Abstract:Antibiotic resistance genes （ARGs） in the aquatic environment have become one of the global health problems，and swine farm is one of the most important sources of ARGs in the environment，and the discharge of swine wastewater is the main channel for ARGs to enter the environment.At present，the environmental effect of ARGs from swine wastewater is not clear，the research on ARGs removal by different swine wastewater treatment processes is still in the initial stage，which needs more in-depth and detailed study to explore treatment methods that could reduce the abundance of ARGs in swine wastewater.In this paper，the process of ARGs from production to entry into the environment and the current status of ARGs pollution in swine farms were reviewed.The distribution and removal efficiency of ARGs in swine wastewater treatment processes were introduced with emphasis on different wastewater treatment methods （activated sludge method，anaerobic biological treatment method，physical and chemical method，constructed wetland method），and it was concluded that physical and chemical method is the most promising way to reduce ARGs pollution in swine farming environment.The researchers also gained insight into treatments that might reduce the amount of ARGs in swine wastewater.This paper summarized the occurrence and transmission of ARGs in the process of swine reproduction.The distribution，migration and transformation of antibiotic resistance genes in swine wastewater during different treatment processes were analyzed，and the mechanism of environmental factors affecting its transmission was elucidated.Finally，based on the shortcomings of the current pig wastewater treatment process in the removal of ARGs，the feasible suggestions of optimizing the treatment process and strengthening the monitoring of ARGs in each process were put forward.

Abstract:The ravages of African swine fever （ASF） have drawn attention to the harmless disposal of infected animal carcasses.The harmless treatment of infected animal carcasses has current problems including single and backward technology， serious secondary pollution， low degree of resource utilization， and shortage of subsidies.Among the common methods of harmless treatment， rendering， aerobic fermentation and alkaline hydrolysis are the main methods that are widely used and perform well.Among them， aerobic fermentation is the easiest to master， and has the best overall effect of harmlessness and resource utilization.The auxiliary thermal aerobic fermentation significantly improved the treatment efficiency， and the development of supporting equipment improved the possibility of engineering application.Based on a brief introduction of the harmless treatment of infected animal carcasses and the application status of it at home and abroad， combined with national conditions in China， this article analyzed and discussed the technical level， social publicity， and national policies of harmless disposal and resource utilization of infected animal carcasses.It is considered that aerobic fermentation is the most promising way to solve the problem of infected animal carcasses in China.The future direction of this field was prospected.

Abstract:Livestock manure causes serious environmental pollution problems， and aerobic composting can realize the harmless treatment of livestock manure. However， traditional aerobic composting still has problems such as slow temperature rise， long cycle， serious nutrient loss and serious odor volatilization， and the efficiency and quality of composting need to be further improved. The addition of external microbial inoculants can improve the traditional natural composting process of livestock manure. The functional strains for composting fermentation were screened by analyzing the enzyme production and deodorization ability of the strains， and two kinds of compound microbial inoculants were obtained to develop the microbial inoculants with high efficiency of degradation， transformation， deodorization and nitrogen-fixation for aerobic composting of livestock and poultry manure， and to further improve the efficiency and quality of composting. The effects of adding compound microbial inoculants on the conventional physical and chemical indexes， the activity of cellulase and urease， the loss of nitrogen and the product quality of aerobic composting of chicken manure were studied. The results showed that the compound microbial inoculant significantly increased the cellulase activity of the composting due to its higher ability to degrade organic matter， and the activity of cellulase reached 4.937 U/g at the later stage compared with the control and the compound microbial inoculant Ⅲ. Adding compound microbial inoculant Ⅰ significantly increased the temperature of the composting， and the maximum temperature reached 65.8 ℃， which was 5.8 ℃ higher than that of the control. The compound microbial inoculant Ⅱ significantly reduced the activity of urease and the loss of nitrogen of the composting because it contained the bacteria with strong ability of deodorization， and the loss of nitrogen was lower than that of the control. The content of total nutrient and the quality of compost products were improved by adding compound microbial inoculant Ⅱ， and the total nutrient of compost products was 5.32%， which was higher than that of the control（4.52%）. The addition of compound microbial inoculant Ⅰ and Ⅱ both accelerated the maturity of compost. On the 7th day of composting， the GI of seed germination index of adding compound microbial inoculant Ⅰ and Ⅱ was 75.12% and 75.29%， while the GI of the control was only 47.89%. It is indicated that the compound microbial inoculants developed has a good effect in the application of aerobic composting of chicken manure， which can increase the temperature of composting and the activity of cellulase， reduce the activity of urease and the loss rate of total nutrient and nitrogen of compost products.

Abstract:The meat and bone meal obtained from the harmless high-temperature fermentation of sick and dead livestock and poultry was used to develop and utilize the resources of sick and dead animal carcasses. After the oil was removed by the extractant， the amino acid-containing hydrolyzed liquid was obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis without or with the assistance of microwave， and the conditions for hydrolysis were optimized. The material balance of macro， medium and micro plant nutrients and heavy metal elements in the materials before and after hydrolysis and their distribution in the hydrolysis products under optimal conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the opitmal extractant was n-hexane， with the oil extraction rate of 100% and the recovery of extraction agent of 97.06% at the ratio of solid to liquid 1∶10. The optimal sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for degreased meat and bone meal without microwave assistance （conventional） were as follows： sulfuric acid concentration of 5 mol/L， solid-liquid ratio of 1∶4， temperature of 90 ℃， hydrolysis time of 7 h under which the conversion rates of total nitrogen and amino acid-nitrogen in hydrolysate were 93.42% and 42.63%， respectively. The optimal sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions for degreased meat and bone meal with microwave assistance were as follows： microwave power 550 W， sulfuric acid concentration of 5.0 mol/L， hydrolysis time of 60 min. Under these conditions， the conversion rates of total nitrogen and amino acid-nitrogen in hydrolysate were 90.12% and 82.13%， respectively. Under the optimal conditions of the two processes， there was little difference in the distribution of each element in the liquid phase of hydrolysate and the solid phase of residue. Among them， 66%-93% of elements of N， P， K， Fe， Cu and Zn in the feedstock were distributed in the hydrolysate， more than 32% of the elements of Ca， Mg and Mn were distributed in the residue， and more than 58% of the heavy metal elements， Pb， Cr and Cd， entered into the hydrolysate， but did not exceed the limit of agricultural industry standard of related products. It is indicated that microwave assisted hydrolysis significantly increased the conversion rate of amino acids and decreased the hydrolysis time. Most of the medium and micro nutrient elements entered the liquid phase， which had obvious advantages in the preparation of amino acid hydrolysate. It will provide basis for the subsequent preparation of amino acid liquid fertilizer.

Abstract:In order to explore the application effect of cellulose-degrading bacteria in compost decomposing，the experiment mixed the carcasses of livestock and poultry with straw after high temperature treatment，and divided them into the control group without adding bacterial agent and adding 1% high temperature resistant cellulose bacteria （Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius）.The compost was composted by aerobic static ventilation for 28 days，and the physical and chemical parameters （temperature，pH，moisture content，ammonium nitrogen，nitrate nitrogen，nitrite nitrogen，total carbon and total nitrogen）and nitrogen conversion function during the composting process were determined.The results showed that the ammonium nitrogen content and nitrate nitrogen content of the bacterial agent group were significantly higher （P<0.05） than the control group，but the final total nitrogen content of the bacterial agent group was lower than the control group.The copy number of nirK in the control group in the pre-composting period was significantly higher than that in the inoculum group （P<0.05）and was significantly positively correlated with the content of NH₄⁺ （P<0.05）； the copy number of nirS in the inoculum group was extremely significantly higher than that in the control group （P<0.01），and has a very significant positive correlation with NO₃^- content （P<0.01）.In the middle stage of composting，the copy number of narG in the control group was significantly higher than that in the inoculum group （P<0.01），and the correlation with NH₄⁺ content was close to the significant level （P=0.064）； in the late stage of composting，the copy number of nosZ in the control group was extremely significantly higher than bacterial agent group （P<0.01）.The high temperature-resistant cellulose-degrading bacteria mainly change the nitrogen cycle of the compost through ammonia oxidation and denitrification in the early stage of composting，but also promotes denitrification and increases nitrogen loss.

Abstract:The effects of four key process parameters including the type of extractant， solid-liquid ratio， extraction time and ultrasonic power on the oil and fat of black soldier fly larvae were investigated with single factor experiments to study and determine the technology of using microwave-ultrasonic synergistic extraction to extract oil from black soldier fly larvae. Taking the oil yield and energy conversion rate as indicators， orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the technological conditions for the extraction of oil from black soldier fly larvae by microwave-ultrasonic synergistic solvent. The results showed that the ideal solvent for microwave-ultrasonic extraction of black soldier fly larvae oil was petroleum ether. The condition optimized was the extraction time of 25 min， the solid-liquid ratio of 1∶25， and the ultrasonic power of 150 W. Under the condition optimized， the oil of the yield was 41.43%， and the energy conversion rate was 56.79%. However， different parameters of process had no significant effect on the thermal stability and functional group composition of the oil within the range of experimental factors. The fatty acids in the oil of black soldier fly larvae were mainly linoleic acid （19.03%）， oleic acid （16.66%）， lauric acid （14.92%） and palmitic acid （11.9%）.

Abstract:To investigate the utilization of nitrogen in chicken manure by black soldier fly larvae （BSFL） under treatment with urease inhibitors，three different urease inhibitors，N-butylthiophosphoric triamide （NBPT），acetylhydroxamic acid （AHA） and hydroquninone （HQ） were added to the treatment groups，and chicken manure without urease inhibitors was used as the control group.All groups were inoculated with 800 BSFL，and the larvae growth and transformation efficiency，NH₃ emission，and changes in the physical and chemical properties of the substrate were compared among different groups.The results showed that compared with the control group，urease inhibitors could effectively reduce NH₃ emission and increase fresh larvae weight during bioconversion of chicken manure by BSFL.The BSFL body weight and protein content of NBPT，AHA and HQ groups increased by （64.75±3.46） g，（71.33±3.38） g，and （78.84±1.84） g，respectively，and the BSFL nitrogen content was （14.47±1.14）%，（15.92±0.34）% and （16.24±0.45）%，respectively.The results indicated all three treatments could improve the body weight and protein content of BSFL，especially for the HQ treatment，which could effectively reduce NH₃ emission and significantly increase the fresh BSFL weight.

Abstract:The safety of feeding zebrafish and rats with insect powder obtained from different materials transformed by Hermertia illucens L. was evaluated to compare the differences in physiological，biochemical and histopathological indicators of zebrafish and rats. Zebrafish and rats were divided into four groups including the control group made up of zebra fish fed with algae powder （CK1） and rats fed with traditional rat diet （CK2） ，chicken excrement feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. powder reared with chicken excrement （A group），kitchen waste feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. powder reared with kitchen waste（B group），and agricultural by-product feeding group fed with Hermertia illucens L. reared with agricultural by-product （C group）. The physiological，biochemical and histopathological indicators of zebrafish and rats were measured on 15 days and 28 days after feeding，respectively. The results showed that except for the A group，other groups had no significant effect on the physiological and biochemical indicators of zebrafish. The control，B and C group had no significant effect on the histopathology of zebrafish and rats. The insect powder in each group had significant effects on the physiological and biochemical indicators of rats，but they were all maintained at normal values. It is indicated that insect powder obtained entirely from the transformation of the kitchen waste and agricultural by-products by Hermertia illucens L. can serve as the open feed with high-nutrient for zebrafish and feed for short-term feeding of rats.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of stacking frequency on antibiotic resistance genes （ARGs） and movable genetic elements （MGEs） in continuous composting of ectopic fermentation bed，two conditions were set： turning over once every day （F1 group） and turning over once every two days （F2 group）. Fifteen target genes，including 2 tetracycline （tetG，tetW），3 sulfonamide （sul1，sul2，dfrA1），2 β-lactamse （bla_TEM-1，fexA），2 MLSB （ermX，ermQ），2 FCA （optrA，IsaE） and 1 aminoglycoside （aac（6?）-Ib-cr），1 integrase （intI1） and 2 transposon （Tn916/1545，ISCRI） genes，were identified by PCR in composting process，and 7 genes with high detection rate （tetG，tetW，sul1，sul2，bla_TEM-1，ermQ，intI1） were quantitatively detected by qPCR. The PCR results showed that，11 kinds of ARGs （tetG，tetW，sul1，sul2，bla_TME-1，fexA，ermX，ermQ，optrA，IsaE，aac （6?）-Ib-cr） and 3 kinds of MGEs （intI1，Tn916/1545，ISCRI） were detected in both groups. The detection rates of 7 genes （tetG，tetW，sul1，sul2，bla_TME-1，ermQ、intI1） were high. In F1 and F2 groups，12 species were detected at 0 to 5 d，and 1 species was detected at 33 d in F1 and 40 d in F2，and the detection rates increased significantly after 40 d，indicating that the species of ARGs and MGEs changed with temperature. qPCR results showed that the total relative abundance of 7 target genes in F1 and F2 groups decreased firstly，then increased and then decreased，and decreased by 82.33% and 78.89% at the end of the experiment compared with 0 d，respectively. The relative abundance of tetG，tetW，sul1，bla_TEM-1，ermQ and intI1 decreased by 16.51%，87.89%，54.58%，99.99%，97.80%，59.29%，and 64.32%，99.46%，50.91%，99.29%，82.22%，99.92% in F1 and F2 groups，respectively. The results showed that the types and relative abundance of ARGs could be reduced by ectopic fermentation bed during degradation manure and sewage at high temperature，and the removal efficiency of most ARGs was better by turning over once every two days.

Abstract:The aquaculture of fry and some adult fish such as Chinese high-fin banded sharks has high requirements on water temperature，while long-term，high-power electric auxiliary heat regulation has high energy consumption.The use of pig manure aerobic compost to heat aquaculture water can help to regulate and maintain water temperature，save energy.In order to study the transfer of heat and the process of temperature change of aquaculture water with the waste heat and auxiliary heat from pig manure aerobic composting，a small experimental device with a fermentation tank，a water storage tank and a simulated fish pond as the main body was built.The geometric model of the experimental device was established by using computational fluid dynamics software.The transfer of heat and temperature changes of the model were studied as well.The validation test was carried out by using the small experimental device.During the experimental period，the simulated temperature of 102.9 kg pig manure compost increased by 17.53 ℃ on average，while the measured temperature increased by 14.94 ℃ on average.The simulated temperature of 25.0 kg water storage tank increased by 16.86 ℃ on average，while the measured temperature increased by 11.85 ℃ on average，with the average heat absorption of the water storage tank of 6.22×10⁶ kJ per day.The simulated temperature of 24.0 kg fish pond increased by 13.55 ℃ on average，while the measured temperature increased by 9.42 ℃ on average，with the average heat absorption of the fish pond was 4.75×10⁶ kJ per day.The results showed that the pig manure aerobic composting is feasible for heating the aquaculture water，and the measured and simulated results of temperature change is consistent，verifying the reliability of the model to a certain extent.The mathematical model and verification test provide data support and theoretical basis for heating the aquaculture water by utilizing the waste heat and auxiliary heat from compost.

Abstract:In the biogas project of large-scale farms，the environmental nitrogen and phosphorus pollution is often caused by the inability of biogas slurry to be consumed nearby，which makes the recovery technology of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient from biogas slurry more concerned.In this article，the low C/N ratio biogas slurry was enriched and cultured by adding glucose carbon source to realize the value-added utilization of wastewater and recovery of nutrient from biogas slurry.The biogas slurry in pig farms with initial C/N of 1.5 was added with 2 g/L，4 g/L，6 g/L，8 g/L and 10 g/L glucose carbon sources，respectively.The OD₆₀₀ increased first and then decreased after adding carbon sources，and reached the maximum at 2-3 d.The total protein growth rate of 6 g/L was the highest in each group.The results showed that the optimal conditions for enrichment culture of the indigenous microflora in biogas slurry were the addition of 6 g/L glucose and 2 d treatment based on the comprehensive economy.Under the optimal conditions，the removal rate of TN and TP from biogas slurry were 66.1% and 77.5%，respectively.0.72 g/L total protein was produced by enrichment of the indigenous microflora in biogas slurry.The biomass dry weight increased by 146.1%.29.0% of total nitrogen and 59.7% of total phosphorus were recovered.It is indicated that the enrichment culture of the indigenous microflora in biogas slurry can be effectively used for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient.Microbial dry weight and protein growth can be used as a pretreatment method for the advanced treatment of biogas slurry in pig farms.

Abstract:The preparation of bio-oil from different models of sick and dead pigs with microwave-conventional two-step hydrothermal treatment and its related characteristics were studied to realize the high-value transformation of multi-target products of sick and dead livestock and poultry. The results showed that the bio-oil yield of the experiment group showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the conventional hydrothermal temperature of the terminal when the ratio of protein（P）， lipid（L） and carbohydrate（C） was 5∶20∶1 and 20∶5∶1. When P∶L∶C was 12∶12∶1， the bio-oil yield of the experiment group continued to increase with the increase of conventional hydrothermal temperature of the terminal. In general， the higher heating value （HHV） of bio-oil in model pigs with higher lipid content was relatively higher under the same reaction conditions. The interaction of the three components on the HHV of bio-oil was related not only to the proportion of components but also to the reaction temperature. The total-nitrogen （TN） conversion rate of bio-oils of the three models of sick and dead pigs reached the maximum value at 260 ℃， and that of aqueous phase products reached the maximum value at 280 ℃. It was feasible to regulate the migration of N element to improve the quality of bio-oil. The bio-oil prepared only by microwave hydrothermal treatment in the experiment group with P∶L∶C of 5∶20∶1 had the largest comprehensive combustion characteristic index of 8.22×10^-7 K^-3/min. It is indicated that the increase of lipid content can improve the comprehensive combustion performance of hydrothermal bio-oil from sick and dead pigs.

Abstract:A novel ultrasonic atomization bioreactor was designed to improve the removal effect of the bioreactor on the odor produced by composting. The treatment effect of the bioreactor on simulated odor under different conditions was studied. The pig manure and wood chips were used to conduct composting experiments to explore the actual effect of the bioreactor on removing odor produced by. The results showed that the effect of ultrasonic cavitation improved the absorption rate of ammonia gas. Ultrasonic atomization was about 10% more efficient than the traditional spray mode in removing ammonia gas. In order to solve the problem of high ammonia nitrogen in the system， the activated sludge was domesticated with high ammonia nitrogen and hung in the reactor， and the ability of microorganisms in the system to degrade ammonia nitrogen was significantly improved. The process conditions for removing ammonia gas with the bioreactor were optimized with orthogonal experiments. The results of composting experiments showed that ammonia release was highly consistent with the temperature of composting and peaked on day 5 of composting （76.3 mg/m³）. The ammonia release in pig manure composting was related to the pH， the concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The reactor’s removal rate of composting ammonia peak was 80.6%， the average ammonia removal rate for other periods was maintained at about 90%. The ammonia concentration at the outlet of bioreactor was less than 5 mg/m³， which meets the relevant emission standards. It is indicated that the ultrasonic atomization bioreactor can play a good role in removing ammonia gas produced by composting. It will provide a new idea for developing bioreactors in the future.

Abstract:The orthogonal experiment of thermophilic aerobic fermentation of sick and dead pigs was conducted to optimize the parameters for thermophilic aerobic fermentation of sick and dead pigs.The sick and dead pigs was used as materials，sawdust as additives，and the ratios of additives，fermentation temperature and ventilation rate as factors，and the losses of carbon and nitrogen and the total intensity of odor as indexes.The components of organic malodorous substances in exhaust gas were analyzed and their emission concentrations were determined.The concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide were detected as well.The effects of the ratios of additives，fermentation temperature and ventilation rate on the loss of carbon and nitrogen and the emission of odor were analyzed with range and contribution rate analysis.The results showed that 18 organic malodorous substances in total including 3 sulfur compounds，1 alkane compound，12 aromatic hydrocarbon compounds，1 phenolic compound and 1 inorganic compound were detected qualitatively and quantitatively after thermophilic aerobic fermentation for sick and dead pig with sawdust as additives.Among them，p-cresol，methanethiol，dimethyl sulfide，dimethyl disulfide and ammonia were identified as the main source of odor.The factors affecting the loss of carbon and nitrogen were in the decreasing order of additives ratios>ventilation rate>temperature.The factors affecting the total odor intensity were in the decreasing order of temperature> additives ratios> ventilation rate.Considering the loss of carbon and nitrogen and the total intensity of odor comprehensively，the optimized parameters for thermophilic aerobic fermentation of sick and dead pigs are as follows：the additives ratios of 1∶5.5，the fermentation temperature of 55 ℃，and the ventilation rate of 14 L/（L·min）.

Abstract:The experiment of thermophilic aerobic fermentation of dead pigs was carried out with dead pigs as fermentation raw materials，maize stovers （T1），rape stovers （T2），sawdust （T3） and rice bran （T4） as additives，and dead pigs was fermented alone （CK） as control to explore the effects of different fermentation additives on the emission of main odor pollutants and the total odor intensity of main odor pollutants.In each experiment，totally 14 times sampling would be performed according to a fixed interval.The intervals were 3 hours and 6 hours from 0 to 6th hour and from 6th hour to 72th hour，respectively.Each sample was analyzed for odor pollutants and their concentrations were determined，along with the concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide.And multiple comparisons of total odor intensity of different treatments were conducted to determine the effects of additive types on total odor intensity during the thermophilic aerobic fermentation of dead pigs.Finally，the results showed：（1） A total of 40 odor pollutants were detected in 5 thermophilic aerobic fermentation tests for dead pig，18 of which could be accurately detected qualitatively and quantitatively，including 3 sulfur compounds，1 alkane compound，12 aromatic hydrocarbon compounds，1 phenolic compound and 1 inorganic compound.Among them，7 odor pollutants were identified as the main source of odor，including 3-ethyltoluene，4-ethyltoluene，p-cresol，methanethiol，dimethyl sulfide，dimethyl disulfide and ammonia.（2） Maize stovers，rape stovers and sawdust accelerated the process of thermophilic aerobic fermentation of dead pigs.Maize stovers increased the carbon dioxide emission，while rape stovers and sawdust reduced the carbon dioxide emission.（3） After adding different additives，the detected total odor intensity of emitted gas was different and the order of increase of the total odour intensity was T3，T2，T1，T4 and CK，suggesting that the use of additives could inhibit the odor emission to some extent，while sawdust had the best effect with the total odor intensity of 4 241.08.The above results showed that sawdust was the best additive for thermophilic aerobic fermentation of dead pigs.

Abstract:Four kinds of dietary fibers from peel pomace of citrus including navel orange，apple pomelo，orah and lemon were prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis to study the performance differences of different citrus dietary fibers and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of by-products of citrus processing. The fiber morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope，Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical properties and in vitro antioxidant activity were determined. The comprehensive qualities of different citrus fibers were evaluated by principal component analysis. The results showed that the properties of citrus fibers prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis were different among varieties. The total fiber content of lemon （67.63±0.46）% was the highest. The fiber composition ratio of navel orange is the best. The fiber of Orah and navel orange had the strongest hydration properties and in vitro antioxidant activity. The fiber of apple pomelo showed the highest apparent viscosity among the four kinds of fibers. The decreasing order of comprehensive evaluation is navel orange fiber，orah fiber，apple pomelo fiber and lemon fiber. It is indicated that four kinds of citrus dietary fibers prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis have good physiological activities. Among them，the comprehensive quality of navel orange fiber is the best，and it has a wide application prospect as a food additive. It will provide theoretical reference for citrus dietary fiber as a potential food additive resource and comprehensive utilization of citrus peel pomace.

Abstract:The scientific development and utilization of citrus peel residue can not only efficiently utilize citrus fruit resources，but also greatly promote the development of citrus deep processing industry and realize the sustainable utilization of citrus resources. The filling of citrus peel residue was made by using citrus peel residue as the main raw material，maltitol，coconut nectar and mogroside as sucrose substitutes，and medium-chain triglyceride and polydextrose as fat substitutes. Taking texture parameters and sensory evaluation as comprehensive indexes，the sucrose and fat substitutes were screened with single-factor test. On this basis，the simplex centroid design was used to optimize the filling formula. Finally，the optimized filling formula of citrus peel residue based on 100% filling was obtained as follows： citrus peel pulp 79.20%，maltitol 7.50%，coconut nectar 8.70%，mogroside 0.10%，peanut oil 0.13%，medium-chain triglyceride 2.26%，polydextrose 0.81%，and corn starch 1.30%. Under this condition，the filling of citrus peel residue was bright yellow in color，delicate，soft and glutinous，fresh and sweet. The content of total sugar and oil decreased by 57.63% and 52.5%，and the content of total dietary fiber increased by 20.79%. It was a new healthy filling with reduced sugar，low fat and high dietary fiber.

Abstract:NFC （not from concentrated） orange juice is one of the most popular beverages due to its fresh flavor and high quality. The high price of NFC orange juice always discourages consumers from buying it. In order to reduce the cost of storage and transportation of NFC orange juice and improve its storage quality，Changye orange （Citrus sinensis （L.） Osbeck） juice was degassed，sterilized and filled into glass （GL），polypropylene （PP） and polyethylene （PE） （oxygen permeability： GL<PP<PE） packaging，respectively. Packed juice was stored in dark at 25 ℃. The dissolved oxygen （DO） and storage quality indexes of the juice were determined at different storage time points. The results showed that the change in content of DO was consistent with the oxygen permeability of the package. The content of reducing sugar in GL，PP and PE all decreased first and then increased. The acceptable storage time for sensory evaluation were 60，15 and 7 days. V_C content，? E and A₄₂₀ were significantly correlated with the oxygen permeability of packaging （P<0.01），and the content of flavonoids and phenolic acid compounds was not significantly correlated with the oxygen permeability of packaging. The content of DO in the orange juice from the GL bottle was stable at about 0.5 mg/L within 120 days，and its orange juice quality was the best. It is indicated that the quality of NFC orange juice can be well maintained by controlling the dissolved oxygen at no more than 0.5 mg/L. It will provide a new possible way of NFC orange juice storage and transportation at room temperature.

Abstract:Bergamot essential oil （BEO） is known for having many health benefits. Healthy male kunming mice were selected to establish the model mice with Alzheimer’s disease by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal （120 mg/kg） and AlCl₃ （10 mg/kg） for 49 days to study the neuroprotective effect of sniffing different concentrations of bergamot essential oil on the model mice with Alzheimer’s disease induced by the combination of D-gal and AlCl₃. From the 29th day，the mice in the sniffing group sniffed 25% or 75% bergamot essential oil for 21 days，1 h everyday. After the sniffing experiment，the changes in the behavior and brain biochemistry of the mice were evaluated. The results of behavioral studies showed that sniffing bergamot essential oil significantly improved symptoms including cognitive impairment and exploratory decline in the model mice with Alzheimer’s disease. The results of biochemical studies showed that sniffing 75% bergamot essential oil significantly inhibited the degree of oxidative stress and the increase of acetylcholinesterase （AchE） activity，and promoted the improvement of cognitive function in mice. It is indicated that sniffing 75% bergamot essential oil attenuates D-gal and AlCl₃-induced cognitive-behavioral impairment and biochemical damage.

Abstract:Manual sorting of citrus fruit with visual defects on the production line is time-consuming and cost-expensive.This article proposes a sorting solution based on machine vision and CNN-Transformer.The system can be directly implemented on various citrus processing lines for online sorting.For the citrus fruits randomly rotating on the conveyor，a detection algorithm Mobile-citrus based on convolutional neural network （CNN） was developed to detect and temporarily classify the defective one.A tracking algorithm Tracker-citrus was used to record the classification information along the path.The real category of the fruit was identified using the historical information，with tracking accuracy of 98.4% and classification accuracy of 92.8%.In addition，a trajectory prediction algorithm based on Transformer was used to predict the future path of fruit with the average prediction error of 2.98 pixels，which can be used to guide the robot arm to sort defective citrus in real time.The results showed that the method proposed can be applied to citrus production lines for online sorting.

Abstract:The rapid and accurate identification of citrus fruit is of great significance for the realization of automatically picking citrus in orchards，the prediction of citrus yield and the intelligent management of citrus industry. A citrus recognition method based on the improved model of YOLOv5 was proposed to realize the recognition of citrus fruits in natural environment.The feature extraction ability of the network and the problem of missed detection of occluded targets and small targets was improved by introducing the CBAM attention mechanism module. The α-IoU loss function instead of the GIoU loss function was used as the bounding box regression loss function to improve the positioning accuracy of the bounding box. The results showed that the average accuracy AP value of the proposed model reached 91.3%，with the detection time of a single citrus fruit image on the GPU of 16.7 ms and the model occupying 14.5 Mb of memory. It is indicated that the algorithm improved can quickly and accurately identify citrus fruits in the natural environment，meeting the practical application requirements of real-time target detection. It will provide new ideas for the intelligent citrus industry.

Abstract:The population of G46B/A232 RILs and the high-density genetic linkage map created by resequencing the population were used to map QTLs for internode diameter of reciprocal second internode and reciprocal third internode with the R/qtl software package and CIM method.A total of 3 QTLs for the diameter of reciprocal second internode and 7 QTLs for the diameter of reciprocal third inter nodes were detected，which were distributed on chromosomes 2，3，4，7，and 11.On chromosome 2，qRSID2-1 and qRTID2-1 are relatively close.qRSID2-2/qRTID2-2 and qRTID2-3 repeatedly detected in multiple trials may be the same QTL，with phenotypic contribution rates of 7.89%-12.36% and the physical interval within 100 kb on chromosome 2.The genetic study of the internode diameter of reciprocal second internode and reciprocal third internode in rice will lay a foundation for fine mapping QTLs for the internode diameter，which is beneficial to the molecular breeding and germplasm innovation of rice varieties with lodging resistance and ideal plant type.

Abstract:Alternating wet and dry irrigation （AWD），as an important water-saving irrigation technique，has significant impacts on the use efficiency of water and nitrogen，yield and quality of rice.The positive or negative effect of AWD on rice is mainly determined by the degree of soil drying.In this article，the mechanisms underlying effects of AWD on the use efficiency of water and nitrogen，yield and quality of rice were reviewed from the aspects including physicochemical and biological characteristics of soil，morphological and physiological traits of rice root，agronomic and physiological characteristics aboveground.The effects of interaction between AWD and nitrogen fertilizer on the use efficiency of water and nitrogen，yield and quality of rice were briefly introduced.Some problems such as different standards for monitoring soil drying and incomplete regulatory mechanism of AWD were existed，therefore it is recommended that multiple omics techniques should be used to analyze the mechanism of AWD regulating percentage of productive tillers in rice and the mechanism of AWD and nitrogen application regulating rice quality should be studied based on the metabolism of starch，protein and fat in grains.It will provide theoretical basis for cultivating rice with high yield，high efficiency，and good quality.

Abstract:Four consecutive years of fixed field experiment were conducted to compare the differences in annual productivity，economic benefits，resources of temperature and light，utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus，and content changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil among six patterns of double-cropping including oilseed rape-maize （O-M），oilseed rape-rice （O-R），oilseed rape-water-saving and drought-resistant rice （O-WDR），wheat-maize （W-M），wheat-rice （W-R），and fallow-double season rice （F-DR） to optimize the farming system，promote the annual production potential of crops，and improve efficiency of crop production and resource utilization in paddy field of Eastern Hubei.The results showed that the annual economic yield of W-R pattern was the highest，followed by O-R pattern.The average annual production benefit of O-R pattern was the highest.The highest uptake rate of N was found in O-R and W-R patterns.The uptake rate of P was found in O-M pattern.The highest utilization efficiencies of light and temperature resources were found in F-DR pattern.After 4-round of double-cropping，the nitrogen surplus was the highest and the nitrogen loss was the lowest in the soil of O-R pattern.The P surplus was the highest and P loss was the lowest in the soil of O-M pattern.The oilseed rape- rice plantation pattern had higher and stable productivity，good production benefit，and better maintenance of soil N fertility and lower N loss risk from farmland.The oilseed rape- rice plantation pattern has the application prospect of replacing the conventional F-DR pattern in Eastern Hubei.

Abstract:Rice-crayfish co-culture system is a successful model of the coupling development of green rice and green aquatic products.The field distribution characteristics of crayfish in high-frequency distribution sampling area （GP），low-frequency distribution sampling area （DP） and none-crayfish control area （CK） were studied with cage capture method to explore the symbiotic mechanism of rice and crayfish.The soil properties，diseases，pests and weeds in rice field and the yield of rice were investigated to study the ecological effects of rice-crayfish co-culture system.The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the distribution quantity of crayfish in paddy field and the water depth，with the univariate linear regression equation of y=197.69x-25.77.The high frequency distribution of crayfish improved the soil structure，significantly reduced the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm by 6.25%-11.76%，and significantly increased the total capillary porosity of 0-10 cm soil layer by 8.08%-10.78% （P<0.05）.The high frequency distribution of crayfish significantly increased the content of organic matter in 0-10 cm soil by 6.24%-10.30% and the microbial biomass carbon in 0-20 cm soil layer （P<0.05），and significantly inhibited the growth of weeds.Different distribution frequencies of crayfish had no significant impacts on diseases and pests，yield and yield components of rice，but the yield tended to increase with the increase of distribution frequency.Therefore，different distribution frequencies （water depth） of crayfish can be properly distinguished by management and studied in terms of production and scientific research to promote the green and sustainable development of ecological planting and breeding of rice and crayfish.

Abstract:Yuhuang pomelo （C.grandis Osbeck）is a local citrus variety grown in Jianshi County， Hubei Province.To provide a scientific basis for the harvest of the fruit and the choice between seeded and seedless in production， the appearance and its internal quality of fruits among various harvest periods of different types were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the peel coloring degree and soluble solid content of fruits harvested 240 days post anthesis was comparatively highest.Meanwhile， the seeded type demonstrated the lowest titratable acid content and the highest solid-acid ratio （by 14.62）， while the seedless fruit on the 222 days post anthesis had the highest solid-acid ratio （by 14.55）.In general， the appearance and flavor quality of seeded fruit harvested 240 days post anthesis was the best， followed by those harvested 222 days post anthesis.The content of Vc （by 35.98 mg/100 g in seeded type， 31.77 mg/100 g in seedless type） and main volatile substance Germacrene D in seeded fruit were significantly higher than those in seedless fruit 240 days post anthesis.It indicates that timely harvesting and pollination can optimize the fruit quality of Yuhuang pomelo， so scientific harvesting and increasing pollination rate can be used to increase orchard revenue.

Abstract:The aroma of fruit is an important sensory attribute that affects preference of consumer.Different pear cultivars have different aromas and are ideal materials to identify the volatile components associated with aroma and sensory qualities.In this article，gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was used to profile volatiles in three pear cultivars commonly marketed including Korla，Xuehua and Huangguan pears.Results showed that 50，48，and 37 volatile components were detected in the fruits of three pear cultivars respectively.The main volatile components belong to alkanes，terpenes and fatty acids，accounting for about 85% of the total volatile compounds.Korla is dominated by fatty acids and aldehydes.Xuehuais dominated by terpenes.Huangguan has the lowest content of various substances.The results of a 15-person sensory panel conducting a flash profiling analysis on the fruit aroma quality of three pear cultivars showed that ‘fruity’ of three cultivars was the most intense sensory attribute while ‘sour’ was the lowest.Among Korla pears，only the properties of sweetness are significantly higher than that of Xuehua pears.The properties of aroma except for wax apple are significantly higher than that of Huangguan pears.The results of correlation analysis between sensory scores and volatile compounds showed that 8 volatiles including dimethyl glutarate，eugenol，2-undecenal，2-ethyl-3-hydroxyhexyl-2-methylpropanoate and 3-methylene-1-oxa spiro ［4.5］ decan-2-one was significantly correlated with various sensory traits including ‘floral’‘green’ and ‘fruity’.The jointly analyzing sensory evaluation and metabolites helps to identify the key compounds which affect the fruit flavor. It will provide a theoretical basis for breeding pear cultivars with flavor quality in the future.

Abstract:In order to investigate function of cell division cycle 20 homolog （Cdc20），in the present study，the coding sequence （CDS） of Megalobrama amblycephala cdc20 gene was cloned，and the domains and evolutionary relationship of Cdc20 were analyzed based on multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.The temporal and spatial expression patterns of cdc20 were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR （sqRT-PCR），quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） and in situ hybridization.The results showed that the cdc20 CDS of M. amblycephala is 1 482 bp in length and encodes 493 aa.Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis revealed that amino acids sequences of Cdc20 were very conserved through evolution and consisted of seven-bladed β propeller structure，which was formed by seven WD40 motifs.The similarity of M. amblycephala Cdc20 was the highest with those of Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio.Based on qRT-PCR，the mRNA levels of cdc20 were the highest at the zygote stage，and gradually decreased with the development of embryos.Additionally，the cdc20 gene also exhibited tissue-specific expression pattern，which was abundant in the gonads based on sqRT-PCR.The results of in situ hybridization showed that the cdc20 mRNA was widely expressed in all stages of M. amblycephala oocytes，mainly in the cytoplasm of stage Ⅱ oocytes and the yolk granules of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ oocytes. In the testis，the cdc20 expression was the highest in spermatogonia and reproductive epithelium，but low in sperm.In conclusion，the results suggested that the M. amblycephala cdc20 may be a maternal gene and play a vital role in the development of germ cells.

Abstract:To investigate the role of chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1（CSGalNAcT-1） played in the immune response of Procambarus clarkii，in this study，the complete cDNA sequence of the P. clarkii CSGalNAcT-1 was obtained by RACE，and its expression patterns in response to stimulation of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide（ODN），Aeromonas hydrophila and white spot syndrome virus（WSSV） were investigated by real-time PCR.The results indicated that the relative expression of CSGalNAcT-1 was highest in the midgut，followed by the foregut，and less in the heart，stomach，muscle and periesophageal nerve in P. clarkii.Besides，the expression of CSGalNAcT-1 in the hepatopancreas and haemocytes which were considered as immune organs of crustacean，could be down-regulated and up-regulated by challenges of A. hydrophila and WSSV，respectively，and the expression was up-regulated in most of the tissues after injected with CpG ODN，indicating that the CSGalNAcT-1 gene may play an important role in resisting the pathogenic infection and enhancing the autoimmune response in P. clarkii.

Abstract:In order to study feeding traits of breeding pigs and to meet the demand for intelligent development of measuring equipment，a set of information management system based on internet of things and web technology was designed.The system selects CAN bus for bi-directional data transmission，and adopts B/S （Browser/Server） front and back-end separation architecture.The front-end was based on Reactjs technology stack，and the back-end was developed with flask web framework and MySQL database.The results of two measurement tests showed that the data transmission reliability of the system is high，and functional modules meet the expected design requirements and the practical application requirements of performance measurement of breeding pigs.The phenotypic correlation between feeding traits and growth traits was analyzed in Duroc breeding pigs，and a partial least square （PLS） prediction model was constructed for breeding pigs up to 100 kg body weight.The cross-validation results showed that an average determination coefficient of PLS test set was 0.68 and the average MAE was 3.2 day.The PLS model was tested using experimental data，and the results showed that combination of feeding traits and growth traits could be used to predict the growth rate of breeding pigs in advance.

Abstract:A humanoid driving model was established by collecting the harvester position information and driver operation information from skilled drivers. A navigation controller based on the humanoid driving model was designed by using neural networks to solve the problems of tedious operation，low operation quality and low efficiency of wheeled combine harvester in rice harvesting operation. According to the requirements of harvesting operation，a control method of field set row operation was designed，which can better complete the harvesting operation while ensuring the turning accuracy. Compared with the conventional PID and conventional pure tracking model，the humanoid driving model control converges 0.42 s faster and the overshoot is reduced 4.0 cm，which has the characteristics of fast convergence and small overshoot. The results of road right-angle route steering test showed that when the driving speed was 0.62 m/s，0.82 m/s and 1.02 m/s，the overshoot after the turn was no more than 3.93 cm，and it still had high robustness under different driving speeds. The results of field test showed that the right-angle steering navigation tracking post-turn overshoot was no more than 8.1 cm，8.9 cm，9.6 cm. The average absolute deviation of the linear tracking part was no more than 3.1 cm，3.0 cm，3.3 cm in the rice field at the forward speed of 0.6，0.8，1.0 m/s. It is indicated that the designed navigation controller based on the humanoid driving model established can better complete the automatic navigation of rice harvesting operation，and provide technical support for unmanned harvesting of rice production.

Abstract:A robot fish in aquaculture for real-time monitoring of the whole water area was designed and a control system of robot fish was built to facilitate the monitoring of water quality and underwater fish activities. The three-dimensional spatial path tracking error model of the robotic fish was established in the Serret-Frenet coordinate system to realize the precise operation of the robotic fish and study the three-dimensional path tracking control of the robotic fish. Based on the LOS guidance law and Lyapunov theory， a fuzzy sliding mode controller was designed. The algorithm has the advantages of fast convergence speed and strong robustness. Finally， Matlab simulation was used to verify the effectiveness of the control algorithm proposed in this article. The results of simulation showed that the designed controller enables the robotic fish to realize three-dimensional path tracking control under the condition of model parameter uncertainty and unknown external disturbance， and its control accuracy and robustness are significantly better than those of conventional PID and sliding mode controllers.

Abstract:In view of the problems of high cost，long time and technical difficulty in the extraction and synthesis of messenger molecule （pp）pGpp，a new in vitro synthesis technology was established and optimized based on the existing in vitro enzymatic synthesis of （pp）pGpp.This method achieves the goals of high efficiency，convenience，safety and environmental protection，and low cost.The results showed that high purity （pp）pGpp can be obtained by reacting （pp）pGpp synthases：RelA，GppA and YvcI in 25 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH 9.0，15 mmol/L MgCl₂，100 mmol/L NaCl at 37 °C for 30 minutes，and further purified by anion exchange （pp）pGpp molecule.Compared with the traditional direct extraction from bacteria or plants and the existing in vitro enzymatic preparation process，this method has the advantages of simple operation，rapidity，low cost，and environmental friendliness，and can meet the needs of downstream biochemical analysis and structural biology experiments.More importantly，it provides a material basis for microbial signaling pathways and the development of new antibacterial drugs.