviate alkaline stress in rapeseed seedlings. Under NaHCO₃ （100 mmol/L） stress， six CaCl₂ levels including CK， 0%， 0.25%， 0.5%， 1%， and 2% （denoted as CK， T1， T2， T3， T4， and T5） were set to obtain appropriate concentrations of spraying CaCl₂ and to study their effects on ion balance and photosynthetic characteristics in leaves of rapeseed seedling. The results showed that rapeseed seedlings stored more Na⁺ in their leaves and accumulated more Ca²⁺ in their roots under NaHCO₃ stress. The imbalance of ions in Xiangyou 15 was more significant than that in Huayouza 62. When the concentration of CaCl₂ was 0.5%， the repair of plasma membrane damage under NaHCO₃ stress was most significant， which reduced the content of Na⁺ and increased the content of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves of rapeseed seedlings. Except for the potential photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_o） and the maximum photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_m）， the inhibition of NaHCO₃ stress on the photosynthetic characteristics of Xiangyou 15 was greater than that of Huayuza 62. Spraying 0.5% exogenous CaCl₂ promoted the expression of chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， total chlorophyll， F_v/F_o， F_v/F_m， net photosynthetic rate， stomatal conductance， and transpiration rate in seedlings. It is indicated that foliar spraying of CaCl₂ can regulate ion balance and photosynthetic characteristics of rapeseed seedlings under alkaline stress， and its improvement is more significant for the salt-tolerant variety.

Abstract:The salinized gray desert soil （S） in Xinjiang and the acid red soil （A） in Hubei were used to study the response of nutrient availability and fertility characteristics to biochar （BC） in the two typical soils of acid and alkali in China. Four levels of biochar （maize straw as raw material） including C0 （0%）， C0.5 （0.5%）， C1 （1%） and C2 （2%） were set. A soil cultivation experiment was conducted for 60 days. 4 dynamic sampling periods including 1 d， 10 d， 30 d， 60 d were selected. The basic physical and chemical properties， salinity， the content of nutrient， and the activity of extracellular enzymes in soil were measured. The response of nutrient availability and fertility characteristics of two typical soils of acid and alkali to different levels of biochar application was analyzed. The results showed that the application of biochar improved the physical and chemical properties of the two soils， and increased the content of nutrient in the soil. C2 significantly increased the pH of red soil by 0.14 units and decreased the pH of saline soil by 0.18 units. Compared with C0， C2 significantly increased the content of organic matter and available potassium in acid red soil and saline soil by 71.25%，59.65% and 142.31%，36.85%， respectively. Compared with C0， the maximum increase in the content of water-soluble potassium in red soil was 238.10% after 10 days of cultivation under C2， and the maximum increase in the content of water-soluble potassium in saline soil was 47.50% after 1 day of cultivation. The maximum increase in the content of exchangeable potassium in red soil was 127.88% after 60 days of cultivation， while the maximum increase in the content of exchangeable potassium in saline soil was 31.58% after 1 day of cultivation. C2 reduced the content of non-exchangeable potassium in saline soil by 7.62% after 60 days of cultivation. The application of biochar significantly increased the content of water-soluble magnesium and the ratio of potassium to sodium（K⁺/Na⁺） in red soil. The application of biochar significantly reduced sodium adsorption ratio （SAR） and the content of water-soluble sodium in saline soil. C0.5 significantly increased the content of water-soluble calcium and water-soluble magnesium by 4.90% and 2.80% compared with C0， respectively. The activities of extracellular enzymes in the two typical soils decreased with the application of biochar. It was found through redundancy analysis that extracellular enzymes in soil were positively and strongly correlated with the content of available potassium， water-soluble potassium， and SAR. In conclusion， the application of improved the availability of nutrient in two typical soils， and the content of available potassium and water-soluble potassium were the key driving factors of soil fertility. The strong adsorption of biochar and the replacement between salt ions reduces the saline alkali stress effect of sodium ions， has a positive effect on improving the fertility characteristics of two typical soils.

Abstract:The monitoring data of the state-run monitoring sites of open ground vegetable fields in Xinjiang plain from 2014 to 2017 were used to study the characteristics of irrigation leakage and nitrogen （N） leaching loss in open ground vegetable fields under the different modes of water and fertilizer management in long term.The runoff volume and nitrogen leaching at a depth of 90 cm under conventional production mode， key mode of emission reduction （fertilizer application optimization）， and comprehensive mode of emission reduction （customary irrigation and N application） were analyzed.Results showed that the average annual water infiltration was 285.2 m³/hm²， the flow coefficient was 8.8%， and the total N leaching was 16.8 kg/hm² under the conventional production mode， which was 4.2% of the seasonal N fertilizer application including 6.3 kg/hm² of nitrate N， 0.16 kg/hm² of ammonium N and 3.32 kg/hm² organic N.Compared with the conventional production model， the key mode of emission reduction increased the yield by 4.0%， and reduced the runoff， the runoff coefficient and the total nitrogen leaching by 11.4%， 12.3% and 21.0%， respectively.The comprehensive mode of emission reduction significantly increased the yield by 20.6%， and reduced the runoff， the runoff coefficient and the total nitrogen leaching by 25.3%， 61.3% and 36.9%， respectively.It is indicated that the conventional production mode of open ground vegetables in grey desert soil area of Xinjiang lead to water leakage and nitrogen leaching loss.By reducing the amount of nitrogen application and improving fertilization methods， we can increase production and reduce irrigation leakage and nitrogen leaching amount.Reducing the amount of fertilizer application and irrigation at the same time can greatly reduce nitrogen leaching amount and increase yield.The key point is to reduce the amount of soil residual nitrogen in autumn to reduce nitrogen leaching loss caused by melting water in winter.

Abstract:The data about the growth period of cotton and the daily surface meteorology in Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 were used to study the dynamic changes in climate resources during the growth period of cotton in Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang under the background of climate warming. The least squares method， Mann-Kendall non parametric test， sliding t-test， and significance analysis were used to analyze the dynamic and sudden changes in climate resources during the growth period of cotton in Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang. The results showed that the precipitation during the whole growth period of cotton in Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 increased significantly while the relative humidity decreased significantly， with changes of 6.377 mm/10 a and 1.583%/10 a， respectively. The maximum temperature， minimum temperature， average temperature and accumulated temperature did not increase significantly， while the daily temperature range and sunshine duration did not decrease significantly. The main manifestation was that the maximum temperature， average temperature， and accumulated temperature increased extremely significantly while the minimum temperature increased significantly from sowing to seedling of cotton. The daily temperature range increased extremely significantly while the accumulated temperature and precipitation increased significantly from seedling to budding of cotton. The maximum temperature and precipitation increased extremely significantly while the accumulated temperature， daily temperature range， and sunshine duration decreased extremely significantly and the average temperature decreased significantly from budding to flowering period of cotton. The precipitation increased extremely significantly， the daily temperature range decreased extremely significantly， and the relative humidity decreased significantly from flowering to boll opening of cotton. The maximum temperature， precipitation and sunshine duration increased extremely significantly from boll opening to stop growing period of cotton. The changes in various climate factors during other periods of cotton were not significant. From 1990 to 2020， there were sudden changes in the maximum temperature， minimum temperature， average temperature， accumulated temperature， and sunshine duration during the sowing and seedling period of cotton in the Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang in 2014， 1998， 2012， 1997， and 1998， 2005， respectively. The number of sunshine hours during the seedling and budding period of cotton changed suddenly in 2008. The sudden changes in maximum temperature， precipitation， sunshine duration and accumulated temperature from flowering to boll period of cotton appeared in 2001， 2001， 2007， 2003 and 2010. There were no obvious changes from flowering to boll opening period， boll opening to stop growing period and whole growth period of cotton in Alar reclamation area of Southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020. It is indicated that cotton farmers should adjust their field management measures in a timely manner based on the values of climate resource and their dynamic changes during the growth period of cotton in the reclamation area.

Abstract:The processing tomato variety Jinfan 3166 was used to study the effects of synergistic regulation of brackish water with different salinity and nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of processing tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation to rationally develop and utilize brackish water resources in arid areas. Nine treatments of irrigation mineralization levels including 1.0 g/L （S1）， 3.0 g/L （S2）， 5.0 g/L （S3） and nitrogen application rates including 180 kg/hm² （N1）， 240 kg/hm² （N2）， and 300 kg/hm² （N3） were set up. The results showed that the SPAD value， transpiration rate （T_r）， net photosynthetic rate （P_n）， stomatal conductance （G_s） and yield of leaves in processing tomato decreased gradually with the increase of irrigation salinity at the same nitrogen application level， and the leaf water use efficiency （LWUE） increased significantly at the stage of mature. The increase in nitrogen application （N3） significantly increased the SPAD value， T_r， P_n， and G_s of leaf at the levels of S1 and S2. The N2 treatment at the S3 level had the best promotion effect， and the yield increased by 11.46%， 8.69%， and 5.17% compared to the N1 treatment， respectively. There was no significant difference in the yield of processing tomatoes under the N3 treatment at the levels of S1 and S2. It can be concluded that a salinity of 3.0 g/L irrigation and a nitrogen application rate of 300 kg/hm² can promote the photosynthesis of processing tomatoes and ensure the yield of processing tomatoes taking into account the photosynthetic characteristics and yield changes of processing tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation.

Abstract:In order to explore the coupling scheme of water and fertilizer suitable for drip irrigation to improve the quality and efficiency of Jun jujube， 10 a Jun jujube of 224 regiment in Kunyu City， a typical self-pressure irrigation area in Southern Xinjiang was studied.Referring to the local practice， the irrigation amount of 770 mm and the fertilization amount of 1 125 kg / km² were used as the control， a two-factor three-level plot trial was conducted with water（W1，540 mm；W2，630 mm；W3，720 mm）， chemical fertilizer（F1，562.5 kg/hm²；F2，810 kg/hm²；F3，1 080 kg/hm²）.To explore the response law of new shoot， bearing branch， photosynthetic characteristics and yield of Jun jujube under drip irrigation in Southern Xinjiang to water and fertilizer coupling.The results showed that the effects of irrigation， fertilization and water-fertilizer interaction on leaf net photosynthetic rate（P_n）， transpiration rate（T_r）， stomatal conductance（G_s）， intercellular CO₂ concentration（C_i）， new shoots and bearing branch were in the order of irrigation>fertilization>water-fertilizer interaction.The effects on yield and irrigation water use efficiency（IWUE）were water and fertilizer interaction>irrigation>fertilization.The effect on fertilizer partial factor productivity（PFP） was water and fertilizer interaction>fertilization>irrigation.The single fruit weight， vertical and horizontal diameter of Jun jujube showed fertilization>irrigation>water and fertilizer interaction.The effect on fruit shape index was fertilization>water and fertilizer interaction>irrigation.The results showed that W3F2 was the best treatment for shoot and bearing， W2F3 was the best treatment for yield and IWUE， W2F2 was the best treatment for P_n， T_r， G_s， single fruit weight， vertical and horizontal diameter， W3F1 was the best treatment for PFP.This study can provide scientific basis for water and fertilizer management of dripper Jun jujube in Southern Xinjiang.

Abstract:In order to understand the aquatic organism resources and characteristics of aquatic ecological environment after ecological water transportation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River basin， from 2019 to 2020， the community structure of macroinvertebrates in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River， Qarqan River and Taitema Lake were investigated， and the environmental influencing factors were evaluated. The survey results showed that a total of 97 taxa of macroinvertebrates taxa， belonging to 3 phyla， 4 classes， 10 orders and 27 families， were identified in this study. Aquatic insects were the main groups （82 species）， among which Diptera （47 species）， Coleoptera （14 species） and Odonata （13 species） were the most numerous taxa. Chironomidae species were dominant in different regions. The average density and biomass of benthic animals peaked in May， which were much higher than those in August and October， but the diversity indices had no significant difference among different time and space （P>0.05）. The main functional feeding groups in Tarim River and Qarqan River were collector gatherers （95.89%， 91.86%）， while the main functional feeding groups in Taitma Lake were collector gatherers （50.68%） and predators （34.12%）. The Mantel correlation analysis showed that ammonia nitrogen， dissolved oxygen and potassium permanganate were the main environmental factors affecting the diversity and functional groups of benthic animals. The results showed that the composition of the macroinvertebrates community in the Tarim River basinwas relatively simple and the ecological environment was relatively fragile. Therefore， it is necessary to carry out and deepen the ecological restoration and management of the rivers in this area.

Abstract:To understand the current status of fish resources in Lake Bosten and their relationship with environmental factors， a lake-wide acoustic survey was conducted in May （spring）， July-August （summer）， and October （autumn） of 2019 using a split-beam echosounder （Simrad EY60， 120 kHz）， along with on-site measurements of aquatic environmental indicators. The results showed that fish density in Lake Bosten was the highest in summer， with an average value of （8 783±2 611） ind./hm². There was no significant difference between spring and autumn， with the average values of （709±141） and （743±499） ind./hm²， respectively. Based on the empirical formula between target strength and body length， the average total length of fish in spring， summer， and autumn was estimated to be 8.8， 4.0， and 5.1 cm， respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the fish density in Lake Bosten was significantly positively correlated with water temperature and electrical conductivity （P<0.01）， but significantly negatively correlated with transparency （P<0.05）. The feature importance ranking of the random forest model revealed that electrical conductivity was the most important factor influencing fish density in Lake Bosten， followed by dissolved oxygen， salinity， and water temperature. Seasonal variation in fish density is presumed to be closely related to environmental changes， food sources， and reproductive habits. Environmental factors may directly or indirectly affect the ecological and environments needs of fish.

Abstract:In order to better protect and exploit the resources of Triplophysa yarkandensis in the Tarim River basin，based on 348 samples collected in the Qarqan River，a tributary of the Tarim River，from 2019 to 2022，the age structure and growth characteristics of T. yarkandensis were studied.The results showed that the collected samples had a body length distribution range of 38-290 mm and a body weight distribution range of 0.8-271.6 g.The age structure was 1-11 years old，and the body length weight relationship equation was W=2.47×10^-5L^2.8562.The Von Bertalanffy growth equations of the female were：L_t=407.2572［1-e^{-0.1117（t+0.9298）}］，W_t=697.2606［1-e^{-0.1117（t+0.9298）}］^2.8756；and of the male were：L_t=327.9114［1-e^{-0.1572（t+0.7154）}］，W_t=373.9090［1-e^{-0.1572（t+0.9298）}］^2.8353.The apparent growth indexes were：?_♀=4.2678 and ?_♂=4.2280.The inflection point age，corresponding body length and weight for females were： 8.5 years old，265.63 mm and 204.04 g； and for males were：5.9 years old，212.26 mm and 108.94 g，respectively.The results showed that the growth size and natural life of the population of T. yarkandensis in the Qarqan River was larger，and the growth rate was faster than that of other tributaries.

Abstract:This article designed a precision seeder with seed disturbance and side-filling slotted disk type to improve the seed filling performance of maize seeder. A structure of picking up seed with seed disturbance and side filling was proposed based on the size parameters of maize kernels， which can realize the attitude adjustment disturbance and seed guidance during seed filling， and effectively improve the activity of population， and the duration and efficiency of seed filling. The key structural parameters of the seeder were designed and the principle of seed picking was analyzed by establishing the mechanical and kinematics models. The simulation analysis was conducted with EDEM software to clarify the disturbance performance. On this basis， the key factors affecting the efficiency of the seeder including the speed of the seed tray， the depth of the slot hole， and the deviation angle of seed filling were obtained. A central combination test with three factors and three levels was conducted based on these factors. Data analysis was conducted on the results of test， and regression models of the pass index， miss seeding index， and reseeding index were established. The results of analysis and optimization showed that the pass index， miss seeding index， the qualified index， and reseeding index predicted by the optimized model was 94.32%，1.95%，and 3.73% when the speed of the seed tray， the depth of the slot， and the angle of seed filling was 28 r/min， 8.2 mm， and 67°. The qualification index， the missed sowing index， and the replanting index verified through field test was 92.97%，2.14%，and 4.89%， which was in line with the predicted results of the model optimized. It is indicated that the evaluation indicators of the maize precision seeder with seed-disturbance and side-filling slotted disk meet the agronomic requirements of sowing.

Abstract:A traditional multiple linear regression model （MLR） and an artificial neural network model （Back propagation （BP） and Elman） were constructed using 8 combinations of 7 meteorological factors including sunshine duration， wind speed， relative humidity， saturated vapor pressure difference， minimum temperature， maximum temperature， and average daily temperature as model inputs to solve the problems of low accuracy in estimating the daily transpiration （T_r） of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge， the main tree species of shelterbelt forests in arid areas， and the poor generalization ability of estimation models. The T_r value of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge in 2020 growth season was estimated. The results of estimating three different input combinations of models were compared and evaluated. At the same time， the relative contribution rates of various meteorological factors to the estimated T_r values were quantified based on the Garson algorithm. The results showed that the accuracy of BP and Elman models in estimating T_r exceeded 73.66%. Under different input combinations， the estimation accuracy of the artificial neural network model had increased by 8.45%-31.33% compared to the MLR model. Among them， the Elman model with a topological structure of 6-4-4-1 had the highest accuracy of estimation. The relative contribution rate of saturated vapor pressure difference to T_r estimation was the largest， followed by relative humidity. The relative contribution rate of different temperature variables to the estimated T_r values was in the increasing order of average daily temperature > minimum temperature > maximum temperature. It is indicated that the neural network model for estimating daily transpiration of Populus alba var. pyramidalis Bunge can improve the accuracy of estimating the transpiration of shelter forests in arid areas. It will provide scientific guidance for the sustainable development of shelter forests and the precise regulation of agricultural water resources.

Abstract:To solve the current problems of low efficiency and low accuracy of automatic detection of cow lameness in farms， a cow lameness recognition method based on posture estimation and knee angle eigenvectors was designed. Given the random behavior of dairy cows， a cow posture estimation dataset was produced by combining the imaging characteristics of cows under different conditions such as near and far field of view scales and observation angles. The Faster RCNN convolutional neural network model was introduced into the key point detection of dairy cows to improve the reliability of lameness recognition. Taking ResNet101 network as feature extraction network， the cow posture estimation network was constructed， and the hyperparameter fine-tuning training method was used to train the migration of the network model. Based on the information of cow’s posture and key point coordinate in the video， the angle feature of the cow’s knee joint when walking were calculated， and the 1-D Convolution classification model was used to realize the cow's lameness recognition. The experimental results showed that the PCK@0.1 value of the cow posture estimation network based on ResNet101 network model can reach 0.925 0. Compared with the LSTM， Bi-LSTM， and GRU models， the accuracy of cow behavior classification and recognition of 1-D Convolution model was 97.22%， which was 5.55， 2.78 and 11.11 percentage points higher， respectively. The above results show that the proposed method has a better detection effect on cow lameness in natural environment， which can provide technical reference for intelligent breeding and management of dairy caws.

Abstract:A solar radiation allocation method based on the optimal comprehensive benefits of photovoltaic power and agricultural production in photovoltaic greenhouse was proposed to solve the problem that the unreasonable solar radiation allocation between the photovoltaic power and agricultural production in photovoltaic greenhouse， resulting in low overall benefits.First of all， a model for the profit of photovoltaic power， the profit of crop， and the costs of operating and maintaining photovoltaic greenhouses was established. Among them， the modified light response model of crop right angle hyperbola was used as the calculation method for crop yield in photovoltaic greenhouses to closely combine the solar radiation with the yield and income of crop. Secondly， a mathematical model for the overall benefits of photovoltaic greenhouses with the goal of optimizing the comprehensive benefits of photovoltaic greenhouses and the constraints of light intensity in photovoltaic power and light conditions for the growth of crop in greenhouse was established. Finally， the benefits of photovoltaic greenhouses under multiple scenarios based on the actual operating data of a photovoltaic greenhouse in Xinjiang were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the overall benefit of the photovoltaic greenhouse was the highest when the minimum proportion of effective solar radiation value and the solar radiation allocation of crops in a photovoltaic greenhouse was selected. It is indicated that the proportion of solar radiation corresponding to the light saturation point of crop can be used as the maximum overall benefit point for PVG when the cost of renovating and operating and maintaining the photovoltaic greenhouse is considered and the original structure is not changed. It will provide the theoretical support for the design of photovoltaic greenhouse.

Abstract:Developing characteristic agricultural industries serves as a significant driving force for the stability and sustainable development of the new rural collective economy. Building upon the practical examples of Xinjiang's characteristic agricultural industry development that have contributed to the growth of the new rural collective economy， this paper synthesizes and summarizes the Xinjiang experience， which includes adapting strategies to local conditions， introducing modern management approaches， closely connecting members of the new rural collective economic organizations， emphasizing the accumulation of internal and external capital elements and the input of expanded reproduction， and exploring various models of collaborative development. Moreover， it identifies challenges such as a shortage of talent， a lack of long-term planning， inadequate management systems， and an incomplete policy support system. Finally， the paper proposes an optimization path of building human resource's introduction and cultivation mechanism， publicity and promotion mechanism， property right incentive mechanism， industry cultivation mechanism， and policy guidance mechanism.The aim is to optimize the practical path of developing characteristic agricultural industries to boost the new rural collective economy and provide valuable experience for other regions to reference.

Abstract:The development of smart agriculture requires the support of digital technology and talents, and the enhancement of digital capabilities. Digital capability, as the cognitive and practical ability of the whole society towards digital technology, is not only the social foundation of the digital economy, but also the core competitiveness of digital talents. This article analyzed the achievements and problems faced by the development of smart agriculture. It has been clarified that accelerating the application of digital technology in smart agriculture, strengthening the cultivation of digital talents in smart agriculture, enhancing digital capabilities, and promoting the digital transformation and innovative development of agriculture are important means to achieve rural revitalization strategy and enhance the development level of regional agricultural and rural modernization. The problem-solving oriented approach and taking digital technology as the bridge to construct the promotion path of digital capabilities based on the five core elements of digital technology including calculation + data + algorithm + system + network was proposed to consolidate the technical and talent support for the development of smart agriculture with digital capabilities.