Abstract:Black rice has been regarded as food for health and longevity in Chinese culture for thousands of years. However the consumption of black rice has been low because of the difficulty in cooking and poor palatability. Recent progress in genomic breeding has produced black rice varieties with good cooking texture and palatability. Here we propose to change our dietary habit to make black rice staple food in our daily life. We expect that such change will not only make fundamental impacts in our nutrition, health and food security, it will also bring far reaching effects on sustainable development of the society and agriculture.

Abstract:Carbon sequestration and emission reduction of rice field is an important measure for China to achieve the strategy for carbon neutrality. Based on defining the carbon source and carbon sink function of rice production,the situation of regional carbon emission and carbon neutrality of provinces and cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was analyzed. The characteristics of carbon emission under different rice farming modes were studied. The impact and potential of different agronomic measures on carbon sequestration and emission reduction of rice fields were evaluated. A low-carbon rice farming pattern of “Increase carbon sequstration,reduce emission,reduce consumption and recycle” was proposed and constructed. Results of statistically analyzing literature showed that the carbon neutrality level of provinces and cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ranged from-1.52 to 1.75 million tons C-eq. The carbon neutrality level of the rice farming model in the region ranged from -401 to 2 673 C-eq (hm2?a). In general,carbon surplus can be achieved by agronomic measures including no-tillage,straw returning,nitrogen reduction,intermittent irrigation,integrated planting and farming in rice field. It is indicated that the carbon neutrality level of rice production can be improved through reasonable agronomic measures and optimizing the layout of rice cultivation patterns.

Abstract:The Yangtze River Basin is the main production area of rice and oilseed rape in China,and rice-oilseed rape rotation is the main planting pattern. Fertilization is the material basis for maintaining and improving the productivity of the crop rotation system. Application of fertilizers,especially nitrogen (N) fertilizers,plays a vital role in increasing yield. However,the excessive or unreasonable application not only leads to weak crop resistance,low N fertilizer utilization,poor quality and economic benefits,but also causes accumulation of nutrients in the environment,which affects the quality of the atmosphere,water bodies,and the health of human and livestock. Focusing on the problems of low carbon and nitrogen content in the cultivated soil,high nitrogen fertilizer usage,serious losses,and low nitrogen fertilizer utilization of the rice-oilseed rape rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin,a comprehensive regulation model was established through coordinating and optimizing the annual nutrient management,soil carbon and N coordinated regulation,slow/controlled release fertilizer application on N loss control,improvement of fertilization method,cultivation technologies with high-yield and high-efficiency in order to provide theoretical and technical support for increasing yield and efficiency of N fertilizer in rice-oilseed rape rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin.

Abstract:Intensive pond culture is the main aquaculture mode in China. In view of the key bottleneck such as excessive accumulation of pollutant and deterioration of aquaculture environment in traditional aquaculture ponds,we put forward a novel aquaculture mode,the Juanyang system,which can timely remove the solid waste out of the aquaculture pond and realize clean production. The Juanyang system,which includes culture bucket,platform,solid waste collection system,wastewater settle and treatment systems,is a totally new aquaculture mode with advantages of low labor and land requirement,water and feeding saving,zero wastewater discharge,high quantity and quality of production. The Juanyang system provides a good platform for integrating mechanization,informatization and industrialization into aquaculture,and lays a solid foundation for promoting the green and high efficiency aquaculture development in China. This paper systematically introduced the motivation for invention,the facility structure of the system,the quantity and quality of aquaculture products,the collection and treatment efficiency of pollutant,and the comprehensive benefits of the Juanyang system. We also presented the development trend of the Juanyang system in hoping of providing research and application direction in the future.

Abstract:Based on the survey data of farmers in the Yangtze River Economic Belt including Yunnan,Hubei and Jiangsu,the Trans-log stochastic frontier production function was used to measure the efficiency of fertilizer application and the Tobit model was used to estimate the impact of soil testing and formulated fertilization technology on fertilizer application efficiency in rice production. The results showed that there was still a 31.5% improvement potential in the efficiency of rice fertilizer application in the Yangtze River Economic Belt with other conditions unchanged. The efficiency of fertilizer application in the upper reaches (Yunnan) was relatively lower than that in the middle (Hubei) and the lower reaches (Jiangsu) of the Yangtze River. The efficiency of chemical fertilizer application in rice in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was lower than that of rice production technology,indicating that reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer at current stage would not only lead to a decline in rice yield,but would help improve the efficiency of chemical fertilizer application. Farmers significantly improved the efficiency of rice chemical fertilizer application through adopting soil testing and formulated fertilization technology. However,for farmers with a relatively high level of fertilizer application efficiency,the effect of soil testing and formulated fertilization technology on the improvement of chemical fertilizer application efficiency had been weakened. It is indicated that the construction of well-facilitated capital farmland to promote the joint planting scale can improve the effect of soil testing and formulated fertilization technology on the efficiency of chemical fertilizer application.

Abstract:This article constructed an index system for evaluating the green development level of agriculture from four aspects including resource conservation,environmental friendliness,quality and efficiency,and living guarantee to understand the situations and trends of green development of agriculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt,and to improve the overall competitiveness of agriculture in the region. On this basis,entropy method and Theil index were used to explore the green development level and regional differences of agriculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2017. The results showed that the overall green development level of agriculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has been gradually improved since 2003,especially in terms of rapid development of environmental friendliness,high quality and efficiency,and the living security standard. However,it is facing the dilemma of insufficient improvement in resource conservation as well. From the perspective of regional differences,the gap in the green development level of agriculture among provinces (cities) is narrowing,but the speed of narrowing is slowing down. The top-level design is considered to be improved to promote the overall green development level of agriculture. Measures should be taken in line with local conditions to make up for the shortcomings of the green development of agriculture in different province. The innovation-driven development should be strengthened and the scientific and technological system for the green development of agriculture should be improved.

Abstract:Taking the micro survey data of some farmers in the Yangtze River Economic Belt as an example,the intermediary effect test method of the Logit model was used to study the mechanism of farmers’ ecological cognition affecting their clean energy utilization behaviors (CEUBs). The results showed that the variables of farmers’ ecological cognition had significantly positive effects on their CEUBs,namely,the stronger the subjective norms,behavior attitudes,and perceived behaviors control of farmers,the more likely they were to implement CEUBs actively. The behavior of farmers played an intermediary role in subjective norms,perceived behavior control and clean energy use behavior,that is,the subjective norms and perceived behavior control of farmers in the Yangtze River Economic Belt affected their clean energy use behavior through behavioral attitude. The ecological cognition of different geomorphic farmers had significant heterogeneity on their CEUBs,that is,the subjective norms,behavior attitudes and perceived behavior control of farmers in different geomorphic areas of the Yangtze River Economic Belt had different effects on their CEUBs. The ecological cognition of different industry integration farmers had some heterogeneity on their clean energy use behavior,that is,the subjective norms,behavior attitudes and perceived behavior control of farmers in different industrial integration areas of the Yangtze River Economic Belt had some differences on the effect of their CEUBs. To promote the green development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt,we should not only play an effective role in promoting farmers’ CEUBs by ecological cognition but also actively use subjective norms and perceived behavior control to guide the farmers’ behavior attitude of CEUBs. Differentiated measures and strategies for farmers in different regions and different types of industrial integration should 〖JP2〗be implemented in accordance with local conditions to more effectively guide farmers to use clean energy,and ultimately promote protection of rural ecological environment and high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Abstract:Quantity and intensity of the nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from freshwater aquaculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1991 to 2019 were calculated in this paper. The correlation between the pollutants and the economic growth was also analyzed with Kuzents models. The results showed that:(1) The protein output,total nitrogen (TN),and total phosphorus (TP) from freshwater aquaculture increased steadily,especially in Hubei,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,and Hunan Province. The pollutant output per unit area was the highest in Zhejiang Province. (2) The emission intensity of TN and TP per unit protein output showed a slow increasing trend,which indicated that the freshwater aquaculture in the Yangtze River Economic Zone tended to the aquatic products with more serious environmental impact. (3) The TN and TP emissions of carnivorous aquatic products were the highest and increased continuously,the TN and TP emissions of omnivorous aquatic products were the second,increasing first and then decreasing,the total pollution load of filter-feeding aquatic products showed a decreasing trend,and the TN and TP emission of herbivore aquatic products was the lowest. (4) The results of Kuznets model showed that the protein output had a positive effect on the TN emission per unit area with the increase of freshwater aquaculture intensity,on the other hand,the TP emission per unit protein was inversely u-shaped,and Moran’s I index indicated that the spatial autocorrelation of TP emission intensity was higher and the mutual influence was more obvious. The regression results show that with the increase of fishery economy,the change of freshwater aquaculture structure and other factors have a greater impact on nitrogen pollution. More studies should be considered in nitrogen pollution abatement in aquaculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Abstract:Rabies is an ancient zoonosis caused by rabies virus,which infects the central nervous system,causing almost 100% mortality once the clinical symptoms appear. There is no effective treatment available so far. Currently,vaccination is still the most effective way to prevent rabies,so developing rabies vaccines is one of the hot spots in the field of rabies research. With the rapid development of biotechnology,novel rabies vaccines for different uses have been continuously emerged. In this report,the research progress of latest genetic engineering rabies vaccines including inactivated vaccine,attenuated vaccine,nucleic acid vaccine,subunit vaccine,virus-like particle vaccine,oral vaccine etc. is reviewed to grasp the current trend of rabies vaccine and lay the foundation for developing next generation of rabies vaccines.

Abstract:Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the food industry worldwide,providing more than half of the aquatic products for human beings. However,aquaculture is currently facing problems including low degree of mechanization and automation,low production and efficiency,and so on. Therefore,it is urgent to be transformed and upgraded. The underwater robot is a mobile and flexible underwater operation equipment. Compared with traditional underwater operations,it has obvious advantages in terms of operating methods,scope,and adaptability. After being applied to aquaculture monitoring and operations,it is expected to change the existing aquaculture mode,promote the transformation of the aquaculture industry to mechanization,engineering and intelligence,and alleviate the development crisis of the aquaculture industry. Although underwater robots have developed vigorously in recent years,its application in the aquaculture industry is still very limited,and there are still many technical bottlenecks that have not been resolved. This article focuses on the practical application of underwater robots for aquaculture,and analyzes the key technologies covering water quality monitoring,video surveillance and transmission,target recognition and positioning,high-precision underwater guidance,intelligent planning and motion control,and precise operations of underwater vehicle-manipulator systems in detail. The direction of future development is prospected to provide a comprehensive reference for studying and applying underwater robots for aquaculture. 

Abstract:Rice as a monocot model plant is one of the few crops that achieve mature tissue culture,but the physiological processes and specific molecular mechanisms in the process of tissue culture are still rarely understood. In this study,the CRISPR/CAS9 gene knockout vector of the CRL1 gene in the rice LBD gene family was constructed and transformed into callus of rice Zhonghua 11. Eight families with missing transgene fragments were obtained. The result of callus induction on the seeds of CRL1 gene knockout material showed that their callus induction was strongly inhibited,similar to the known RNA interference material phenotype of the rice OsIAA10 gene. The results of a subcellular localization of OsIAA10 showed that OsIAA10 was located on the nucleus and the cell membrane. Through the yeast two-hybrid screening library experiment,it was found that OsIAA10 can interact with four transcription factors including OsARF5,OsARF 17,OsARF 21,and OsARF 23 among members of the OsARF family. A yeast one-hybrid point-to-point experiment was performed using the promoterof CRL1 gene as a bait to construct a vector. The results showed that only OsARF5 and OsARF21 can specifically bind to the AuxRE motif in the promoter region of the CRL1 gene and activate the transcription of CRL1 gene. It is indicated that the development pathway of rice lateral roots is directly related to the process of callus induction. There is a conservative mechanism of auxin regulation between rice and dicots,which plays an important role in the process of callus induction in rice seeds.

Abstract:The effects of sowing date and seedling age on the yield and quality of two-season late japonica rice were studied using Ejing 403 as material under the combination of 2 sowing dates (June 25 and July 2) and 4 seedling ages (15,20,25 and 30 d). A field experiment with randomized complete block (RCB) design was conducted. The relationships between the temperature at the stage of grain filling and the quality of the two-season late japonica rice were analyzed to establish the high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques for late japonica rice and to promote the development of “early indica-late japonica” plantation pattern in Hubei Province. The results showed that the heading time of the two-season late japonica rice was delayed,and the period of grain filling and the whole growth were prolonged with the delay of the sowing date and the extension of the seedling age. But the period of vegetative growth in the field was shortened. The economic yield increased first and then decreased with the prolonged seedling age when sown on June 25,a local regular sowing date for the two-season late japonica rice. The highest yield was reached at 20 days of seedling age,and long seedling ages led to the significant loss of yield. Delayed sowing resulted in a significantly low yield compared with the regular sowing time,but there was no significant difference in yield among different seedling ages under the delayed sowing date. Both delayed sowing date and prolonged seedling age made the grinding quality lower but improved the appearance quality of two-season late japonica rice. The pasting temperature of rice flour did not change much under different sowing dates and seedling ages. However,the peak viscosity and breakdown values of rice flour at the same sowing date,as well as the final viscosity at the regular sowing date,increased first and then decreased with the prolonged seedling ages,with the highest value at 20 days of seedling age. Delayed sowing date resulted in consistent decrease of peak and final viscosities and the breakdown value,which made the cooking and eating qualities of rice lower. Therefore,a high integrated rice quality can be obtained when the two-season late japonica rice is sown during the regular sowing period and transplanted with 20 days of seedling age in this region. The low temperature during the stage of grain filling may become a limiting factor for the formation of grinding and cooking and eating qualities for the two-season late japonica rice when its heading is late.

Abstract:214 barley materials selected from home and abroad were classified according to its geographic origin,row-type and hull or naked barley to strengthen the development and utilization of germplasm resources and to improve the kernel traits of barley. The diversity of 9 kernel phenotypic traits and grain protein content (GPC) was analyzed and compared. Results showed that the GPC(10.89%),kernel length (11.36 mm) and kernel diameter (5.57 mm) of wild barley were significantly higher than the GPC (9.06%),kernel length (8.97 mm) and kernel diameter (5.10 mm) of cultivated barley according to the relationship of genetic evolution. However,the kernel width (2.99 mm) and kernel roundness (0.26) of wild barley were significantly lower than the kernel width (3.12 mm) and kernel roundness (0.34) of cultivated barley. There was no significant difference in thousand kernel weight between cultivated barley and wild barley. There were no significant differences in all kernel phenotypic traits between the wild barley from from Central Asian and Southwest Asian. The wild barley from Tibetan had the highest thousand kernel weight (36.25 g) and the lowest GPC ( 6.85%) in all regions. The GPC of cultivated barley in the 6 regions has tended to the same level due to long-term artificial selection and breeding. According to the row-type,the GPC of two-row wild barley (11.26%) was significantly higher than that of six-row wild barley (7.30%),while the thousand kernel weight of two-row wild barley (30.77 g) was significantly lower than that of six-row wild barley (34.66 g). In contrast,the GPC of two-row cultivated barley (8.51%) was significantly lower than that of six-row cultivated barley (9.64%),while its thousand kernel weight (31.81 g) was significantly higher than that of six-row cultivated barley (28.34 g). The kernel length and kernel diameter of hull barley were significantly larger than those of naked barley whether it is cultivated germplasm or wild germplasm. The results of correlation analyses between the various traits showed that thousand kernel weight was significantly positively correlated with kernel width and kernel diameter with the correlation coefficients of 0.850 and 0.681,respectively. The thousand kernel weight was significantly negatively correlated with GPC and kernel length-width ratio with the correlation coefficients of -0.216 and -0.121,respectively. There was significant positive correlation between thousand kernel weight and GPC (r=0.569**) in six-row wild barley. The results of cluster analyses of 10 kernel traits showed that there are different groups between cultivated barley and wild hull barley,naked barley and hull barley. Most of the cultivated barley were grouped into group Ⅰ,most of the naked barley into groupⅡ and most of the wild hull barley into group IV.

Abstract:The contents of metabolites in the mature kernels of each line from the RIL population constructed by crossing the common wheat Soru#1 with Naxos were determined. The results showed that the contents of 478 known metabolites detected had high broad-sense heritability and varying degrees of content variation. Among these metabolites,the structurally similar metabolite involved in the same metabolic pathway had the similar rule of content distribution. The QTL mapping of contents of metabolites detected resulted in a total of 385 mQTL loci corresponding to 236 metabolites. Five of them are hotspots co-mapped by more than five metabolites,located on the chromosome 5A with 2 hotspots,5B with 1 hotspot,6A with 1 hotspot,and 6B with 1 hotspot,respectively. Three of these hotspots are from Naxos and two are from Soru#1.

Abstract:The pod-setting traits of 59 mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties including 30 cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 29 maintenance lines were studied with field investigation,molecular markers and cytological observation. The results of molecular markers analysis showed that 23 lines were hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 7 lines were ogu cytoplasmic male sterile lines. The results of cytological observation showed that siliques of the 29 maintainers,7 ogu cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 5 hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines were plump and vertical,while siliques of the 18 hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines were abnormal to different degree. Using the maintainer material with normal pod setting as the control (CK),the anther abortion and floral organ development of the mustard ogu cytoplasmic male sterile lines and the mustard hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines were cytologically observed. The results showed that the flower abortion of ogu cytoplasmic male sterile lines and hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines (normal pods) was the tapetum degraded in advance,while that of hau cytoplasmic male sterile lines (abnormal pods) was the formation of stamen-pistil chimera. It is indicated that the cytological formation mechanism of the pod-setting traits in cytoplasmic male sterile lines of mustard is preliminarily explored.

Abstract:Six treatments including no fertilizer application (A),100% nitrogen fertilizer application (B),75%nitrogen and 25% peanut residue compost application(C),50% nitrogen and 50% peanut residue compost application (D),25% nitrogen and 75% peanut residue compost application (E),and 100% peanut residue compost application (F) were set. The endophytic bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil and root system of tomato was analyzed with high-throughput sequencing. The effects of different ratios of nitrogen/peanut residue compost on rhizosphere soil and endophytic bacterial community structure in root system of tomato were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the balanced fertilization of tomato. The results showed that the composition of dominant soil bacteria at phylum level in rhizosphere was not changed,but their ratios were altered by application different fertilizers. The amount of dominant endophytic bacteria at phylum level in root of tomato was all decreased by only applying single nitrogen or peanut residue compost. At genus level,the composition and ratios of soil bacteria in rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria in root were altered by application of different fertilizers as well. Some dominant bacteria includingPseudomonas,Sphingobium,Pantoea and Klebsiella were disappeared under the treatment B or F,indicating that single application of nitrogen or peanut residue compost is not helpful to build a healthy rhizosphere soil microenvironment of tomato and improve plant resistance. Some pathogenic bacteria including Ralstonia were enriched as dominant endophytic bacteria in roots of tomatoes under single nitrogen or peanut residue compost treatment,indicating that soil health in rhizosphere and crop resilience is not improved by single application of nitrogen or peanut residue compost. 25% nitrogen and 75% peanut residue compost are the best combination for improving soil health in rhizosphere and crop resilience among the 6 treatments.

Abstract:Microscopic observation was used to study 2n male gametogenesis and its cytological mechanism inCymbidium sinense‘Xiaoxiang’,C. lancifolium and its thirty-one hybrids to more effectively develop the breeding of polyploids in Chinese Cymbidium. The results showed the occurrence frequency of unreduced male gamete of thirty hybrids ranged from 0% to 9.36%. The average occurrence frequency of consecutive three years was 2.28%,significantly higher that of both male parent (0.22%) and female parent (0.19%). Eight hybrids with average occurrence frequency of more than 3% were obtained. There were significant differences in the average occurrence frequency of 2n male gamete among hybrids. The average occurrence frequency of 2n male gamete in most hybrids was significantly different among different years,indicating that the occurrence frequency of 2n male gamete was not only controlled by genetic factor but also significantly affected by environmental condition. The unreduced male gamete in the interspecific hybrids was produced with both dyad and triad. However,the main way of producing unreduced male gamete was not completely the same in hybrids. The formation of dyads was mainly due to the asynchronous meiotic division of microspore mother cells,resulting in some microspore mother cells not dividing in meiosisⅠand normal division in meiosis Ⅱ,while the formation of triad was caused by the abnormal orientation of the meiotic Ⅱ spindle to form a tripolar spindle in the interspecific hybrids.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effect of the combined application of N and Zn fertilizers on the growth,yield,nutrient absorption and distribution of rice,the indica hybrid rice variety Guangliangyou 35 and conventional japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare were treated with combined application of three Zn levels and four N levels in field experiment. We analyzed the shoot dry weight at different growth stages,the yield and its components at mature stage as well as the concentrations,accumulations and distributions of N and Zn in different organs and tissues. Results showed that the combined application of N and Zn fertilizers had synergistic effect on the rice biomass at the early growth stage and the yield at the mature stage. The combined application of N and Zn fertilizers had significant synergistic effect on rice panicle numbers. The significantly increased panicle numbers determined the increase of yield under the combined application of N and Zn fertilizers. The combined application of N and Zn fertilizers increased the concentrations of N and Zn in rice plant,and promoted the distribution of N and Zn to the reproductive organ (spikelet),which is one of the main physiological mechanisms of increasing yield under the combined application of N and Zn fertilizers.

Abstract:In order to study the effect mechanism of molybdenum(Mo) and nitrogen(N) on lodging resistance of wheat,a randomized block design was used,two varieties winter wheat 97003 and 97014 were applied as materials,four N levels (N 0,120,210,300 kg/hm2) and 3 Mo levels (NH4)2MoO4 0,0.75,1.50 kg/hm2) were set to compare and analyze the changes of stem morphological characteristics,basal stem node thick cell wall components and stem mechanical characteristics of wheat under different Mo and N ratios. The results indicated that:(1) Under the same N and Mo levels,the distance from break to top and bending moment of Mo low-efficiency variety 97014 were higher than Mo high-efficiency variety 97003; compared with no N application,the fresh weight and bending moment of above-ground parts of two wheat varieties could be improved at three N levels,especially 210 kg/hm2 N was obvious,and N application has a significant effect on the section coefficient and bending stress. At N 0 and 210 kg/hm2,the breaking moment will increase with the increase of Mo application;(2) The basal node length of wheat variety 97003 was higher than that of wheat variety 97014 under all Mo and N fertilization levels,while the upper node length and ear length were lower than that of wheat variety 97014; the outer diameter of long axis and the inner diameter of longaxis and ear length of wheat Mo efficient variety 97003 increased with the increase of N application level in addition,the outer diameter and inner diameter of long axis,basal stem length and ear length of wheat variety 97014 increased with the increase of N application level; (3) With the increase of N application rate,the nonstructural carbohydrate of wheat stem decreased significantly,and the application of (NH4)2MoO4 0.75 kg/hm2 in efficient wheat variety 97003 can reduce the amount of nonstructural carbohydrate in wheat stem; (4) The cellulose and lignin content in the base of two wheat varieties were different. The cellulose and lignin contents of 97003 wheat variety with high Mo efficiency were basically unchanged under different treatment. The cellulose content of wheat variety 97003 with low Mo efficiency was increased by applying (NH4)2MoO4 1.5 kg/hm2 under four N levels. The lignin content of basal internode decreased when 0.75 kg/hm2 (NH4)2MoO4 was applied at 210 kg/hm2 N and 120 kg/hm2 N. The optimal combination of the main physical properties of the two winter wheat lines under different Mo and N application rates were different. The short and thick basal internode,large stem wall thickness,increased total amount of structural carbohydrates and good stalk plumpness were the direct reasons for the high bending resistance,small lodging index and enhanced lodging resistance of winter wheat.

Abstract:To provide a theoretical reference for scientifically applying biochar and improving the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers,33 publicly published documents were collected,and 170 sets of nitrogen fertilizer utilization data including biochar combined with chemical fertilizer (NPK+BC) and single chemical fertilizer (NPK) treatment were established,and integrated analysis (Meta-analysis) to study the differences in nitrogen use efficiency in various regions under NPK and NPK+BC treatments. Quantify the impacts of biochar on the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops from various aspects:different areas,soil nutrients,nitrogen fertilizer dosage,biochar characteristics and application rate,crop types. In general,the application of biochar could increase the NUE of crops by about 4.76%. Among these regions,the effect of biochar promotion in the southern region was the most pronounced,increasing by about 11.73%. Soil fertility could affect the effects of biochar on NUE. The application of biochar had the best effect on the improvement of NUE of corps in the southern regions with low pH,organic matter and available nitrogen content,while the effect was relatively low in the northeast regions with high organic matter and pH. When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate was less than 120 kg/hm2,the synergistic effect of biochar was the most evident,and the NUE was increased by 10.73%. The nitrogen utilization rate was higher in grain crops than in commercial crops,and it was increased by 5.71%. The amount of biochar that is applied should be controlled below 1%,and the NUE should be increased by 3.43%. The improvement effect of biochar made from wood materials was the most obvious,and the NUE was increased by 7.99%. When the nitrogen content of biochar exceeded 2%,the NUE could be increased by 19.43%. When the pH of biochar was 9-10,the NUE could be increased by 5.01%.

Abstract:BiOI/BiOBr heterojunction composite catalytic material was synthesized with solvothermal method. Its degradation ability of rhodamine B was investigated. The photocatalytic performance of the BiOI/BiOBr heterojunction,BiOBr and BiOI was compared. The structure,morphology and optical properties of the samples were characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD),field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),UV-vis diffuse reflection spectrum (UV-vis DRS),steady-state and transient-state PL spectra. The degradation rate of rhodamine B was analyzed by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the BiOI/BiOBr heterojunction photocatalytic materials had good degradation ability to 100 mg/L rhodamine B,indicating that the degradation rate of rhodamine B was 100% in forty minutes,significantly higher than that of pure BiOBr (80%) and BiOI (72%). The first order kinetic rate constant was 0.102 8 min-1,2.6 times of BiOBr (0.040 3 min-1) and 3 times of BiOI (0.034 4 min-1),respectively. This heterojunction photocatalyst can both effectively promote the photogenerated charge separation and maintain the strong redox ability of the composites,which may be the internal reason for efficient degradation of Rhodamine B by BiOI/BiOBr heterostructures.

Abstract:Due to the unique climatic characteristics of hot summer and cold winter,the application of vertical greening in China can not copy the practical experience of tropical high-density cities including Hong Kong and Singapore. The “Envi-met+TRNSYS” coupling method was used to rationally analyze the winter energy-saving effects of different vertical greening patterns. The spatial structure of residential areas and the typical winter meteorological days in southern Hunan were analyzed. The residential building covered with three patterns of vertical greenings was simulated with the indoor thermal data collected. Based on the human body’s tolerance to the cold in Hunan Province,TRNSYS was used to simulate indoor heating energy demand under different vertical greening patterns. The results showed that vertical greening may increase the energy demand for building heating in cold climate conditions,which is unfavorable to energy conservation. In a typical winter day in southern Hunan Province,the buildings with linear green walls and modular green walls increased the electricity consumption per household for heating by 1.2 to 1.5 kW·h. The buildings with green facade walls still had an energy-saving effect in winter,with an average household heating energy saving of about 0.2 kW·h.

Abstract:In the semen cryopreservation of Tongcheng boars,it was found that there were individual differences in semen quality after cryopreservation. According to the results of sperm motility after repeated semen cryopreservation and the pedigree relationship,three individuals with good semen freezability (GSF) and three individuals with poor semen freezability (PSF) were selected,respectively. Fixation index (FST) analysis of GSF and PSF was performed by using the "Zhongxin No.1" SNP chip,and the key candidate genes influencing the semen freezability were identified by bioinformatics method. The results showed that there were significant differences in sperm motility of 22 Tongcheng pigs after cryopreservation. The pedigree relationship among three GSF or three PSF was closer than that between them,which indicated that the differences of semen freezability in boar might be affected by genetic factor. After FST analysis,the mean value of FST was 0.170 5,which indicated a high degree of genetic differentiation between GSF and PSF. Furthermore,266 SNPs in the top 1% of FST (FST＞0.53) were selected. By annotating the 100 kb flank regions of these SNPs,we found 397 candidate genes,which enriched in the gene ontology (GO) terms related to cell morphology,actin cytoskeleton and ion channel,etc. Some highly differentiated genes in these biological processes such as KCNG4, ARPC1B, DNAAF4, MNS1, LIMK2,RPL31 and VIM were identified as key candidate genes. These results indicate that semen freezability of boar after cryopreservation is affected by genetic factor and controlled by some key genes,which are worthy of further study.

Abstract:To compare the effects of different medium-effect dilution powders on the quality of boar semen stored at normal temperature,9 kinds of medium-effect dilution powders were selected,including 3 kinds of domestic and 6 kinds of foreign products,numbered as A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H and I,respectively.Boar semen from 12 Duroc was used for normal temperature preservation by measuring the pH value,motility,effective preservation time,deformity rate,acrosome integrity rate and plasma membrane integrity rate during the effective period of sperm motility.The results showed that the sperm motility of diluted powder E was significantly higher than that of diluted powder C,D,F and G after storage for 3 days (P<0.05).The semen diluted with diluted powder E and I had the longest effective storage time,reaching 10.91 d and 10.33 d,significantly higher than the other 6 (P <0.05).The deformities of diluted powder D,E,G and H were lower,and the deformities of diluted powder D and E were significantly lower than the other 4 (P <0.05).The sperm acrosome integrity rate of diluted powder A was always the highest after the 2nd day,which was significantly higher than that of diluted powder C,D and F (P <0.05).The sperm membrane integrity rate of diluted powder E and H was significantly higher than that of diluted powder D and F (P <0.05).Taken together,when boar semen diluted with 9 kinds of medium-effect dilution powders was stored at room temperature,the qualified rate reached 88.89% of the national standard and product standard.Among them,dilution powder E,H and I have the best effect.The evaluation of diluent powder’s influence on boar semen quality should include several indexes.

Abstract:In order to help the pig farm managers better carry out the reproductive management of sows, predict the high and low yield sows, and timely eliminate the low yield sows, in this study, we collected and sorted out the dataset of three sow populations, including birth herd, farrow herd, breed and birth weight of different parities, formulated the classification standard of sow high and low yield, and used boruta package in R software to screen out the important characteristics affecting high and low yield of sows. Four different machine learning methods, logistic regression (LOG), decision tree (DT), random forest were (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to construct the classification model of high and low yield sows, and the decision tree view analysis was carried out to explore the related factors affecting the highest yield of sows. The results showed that the classification accuracy of the four machine learning methods for sow high yield classification model was about 71%, and the highest was 84%. It was also found that SVM as the best modeling method appears most frequently across all data sets and different classification criteria, followed by LOG and DT. The decision tree view showed that birth herd, breed and birth weight of different parties were important leaf nodes for dividing the highest yield sows, and these characteristics can be used to predict the most productive sows, with an accuracy of 73%-82%. These results indicated that it will be a good choice to use machine learning method to predict the high and low yields of sows in the future.

Abstract:Eleven morphological characters of 19 Paramisgurnus dabryanus populations from 7 water systems were analyzed by using GLM linear regression analysis one-way ANOVA discriminant analysisprincipal component analysis and cluster analysis. The GLM linear regression analysis showed that the anal-caudal fin distance (DAC) /body length (LB) was negatively correlated with latitude (r=-0.782)and the caudal peduncle length (LCP)/body length (LB) was positively correlated with latitude (r=0.834). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the morphological differences were not significant between the Songhua River and the Liaohe River populations; Songliao population was characterized by a shorter total lengtha longer caudal peduncle length and a shorter anal-caudal fin distance. Discriminant analysis showed that the comprehensive correct diserimi-nation rate was 65.9% and the accuracy of the discrimination between the populations from Songliao and the southern was 100%. The principal component analysis result indicated that 62.9% of the variance was explained by three major three major components. The first and most important component explained 38.1% of the original variation and the parameters with strong positive discriminating power (load value>0.4) were body height (HB) body width (WB) caudal peduncle height (HCP)caudal peduncle height (LCP). The result of clustering analysis revealed two distinct clusters:the north and the south populations. The present study showed that there was significant difference in the morphological characteristics of P. dabryanus between the southern and northern water system in China. According to the Mayr’s 75% rule most morphology differences of P. dabryanusbetween the Songliao and some southern water systems may characterize subspecies. The present study provides morphological basis for the taxonomic status of the P. dabryanus population in China. It also provides useful information for the population assessment management and conservation of P. dabryanus.

Abstract:To explore the morphological differentiation of Schizothorax o’connori populations in the Yarlung Tsanpo River,multivariate morphometric methods were used to investigate the morphological differences of ten populations of S. o’connori based on the proportional data of 12 conventional characters and 20 truss characters. In principal component analysis,six principal components (PC) were constructed,with the cumulative contribution rate of 74.23%,of which the first principal component (PC1) was mainly affected by 14 characters along the horizontal body axis such as TL/BL,SL/BL,ED/BL, D1-2/BL and D1-3/BL,and the PC2 is mainly affected by 10 characters along the vertical body axis such as BD/ BL,CPD/ BL,BW/BL,DOP/BL,DOV/BL. The results of principal component analysis,one-way ANOVA and cluster analysis showed that there was distinct morphological differentiation between the two populations (Tongmai and Kadaqiao) from the Purlung Tsangpo River-a tributary in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (YTGC),and the eight populations from the upper reaches of the YTGC,and each of the two groups was clustered into one branch. Whereas the eight populations from the upper reaches of the YTGC were grouped into two sub-groups. The discriminant functions were built for ten populations of S. o’connori,with a total discriminant accuracy rate of 88.60%,of which the discriminating accuracy for Shigatse,Lhatse,Maldrogongkar and Tongmai populations ranged from 95.92% to 100.00%. The morphological differentiation of the S. o’connori populations between the upper and lower reaches of the YTGC may be related to geographical isolation and their adaptation to specific habitats. The results obtained in this study will provide basic information for the identification,enhancement and release,conservation of germplasm resources,and adaptive evolution study of this species.

Abstract:Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) in citrus have been of increasing interest due to its extensive biological activities. Nobiletin (NOB),one of the main substances of PMFs,has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer,and nerve protection resistance activities. Although the anti-inflammatory activity of PMFs has been already reported,its involvement in lung protection has rarely been reported. This article is aimed to investigate the protective effects of PMFs in Citrus reticulata‘Chachi’ on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. PMFs were extracted from Citrus reticulata‘Chachi’ and purified. The structure of PMFs in citrus was identified. A mouse model of acute lung injury was established by intranasal instillation of lipopolysaccharide. The effects of PMFs on ALI were explored by measuring the degree of lung tissue damage,the wet/dry mass ratio of lung tissue,the activity of oxidative damage indicators,and the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The results showed that the main components of the extracted PMFs were the nobiletin and tangeretin (About 80% in the PMFs). PMFs with the contents of 250 mg/kg and NOB with the contents of 50 mg/kg significantly alleviated ALI. It is indicated that PMFs and NOB have good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,and have a certain protective effect on ALI.

Abstract:Grass carp myofibrillar protein and chitosan were used as film forming materials to prepare edible film. Taking the drying temperature,the concentration of the glycerol,the ratio of myofibril protein and chitosan as single factors,the effects were explored on the edible film thickness,mechanical properties (tensile strength,elongation at break),water vapor permeability,solubility and chromaticity. The response surface Box-Benhnken analysis was designed to study the interaction between the factors according to the results of single factor experiments. The results showed that the optimum technological conditions were as follows:drying temperature 55℃,glycerin content 1.6%,film forming material ratio (myofibrillin∶chitosan) 4.3∶3.7（V/V）. The optimized composite membrane tensile strength is 6.21 MPa,elongation at break is 68.67%,water vapor permeability is 1.43×10-11g/(m·s·Pa). The edible film was characterized by water contact angle,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the myofibrillar protein had good molecular compatibility with chitosan and overcamethe disadvantages of poor mechanical strength and high hydrophilicity of single component. The results could provide a new idea for the study of edible membrane and expand the application range of low-value fish protein.

Abstract:The sarcoplasmic protein is a water-soluble protein,which accounts for 20%-40% of fish protein. It is lost with the rinsing liquid during the preparation of surimi,resulting in a waste of protein resources. In order to improve the utilization rate of sarcoplasmic protein in surimi rinsing solution,the single chitosan flocculation and hydrochloric acid-chitosan flocculation coupling treatment were used to recover the sarcoplasm protein from surimi rinsing solution of silver carp. The flocculation conditions of hydrochloric acid-chitosan flocculation coupling treatment were optimized through single factor experiments and Box-Bechnken central combination design. The results showed that the recovery rate of sarcoplasmic protein was significantly increased from 35.52% to 81.54% by hydrochloric acid treatment (pH 3.0) when chitosan was used as a single flocculant. The recovery process of sarcoplasmic protein was optimized as follows:pH 6.5,250 mg/L chitosan,30 ℃,90 min. Under these conditions,a high protein recovery rate of 85.23% and a COD removal rate of 73.32% was obtained. The NaCl of 0.006% introduced into the surimi rinsing liquid in this method does not increase the cost of subsequent wastewater treatment,and has a certain feasibility. It will provide a theoretical basis for recovering and utilizing sarcoplasmic protein in surimi rinsing water,and a technical support and reference for purifying rinsing wastewater during the process of surimi.

Abstract:Rhizome Chinese medicine refers to rhizomes or underground stem medicinal materials with a small amount of roots or fleshy scales. Due to the high similarity of plant morphology of rhizome medicinal materials,it has caused the problem of confusion and difficulty in distinguishing the authenticity of Chinese medicinal materials in the market,and further cause serious clinical medication risk.Traditional Chinese medicine identification methods are cumbersome to operate,long analysis time,high cost,and relatively low efficiency.In order to establish the identification method of six kinds of easily confused rhizome Chinese medicinal materials including Subprostrate Sophora,Ardisia crispa,Rhizoma Menispermi,Philippine Flemingia,Yunnan bean,and Yunnan cowpea,etc,which has rich chemical composition and high medicinal value. In this research we used near-infrared diffuse reflectance(NIR) spectroscopy to collect spectral information within 900-1 700 nm,and then combined with principal component analysis (PCA),systematic cluster analysis (SCA),k-nearest neighbor (k-NN),and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to develop qualitative discriminant models. Results showed that the six kinds of medicinal materials showed obvious classification and aggregation characteristics in principal component analysis and systematic cluster analysis.,the classification accuracy rate for 46 unknown samples up to 93.48% and 95.65% for k-NN and LDA,respectively. From the results of the experiment,we come to the following conclusion that NIR coupled with pattern recognition techniques,which is rapid,accurate,and low-cost,has potential to discriminate Rhizome Chinese medicine.

Abstract:Cotton production in China is huge.The southern region of Xinjiang is one important cotton production base of China. At the same time,cotton production is a pillar industry in this region as well. However,the quality and sorting problem of lint-free cotton has severely limited the development of the cotton industry in this region. In order to realize the detection of damaged population cottonseed,the population cottonseed of Xinluzao-50# lint-free cottonseed were randomly arranged. The CCD camera was used to collect the image of the population cottonseed. The classic single-step multi-frame detection (single shot multibox detector,SSD) algorithm was improved. Based on the improved SSD,the ResNet50 network was used to replace the VGG network in the classic SSD algorithm. ResNet50 was used as the basic network of the SSD to quickly extract the image characteristics of the population cottonseed,and to finally realize the accurate identification of the damaged cottonseed in the population lint-free cottonseed. The results showed that the detection accuracy,recall rate,and missed detection rate of the model established by this method for the damaged cottonseed and the non-destructive cottonseed in the population cottonseed was 96.1%,97.3%,and 0%,respectively. It is higher than that (92.5%,96.4%,1.4%) of the classic SSD network model. This study transfers the pre-trained model weights under the COCO large dataset to the task of damage and non-destructive detection in the population cottonseed,which accelerates the convergence speed of the population cottonseed detection model and saves the training cost of the model.It solves the problem of the difficulty of segmentation of the population cottonseed image. It directly uses the convolutional neural network to obtain the position and category information of the cottonseed. It is not necessary to use traditional image recognition methods to separate the individuals in population cottonseed for detection. It will provide a novel idea for detecting population cottonseed damage to accelerate the intelligent sorting of cottonseed and a technical support for subsequently studying and developing related automation equipment.

Abstract:In view of the complex topographic features of the southern hilly orchard and tea garden,a wheeled transporter driven by hub motor for hilly orchard and tea garden was designed on the basis of a centralized motor-driven transport vehicle. The transporter uses 36 V lead-acid batteries as its energy source,adopts dual rear-wheel independent drive and has an electronic differential steering system. The performance of key indicators of the transporter including the maximum gradeability,the driving range,the differential speed and the braking was investigated. The results showed that the maximum climbing degree of the transporter was 15° with full load. The minimum radius of turning was 2 395 mm. The average mileage of the transporter at the normal speed of 20 km/h under no-load and full-load conditions reached 66.97 km and 46.33 km. The emergent braking distance of the transporter at an initial speed of 25 km/h,20 km/h,15 km/h,and 10 km/h under full-load condition was 5.83 m,4.11 m,2.68 m,1.57 m. The maximum relative error between the experimental value and the theoretical value was 8.2%. The differential steering performance of transporter was good as well.