Abstract:Rapeseed is the largest oil crop in China. However,it has been seriously affected by clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in recent years,with the infected area of more than 667 000 hm2. The clubroot disease has become the number one killer affecting the safety of rapeseed production. There are many methods for prevention and treatment of clubroot disease in rapeseed,but the most economical and effective way is the genetic improvement of disease resistance. In order to accelerate the genetic improvement of clubroot disease resistance in rapeseed in China,this article summarized the progress in discovering resources of disease resistance,mapping genes of disease resistance,and breeding of disease resistance. Some scientific or industrial problems to be resolved are put forward in a timely manner. Since longterm planting of rapeseed varieties with single resistance can easily lead to the loss of resistance,this article proposes possible ways to breed varieties with longlasting resistance. The specific suggestions on how to develop rapeseed varieties with durable resistance and how to utilize them properly in the field are provided.

Abstract:Rapeseed is the world’s third largest oil crop,an important source of producing plant oil with highquality and feed protein,and has become one of the most valuable trade agricultural products. Rapeseed strictly requires water at each stage of growth and development. With the occurrence of global warming and heavy rainfall events,the environment of rapeseed production has deteriorated. The alternation of drought and flooding has a significant impact on the growth process and metabolic process of rapeseed,and ultimately reduces the yield and quality of rapeseed. “One sowing and all seedlings” is the basis for the high and stable yield of crops. The water condition of rapeseed after sowing largely determines the number of seedlings. The effect of water condition at each stage of growth and development after seedlings on rapeseed production cannot be underestimated,which determines the final production benefit of rapeseed. Under water stress,the drought (flooding) signal is first sensed by the root system of rapeseed. At the same time,a series of physiological reactions including stoma closure,weakening of photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment occur in the aboveground part of the plant. The aboveground and underground parts of plant simultaneously activate corresponding mechanisms to resist water stress. However,studies about indepth analyses of the rootshoot interaction of rapeseed are rare.

Abstract:The soil available magnesium（Mg） is typically low in the main producing area of rapeseed. In recent years,Mg deficiency is becoming a potential factor limiting rapeseed yield due to the unbalance between large removal of Mg under high productivity cropping system and less input under current nutrient management that prioritizing the application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium. On the purpose to comprehensively evaluate the soil Mg status and the effects of Mg application on seed yield,the present review summarized the main progress of Mg nutrition research in rapeseed plants. It is indicated that rapeseed requires 20-40 kg/hm2 Mg for better growth and a large area of soils in the main producing area lack sufficient available Mg (the average value of soil available Mg is 225.7 mg/kg,of which 53.7% of the soils is less than 200.0 mg/kg,in a state of Mg deficiency). The application of Mg fertilizer greatly improves seed yield by more than 15%. Mg is proposed to be the fifth essential element following nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and boron,and to be supplemented by fertilization. It will provide suggestions for the scientific management of Mg fertilizer in winter rapeseed production. For better rapeseed production,we also propose recommendations for Mg fertilizer.

Abstract:The rapeseed whole industry chain of includes the stages of pre-production,midproduction,and post-production. The development of mechanization and intelligent technology at each stage is one of the important ways to achieve cost-saving and efficiency-increasing in rapeseed production. This article analyzed the general situation at home and abroad of the rapeseed whole industry chain and the development status of key technologies and equipment in the main links. The key technologies in plot breeding and seed precise treatment at the stage of pre-production and rapeseed oil processing at the stage of postproduction were summarized. It focused on the development trends of key technologies in soil tillage,sowing,harvesting,and field management at the stage of mid-production. It covered technologies and equipment in seedbed managing,furrow opening,deep fertilization,straw returning,single and centralized precise sowing,drone sowing,disease-pest-weed control,windrower,combine harvesting,and forage rapeseed harvesting in detail. Based on the systematic summary and analyses of the characteristics and development trends of the rapeseed industry in China,it is pointed out that there are regional imbalances,imbalances at the stages of upstream and downstream,and imbalances in the technical system of each link in the mechanized and intelligent development of the rapeseed whole industry chain. It is proposed to accelerate the research and development of series of equipment at the stages of pre-production and post-production,promote the multi-functional development and utilization of rapeseed,realize the balanced development of mechanization in all links of rapeseed production,explore the intelligent technology and unmanned system of rapeseed mechanized production. The formation of a development path driven by the government promoting,market pulling,scale production driving,and science and technology leading is the key to achieving the high-quality and efficient development of the rapeseed whole industry chain.

Abstract:Strain CanL30 of Bacillus velezensis was incubated in 10L,1ton and 10ton jar fermenters for characterization of bacterial growth and endospore development. A water wettable powder of CanL30 was formulated based on the endospores from the bacterial cultures,and the powder was evaluated for efficacy in control of Sclerotinia stem rot and blackleg of oilseed rape. The results showed that CanL30 could grow and form endospores in the fermenters. After incubation at 30℃ for 48 h in the 10L fermenter,for 36 h in the 1t fermenter and for 40 h in the 10t fermenter,the endospore formation rates were 74%,93% and 92%,respectively. In the 1t and 10t fermenters,the final bacterial yield reached 1×1010 cfu/mL and 3.3×109 cfu/mL,respectively. The resulting bacterial cultures were dried by heat spray,and a water wettable bacterial powder (1×1011 cfu/g) was prepared by amending the bacterial powder with related additives. The formulated powder conforms to the national standard of wettable powder pesticides regarding the thermal stability (54℃),suspension ability and wettability. The results of the bioactivity tests on agar medium showed that the powder had the antifungal activity against mycelial growth/sclerotial formation by S. sclerotiorum,and conidial germination of L. biglobosa. The result of the indoor biocontrol assay showed that the powder effectively suppressed infection by S. sclerotiorum and L. biglobosa on leaves of oilseed rape. The result of the field biocontrol assays in Tianmen City and Chibi City of Hubei Province showed that the powder suppressed Sclerotinia stem rot and blackleg by 55% and 42%,respectively,and the efficacy were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those in the treatment of the fungicide prochloraz,which suppressed Sclerotinia stem rot by 51% and blackleg by 37%. Compared to the control treatment,the application of the CanL30 powder significantly (P<0.05) increased the yield of seeds of oilseed rape by 14% in the Tianmen trial and 12% in Chibi trial. These results suggest that the water wettable powder of CanL30 can effectively suppress Sclerotinia stem rot and blackleg of oilseed rape,and meanwhile,it can enhance the seed yield of oilseed rape.

Abstract:To better understand the future variation trends of subjective demands for different traits of rapeseed varieties and the differences between groups of farmers in China and to provide decisionmaking basis for the breeding of rapeseed varieties,descriptive statistical method was used to report the annual trends of farmers’ subjective demand for traits of 9 rapeseed varieties based on the survey data of 17 701 samples collected from 18 provinces with fixed observation points of China agriculture research system (rapeseed) from 2009 to 2020. Group differences of farmer’s subjective demands for different traits of rapeseed varieties were analyzed between different regions,topographic regions,land scale,age and education level of farmer. The results showed that there were significant differences in farmers’ subjective demand for different traits of rapeseed varieties. According to the annual average of whole nation,the decreasing order was yield (86.15%),followed by disease resistance (68.02%),oil extraction rate (62.28%),lodging resistance (61.43%),germination rate (43.47%),insect resistance (41.41%),suitable for mechanization (35.63%),doublelow (35.60%),price of seed (30.98%). Farmers’ subjective demand for yield decreased by 6.68 percentage,oil extraction rate increased by 28.30 percentage,insect resistance decreased by 17.30 percentage,disease resistance decreased by 1.98 percentage,lodging resistance increased by 15.61 percentage,price of seed decreased by 17.60 percentage from 2009 to 2020. Farmers’ subjective demand for germination rate increased by 33.13 percentage,doublelow increased by 9.29 percentage,suitable for mechanization increased by 2.71 percentage from 2015 to 2020. There were significant differences in farmers’ subjective demand for different traits of rapeseed varieties among different groups of farmers. It is recommended that the breeding of rapeseed cultivars with more resistance should be far more strengthened from the perspective of farmers’ needs and on the basis of further breeding rapeseed cultivars with highyield and high oil extraction rate. Rapeseed cultivars with double-low,high germination rate and suitable for mechanization should be the target of breeding and promotion in the future. A batch of rapeseed varieties with high-quality and high-price can be released to increase the income of rapeseed breeders.

Abstract:A kind of seedbed preparation technology scheme consisted of “left-turn disc plough group burying stubble,reverse rotary knife roll crushing soil,side mounted plough ditching furrow” was put forward to resolve the working conditions of high rice stubble,heavy soil adhesion and large fluctuation of water content in the rice-rapeseed rotation area and the production practice that the single function tillage machine is not conducive to scramble for farming time and compacts soil as it repeatedly works in the fields. A kind of rapeseed directseeding seedbed preparation machine combined driving type disc ploughing with reverse rotary tilling was designed. The machine is mainly composed of driving disc plough group,reverse rotary blade roller,front ditch plough and rear ditch plough and soil-flated plate,which can realize the functions of surface flatting,seedbed crushing,straw burying and furrow ditching. The spatial layout design principle of each tillage part was analyzed. The structure and working parameters of the driving type disc plough group and the counterrotating cutter roller were determined. The result of field test showed that the average value of tillage depth,furrow depth,furrow width,compartment flatness,the rate of soil pulverizing and straw burying in seedbed after preparation machine operation was 173.2 mm,190.2 mm,401.4 mm,11.6 mm,95.9% and 90.2%,respectively. The average value of stability coefficient of tillage depth,furrow depth and furrow width was 85.6%,86.7% and 84.6%,respectively. It can meet the agronomic requirements of seedbed preparation for rapeseed mechanized direct-seeding.

Abstract:In view of the complex conditions of soil stickiness and compaction,large fluctuations of soil water content,large retention of previous rice straw,and the production requirements of furrow for rapeseed planting in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,a furrow plough with boot shape and sharp angle was developed to mechanically prepare ditch for rapeseed seedbed. A smooth parabola was selected as the sliding edge curve,and a threesided wedge model of the imitating bootshaped acuteangled furrowing plough was established. Simultaneously,the dynamic analyses of the interaction between the plough body and the soil were carried out. Results showed that the sliding angle of the sliding cutting edge curve ranged from 23° to 67°,the plow body entry angle was 30°,the plow tip opening angle was 60°,the length of the retaining plate was 400 mm,and the wing angle varied from 40° to 79.2°. Results of field trials showed that the shoeshaped acuteangle ditching plow can produce trapezoidal grooves with a width and depth of 200400 mm and 175250 mm,respectively. The stability of the groove width and depth was 90.6% and 92.4%,respectively. After the unit operation,the soil adhesion capacity of plough was 238 g on average and no grass choked the plough,indicating that the unit has good feasibility. Fin inclination angle,furrow depth,and operating speed significantly affected working quality of ditching (such as soil return quantity) in the increasing order of fin inclination angle,furrow depth,and operating speed. Furthermore,an orthogonal experiment with DesignExpert software was designed to obtain the optimal combination of parameters. The optimized parameters were wing angle of 46.22°,ditching depth of 183.06 mm,and operating speed of 0.6 m/s. Under this condition,soil return quantity was 2.34%. In order to verify the feasibility of the optimization,a field experiment with a wing angle of 46°,a ditching depth of 183 mm,and operating speed of 0.6 m/s was carried out in the demonstration base of wholeprocess mechanized production of ricerapeseed rotation in Jianli County,Jingzhou City,Hubei Province. 3.28% of soil return quantity and 0.94% of the difference of the test results were observed. It is indicated that a furrow plough designed with boot shape and sharp angle has a better ditching effect,which meets the agronomic requirements of rapeseed planting. It will provide a reference for preparing canola ditches in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This study only carried out the operation quality test of the bootleg sharp angle furrow plough under the same working condition. The power consumption of the bootleg sharp angle furrow plough and the applicability of the soil environment in different regions need to be further studied.

Abstract:Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) mainly include spherical carbon dots and graphene quantum dots, which have attracted extensive attention in the fields of biological analysis, cell imaging and medical diagnosis due to their brilliant luminescent properties and excellent biocompatibility. The synthesis methods of CQDs include arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical oxidation, hydrothermal synthesis and so on. The luminescence mechanisms of CQDs include quantum confinement effect, surface defect model, conjugated π domain model, edge state model and so on. In recent years, it has been found that CQDs can not only be used to establish highly sensitive methods for virus detection, but also possess good antiviral activity. Based on the change of fluorescence signal of CQDs, the researchers have established new detection methods for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), adenovirus , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, etc.; besides, by changing the synthetic raw materials and surface modified molecules, the researchers have also developed CQDs with good inhibitory effect on the proliferation of many viruses, such as coronavirus, herpesvirus, flavivirus. In this paper, we briefly elaborates the synthesis methods and optical properties of CQDs, and systematically summarizes the research progress of CQDs in the field of virus detection and antivirus. Finally, the existing problems and the future development direction in this field were prospected.

Abstract:In order to explore the characteristics of LEA_2 family members in rice,we characterized 60 LEA_2 family members in the whole genome of rice with bioinformatics,and found they were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Results of analyzing protein sequence showed that the molecular weight of the LEA_2 proteins were between 16.24 ku and 49.14 ku with isoelectric points ranging from 4.7 to 11.7,and 42 of them tended to be hydrophobic. Results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that rice LEA_2 proteins are classified into five major clades,and proteins in the same clade has similar conservative motifs. Results of analyzing gene structure showed that LEA_2 genes had no or few introns. Results of analyzing promoter sequence showed that there were a large number of cis-elements related to growth and development,hormone signal transduction and stress response in promoter regions of rice LEA_2 genes. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis of the expression profile and fluorescence quantitative PCR assays, the co-expression of LEA_2 family genes was found to be obvious. Both OsLEA2-2 and OsLEA2-26 were up-regulated and expressed by more than 60 times under drought stress.

Abstract:Liangyou 6326 as one of the promotion varieties in Hubei Province was used to analyze the effects of water management on grain quality of the ratoon rice. Two different water managements including continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) were applied in the main season. Milling quality,appearance quality,eating and nutritional quality,and health and safety quality of the ratoon rice was assessed under CF and AWD conditions. Under CF condition ,the brown rice rate,milled rice rate and head rice rate of the main crop was significantly increased by 3.78%,4.45%,and 13.03%,respectively. The brown rice rate,milled rice rate and head rice rate of the ratoon crop under the CF condition were 1.63%,1.26% and 8.03% higher than those under the AWD condition,whereas the chalkiness rate of the ratoon crop was 14.9% lower than that under the AWD condition. No significant difference was found in the eating quality of the ratoon crop under the two different conditions. The Fe content of the ratoon crop was significantly increased by 127.41% under the CF condition compared with that under AWD condition. The change of the Fe uptaking in the ratoon rice plants under the CF condition may result in the accumulation of several heavy metals in grains of the ratoon rice. The ratoon rice has better milling quality,appearance quality and nutritional quality under the CF condition,indicating that the CF condition in main season helps to improve grain quality of the ratoon rice.

Abstract:The phenotypic values of 12 main agronomical traits of 187 conventional japonica rice varieties approved by Heilongjiang from 2009 to 2018 including active accumulated temperature,brown rice rate,milled rice rate,gel consistency,amylopectin,1 000-grain weight,yield,daily yield,accumulated temperature yield,panicle neck blast and empty shell rate were statistically analyzed. The entropy weight-efficacy evaluation and cluster analysis were carried out with SPSS and MATLAB software. The results showed that the rice varieties in Heilongjiang had obvious characteristics of accumulated temperature zone and ecological environment,indicating that the breeding of varieties should be based on the premise of adapting to accumulated temperature zone and ecological environment. On the basis of focusing on improving the resistance to panicle neck blast and the rate of seed setting,the major agronomic traits including quality and yield will be steadily selected. The comprehensive index value was used to evaluate/rank the rice varieties in each accumulated temperature zone and screen/discover the elite rice resources. 5 groups with differences in genetic distance were divided according to the comprehensive index value. The degree of dispersion of group differences was in the decreasing order of the third accumulated temperature zone＞the first accumulated temperature zone＞the second accumulated temperature zone＞the fourth temperature zone. The top 10 elite rice resources with comprehensive traits screened and discovered in different accumulated temperature zone were as follows:varieties in the first accumulative temperature zone include Longdao 18,Longdao 23,Longdao 16,Longdao 19,Dongfu 102,Longxiangdao No.2,Longyang No.1,Dongnong 430,Songjingxiang No.1 and Longdao 24 ; varieties in the second accumulated temperature zone include Suijing 14,Dongnong 428,Jinhe No.2,Beidao No.4,Muxiang No.1,Suidao No.2,Suijing 18,Suidao No.3,Jinhe No.1 and Suidao No. 1; varieties in the third accumulated temperature zone include Longjing No.25,Longjing No.26,Longyang 11,Longjing No.27,Longjing 53,Longjing No.32,Longdun 107,Longjing No.28,Longhua 04-050 and Jiahe No. 1; varieties in the fourth accumulated temperature zone were include Fuhe No.3,Suijing 12,Lianhui No.1,Longjing 65,Lianyu 625,Longjing 66,Kendao 19,Longjing 48,Suijing 25 and Longqingdao No.22. These elite rice resources can be used as hybrid parents in the future.

Abstract:The salt tolerant cultivar H11 and salt sensitive cultivar H30 were used to study the effects of salt pretreatment on seed germination and microspore callus formation in barley.The germination rate,taproot length during the seed germination and the yield of callus in the microspore culture stage was compared under the salt pretreatments.The expression of four key genes at the microspore stage of the two cultivars was investigated under salt stress.The results showed that the seeds and microspores of H30 were less tolerant to salt than that of H11 under 0 g/L NaCl and low NaCl pretreatment.Under the high concentration of NaCl pretreatment (15 g/L NaCl in germination stage and 300 mg/L in microspore stage),the salt tolerance of H30 was significantly enhanced.The germination rate,taproot length and the yield of callus were significantly superior to that of H11 under high concentration of salt stress.The results of the correlation analysis of germination rate,taproot length and callus yield between the two cultivars showed that the relative values of the differences between the two cultivars at the stage of germination and microspore were significantly positively correlated.The gene HvsHSP1 and HveIF1A of H30 were significantly up-regulated at the stage of microspore culture in comparison with that of H11 after 300 mg/L NaCl pretreatment.It is indicated that the differences in the response of tested barley cultivars to salt pretreatment at the stage of seed germination and microspore may be consistent.HvsHSP1 and HveIF1A of salt sensitive cultivar may be related with the response of NaCl induction at the stage of microspore.

Abstract:Continuous monitoring of the field population susceptibility to insecticides is an important measure to control Cnaphalocrocis medinalis.The present study aimed to detect the susceptibility of the C. medinalis field populations to common insecticides in Hubei,Hunan,Jiangxi,Anhui and Henan provinces.Leafdipping method was used to detect the susceptibility of the C. medinalis field population to seven insecticides in Chibi,Wuxue,Wuhan,Xiaogan,Huanggan,Changsha,Nanchang,Pingxiang,Hefei and Xinyang during 2015-2019.In addition,cluster and regression analysis were performed on the detected data.The results showed that:(1)The toxicities among seven insecticides were significant different，with an order of fluorobenzamide ≥ abamectin ≥ spinetoram > chlorantraniliprole ≥ indoxacarb > cyantraniliprole > chlorpyrifos.(2)No significant difference of the susceptibility was detected among different populations of C.medinalis.(3)There were significant differences between the years.Significant changes of sensitivity in different years were found among some populations to chlorpyrifos,chlorantraniliprole,indoxacarb and cyantraniliprole.For example,the susceptibility of Chibi and Changsha populations of C. medinalis to chlorpyrifos decreased by 2.3-4.1 times from 2015 to 2016，and that of Chibi，Xiaogan and Changsha populations increased 2.1-4.9 times from 2016 to 2019，the susceptibility of Chibi,Wuxue and Xiaogan populations to chlorantraniliprole decreased 2.6-7.3 times from 2015 to 2019， the susceptibility of Wuxue population to indoxacarb decreased by 4.2-4.7 times from 2015 to 2018，and the susceptibility of Wuxue and Changsha population to cyantraniliprole decreased by 2.2-6.7 times from 2015 to 2018.The above results indicated that the susceptibilities of the C. medinalis field populations to chlorantraniliprole and other insecticides in central China are decreasing significantly,so that the resistance management for these insecticides is very important currently.Abamectin,spinetoram and cyantraniliprole are preferentially recommended for the control of C. medinalis,under a rotation manner.

Abstract:Miridae pests including Adelphocoris suturalis and Apolygus lucorum have a wide range of hosts which are important cash crops such as cotton,jujube,and kidney bean. Due to the extensive planting of transgenic cotton,the population of Miridae pests increased significantly since the 1990s,which had a serious impact on Chinese agricultural production. Controlling these pests by chemical pesticides now faced with many disadvantages because of their pesticide resistance and strong dispersal ability. In order to obtain a new efficient and environmentfriendly control method using botanical attractants for the main Miridae pests,Apolygus lucorumand Adelphocoris suturalis,in the cotton field,ethanol extracts from the seeds of Allium tuberosum and Helianthus annuus were prepared by soaking at room temperature. Three-arm olfactometer was used to compare the olfactory responses of A. lucorum to two extracts and cotton leaves. The results showed that the response rate (56.04%±3.77%) of A. lucorum to the extract of A. tuberosumwas the highest,which was significantly higher than that of H. annuus and cotton leaves. When the seed extracts of A. tuberosum and H. annuus were mixed according to the volume ratio of 3∶7,they had synergistic effect and showed strong attraction to both A. lucorum and A.suturalis,with selective response rates above 80%. The results showed that the mixed attractant had intrinsic value in controlling the Miridae pests in cotton field.

Abstract:The effects of four culture substrates (vermiculite,vermiculite-soil，sand- vermiculite,sand-soil) on the symbiosis of different varieties of soybean and AM fungi (Rhizophagus irregularis) were studied with pot culture. The dyeing effects of parker pure black ink and trypan blue on soybean mycorrhiza were compared. The application of magnified grid intersection method and Trouvelot fiveclass classification method for detecting largescale mycorrhizal symbiosis structures were explored as well. The results showed that vermiculite and soil (V∶V=4∶1) was more conducive to the infection of AM fungi with soybean. The arbuscular abundance,hypha density and vesicle abundance in this culture substrate are significantly higher than those in other substrates,indicating that it can be used as the best culture substrates for soybean and AM fungi symbiosis. Currently,the ink staining and the magnified grid intersection method are the best methods for detecting large-scale mycorrhizal symbiosis structures.

Abstract:Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) are both essential elements for plant growth and development. There are strong relationships between different nutrients that changing one or more nutrients in the growth medium affects the concentrations of many other nutrients in plants. Phosphorus in the form of Pi can affect the mobility and bioavailability of many metal elements including iron,manganese,copper,and Zn. Early studies performed in various crop species indicate that there is a negative relationship between Pi and Zn accumulation in plants. In this study,Guangliangyou 35(an indica hybrid rice cultivar) and Nipponbare (a conventional japonica rice cultivar) were treated with combined application of three Zn levels and four P levels in field trials. The effects of combinations of P and Zn on the growth,yield,and the nutrient utilization of rice were investigated. We analyzed the shoot dry weight at different growth stages,the yield and its components at mature stage,the concentration,accumulations and distributions of P,Zn,N and K in different organs and tissues. Results showed that the combined application of P and Zn fertilizers had synergistic effect or antagonistic effect on the rice biomass,yield,the nutrient absorption and distribution. Under the middle and low P levels,the proper application of Zn increased the biomass and yield of rice. Under the high P level,the application of Zn decreased the biomass. For different cultivars,the proper application of Zn increased the rice yield under different P levels. The significant increase of 1 000-grain weight and fertility determined the increase of yield under the combined application of P and Zn fertilizers. The properly combined application of P and Zn fertilizers increased the concentrations of P and Zn in rice plant and promoted the distribution of P and Zn to the productive organ. In addition,the properly combined application of P and Zn fertilizers increased the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) in rice plant,and promoted the distribution of N to the productive organ,which is one of the main physiological mechanisms of increasing rice yield under the combined application of P and Zn fertilizers.

Abstract:The spatial-temporal differentiation of the vegetation NPP in the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2018 was analyzed with CASA-VPM model and ecological economic coordination coupling degree model based on NDVI,LSWI,land use data,meteorological data and statistical data.The current ecological and economic development status is discussed.The degree of ecological-economic coordination and coupling is evaluated.The results showed that the annual average vegetation NPP in the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2018 was 288.33 gC/(m2?a).The fluctuations are continued to increase.The spatial distribution characteristics of the NPP are high in the south and low in the north,high in the plains and basins,and low in the plateaus and mountains.The monthly average NPP change of different vegetation types has the characteristics of periodic singlepeak changes.The trends and cycles of different vegetation types over time are the same,but the amplitude and rate of change has obvious distinction.The total annual ecological value of the area studied after the economic value is fitted with “U” shaped and linear change characteristics,with the growth rate of latter much higher than that of the former.The cold spots are mainly distributed in the transitional area between the northwestern mountain and the plateau edge.The hot spots are mainly located in the Yellow River,the “Golden Triangle” area of the river basin.The ecological and economic coordination coupling degree of the area studied presents a strip-like spatial distribution characteristic of “large dispersion,small aggregation” and rising with a “W” curve.The level of economic development is the dominant factor for the ecological and economic coordination coupling degree of the river basin.

Abstract:In order to explore the relationship between feeding quantity,water quality,and plankton in intensive grass carp farming ponds with salt-freshwater,the water quality,amount of feed,and plankton of three brackish water ponds in Guangzhou Chengyi Aquaculture Co.,Ltd. were sampled and investigated from September 2017 to September 2018. Spearman and Canoco 5.0 were then used to correlate and rank the data. The results showed that the feeding quantity was significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen concentration of the water,with correlation coefficient of 0.614 (P<0.05),and was not correlated with the other water quality indicators including water temperature,pH,transparency,dissolved oxygen,nitrite,ammonia nitrogen,total phosphorus and salinity. The feed amount and phytoplankton biomass were significantly positively correlated,with the correlation coefficient of 0.354 (P<0.05),and the zooplankton biomass was extremely significantly positively correlated,with the correlation coefficient of 0.447 (P<0.01). The RDA ranking analysis was performed on the feed quantity,water quality index and plankton biomass. The sorting results showed that the feed quantity and total phosphorus were the key factors affecting zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass,respectively. The multiple regression data model fitted well,with the interpretation rate of the prediction model for phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass were 65.4% and 44.8%,respectively,and the models were Y1=16.07X4+13.60X3+11.10X2+2.22X6-2.20X5-2.06X1-51.57；Y2=2243.92x4+5.54x3+0.90x2+0.006x1－57.48 (Y1 is phytoplankton biomass,X1,X2,X3,X4,X5 and X6 are transparency,nitrite nitrogen,pH,total phosphorus,ammonia nitrogen,and dissolved oxygen,respectively; Y2 is zooplankton biomass,x1,x2,3 and x4 are feed amount,transparency,pH,salinity respectively). In conclusion,in intensive grass carp ponds with brackish water,the feeding quantity has a significant effect on the total nitrogen concentration and phytoplankton in the pond. At the same time,the purification ability of phytoplankton to the pond nitrogen also limits the amount of pond feed. Therefore,the regulation of the feeding quantity in the pond should take the water quality and plankton into consideration. It is suggested that when the phytoplankton biomass of this type of pond is 40-70 mg/L,the pond water environment is relatively good and stable.

Abstract:Megalobrama amblycephala is one of the most important herbivorous economic fish in China.In this study,hybrid F1 individuals of M. amblycephala were used as the mapping population,the highquality and highdensity genetic linkage map was constructed and sexrelated QTLs (quantitative trait loci) were mapped by mining SNP molecular markers through restrictionsite associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) technology.The result showed that the linkage map included 10 795 SNPs and 24 linkage groups,with a total length of 2 578.54 cM and an average marker interval of 0.24 cM.Based on the linkage map,Muliti-QTL mapping（MQM） was analyzed to fix QTLs related to gender traits by using Map QTL 6.0 software.The experiential LOD value of 3.0 was taken as the threshold for the existence of QTL tags,and 4 sexrelated QTLS were located in the LG8,LG12,LG15 and LG18 linkage groups.The LOD value of each QTL ranged from 3.18 to 4.17,which explained phenotypic variation ranged from 7.7% to 10.0%.After screening genes near SNP markers in the QTL confidence interval,DCTN2,a key candidate gene,which may be involved in the reproductive process of M. amblycephala,was screened by functional annotation analysis.This research will provide a reference for the development of gendered molecular markers ofM. amblycephala.

Abstract:Jak kinase is a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase,which is broadly found in mammals,birds,insects and fish. It is an important factor in Janus kinase/signal transduction and transcription factor signaling pathway,which is widely involved in the processes of immunity,cell proliferation,growth,differentiation,migration and apoptosis. TYK2 is the first member of the Jak family to be identified and has been confirmed to play a key role in cytokine transduction. In this article,the ORF sequence of the TYK2 gene in Megalobrama amblycephala was cloned and analyzed. Results showed that the ORF sequence of the TYK2 gene in M. amblycephalawas 3 489 bp in length encoding 1 162 aa. The M. amblycephala TYK2 (MamTYK2) is consisted of 23 exons and 22 introns,similar to other vertebrate species. The MamTYK2 protein is composed of 4 domains including B41,SH2,TyrKc (pseudokinase domain) and TyrKc (tyrosine kinase domain). TYK2 is highly conserved through evolution. Based on the results of quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR),among healthy adult tissues,TYK2 is highly expressed in the middle kidney,followed by the blood,spleen,and head kidney,and lowly expressed in other tissues including the intestine,brain,gill,heart,muscle,and liver. After infected by Aeromonas hydrophila,the TYK2 mRNA showed a similar expression pattern in the spleen and intestine:significantly decreased at 4 hpi (hour post infection) (P＜0.05) and reached a minimum,and significantly increased at 12 hpi (P＜0.05) and reached a maximum. It significantly increased and reached the maximum value at 24 hpi (P＜0.01),and significantly decreased and reached the minimum value at 36 hpi (P＜0.01) in the midkidney. It is indicated that the MamTYK2 gene may play an important role in the process of M. amblycephala resistance against A. hydrophila.

Abstract:In this study,CRISPR/cas9mediated homologous recombination technology was used to genetically edit the pseudorabies virus (PRV) HB2017 strain isolated from a pig farm in Hubei Province,and a PRV with deletion of TK, gE and gI genes was constructed. Afterwards,the genedeleted PRV strain was obtained by techniques such as plaque purification. Subsequently,characteristics of the attenuated PRV were preliminarily studied by PCR,gene sequencing,indirect immunofluorescence assay,growth curve determination,vaccine safety and efficacy tests. The results showed that the TK,gEand gI genes of the PRV HB2017 strain had been deleted,and the growth curves of the attenuated PRV strain PRV HB2017ΔTKΔgE/gI and the parent strain PRV HB2017 strain in PK-15 cells were not significantly different and had high virus titer. After the PRV HB2017ΔTKΔgE/gI strain was transmitted to the 30th generation,the deletion sequences of the TK and gE/gI genes were stable and could not be recovered. The PRV HB2017ΔTKΔgE/gI strain is safe for piglets. Vaccinating piglets with 106.0 TCID50 or 107.0 TCID50 of the PRV HB2017ΔTKΔgE/gI strain could protect them from the attack of 108.0 TCID50 of the PRV virulent strains.

Abstract:Navel orange peel residue with a wide range of sources and rich nutrients is the main residue in the industry of processing navel orange. However,there are still a large amount of navel orange peel slag being thrown away,resulting in the waste of resources and pollution of environment. In order to develop and utilize the resources of navel orange peel residue,singlefactor and orthogonal experiments were used to study the debittering effect of ultrasonic waveassisted NaCl-NaHCO3 solution on navel orange peel residue. The D-Optimal Design method was used to optimize the filling formula of navel orange peel residue. The results showed that the main factors affecting the debittering effect of navel orange peel were in the decreasing order of ultrasonic power＞ultrasonic time＞content of NaCl-NaHCO3. The effect of removing bitterness and astringency was the best when the navel orange peel residue was immersed in 3% NaCl-NaHCO3 solution with the mass ratio of 1∶1,and ultrasonicated for 15 min under ultrasonic temperature 30℃ and ultrasonic power 120 W. The results of correlation analysis showed that the sensory quality of the filling was significantly negatively correlated with the hardness,gumminess and resilience of TPA parameters (P<0.01). The results of oneway analysis of variance showed that citrus peel pulp had a significant effect on the hardness and gumminess of filling (P＜0.05). Sugar had a significant effect on filling hardness (P＜0.05) and an extremely significant effect on the resilience (P＜0.01). Edible vegetable oil and corn starch had no significant effects on hardness,gumminess and resilience (P>0.05). Results of mixing optimization test and verification test showed that the optimal filling formula of navel orange peel based on the total mass of the filling as 100% was peel pulp 77.0%,sugar 17.0%,edible vegetable oil 4.5%,corn starch 1.5%. The fillings produced with the optimal formula are fragrant and delicious,delicate and smooth,non-sticky,with a high sensory quality.

Abstract:For a long time,whether eating persimmons can lead to gastric bezoars is controversial. The public’s concerns about eating persimmons have severely restricted the development of persimmon industry. However,until now,no systematic studies have confirmed that eating persimmons can cause bezoars. Therefore,this study aimed to evaluate whether daily consumption of persimmon fruits can cause gastric bezoars. The turbidity analysis,centrifugal method and transmission electron microscope were used to study the flocculation of persimmon tannins and food components in a simulated gastric environment. Risks of “gastric persimmon bezoars” formation after consuming persimmon fruit were evaluated in the animal system through gastric anatomy observation,gastric function and histological examination. In stimulated gastric fluid system,we confirmed that the flocculation ability of tannins with food ingredients can’t be considered for the risk of bezoars formation. Results in the animal system showed that no bezoars were found in the stomach,and no intracorporal pathogenic properties were observed according to the hematological and stomach parameters after 30 days’ continuous intake of persimmon. Both volunteer tests and questionnaires in typical persimmon growing region revealed that consuming two persimmon fruits (400-500 g) daily for healthy person did not lead to gastric bezoars. It is preliminarily confirmed that eating two persimmons daily didn’t cause gastric bezoars for healthy adults.

Abstract:Walnut butter is a semisolid paste,which is made from ground and roasted walnut. In order to obtain the product with consumer acceptability on the market,it is necessary to analyze the effect of grinding on processing characteristics of walnut butter. In this study,the walnut kernel was ball milled for different durations (2,4,8,16,and 24 min) to develop walnut butter products,reduce the particle size and improve rheological properties. The average particle diameter of walnut butter after ball milling for 24 min decreased from 79.89 μm to 37.88 μm,by 53% overall. Walnut butter was a typical nonNewtonian pseudoplastic fluid,which had the characteristics of viscoelasticity and positive thixotropy. The results revealed that the hardness and consistency of the walnut butter decreased,and the fluidity gradually increased during the ball milling treatment. The walnut butter ball milled for 8 minutes showed the higher viscosity and smaller in particle size,and was suitable for processing as a spreadable butter. As for ball milling process for 16 and 24 min exhibited the best fluidity and was suitable for the processing of salad sauce. Results could be useful in development of the walnut butter making process system design. Therefore,highenergy ball milling technology could be used as a technique for preparing walnut butter,and gradually change the rheological properties of finely divided walnut butter through the process.

Abstract:The sensory quality of Qingzhuan teas made from 4 different tender tea leaves of Fudingdabai tea tree cultivar was evaluated by sensory evaluation. The main chemicals and aroma components were analyzed with chemical analysis and GC-MS method. The result of sensory evaluations showed that the sensory score of appearance and liquor color decreased while the score of aroma and taste increased with the decrease of tenderness. The result of analyzing the main quality components showed that content of water extract,tea polyphenols,catechins,amino acids and soluble sugars in Qingzhuan teas with one bud and one leaf and one bud and two or three leaves were richer than that in one bud and four or five leaves or pruned leaves. The content of aflavin decreased while the content of fluorine increased with the tenderness decrease of tea leaves. The total amount of aroma components increased significantly with the increase of raw material maturity. The total aroma of Qingzhuan tea with one bud and one leaf was the lowest (12.88%),with the highest was alcohols,followed by ketones,aldehydes and heterooxygens. The total aroma of one bud and two or three leaves was 62.43%,with the highest was alcohols,followed by aldehydes and hydrocarbons. The total aroma of one bud and four or five leaves was 72.43%,with the highest ketones,followed by aldehydes and alcohols.The total aroma of pruned leaves was 79.61%,with the highest was ketones (32.58%),followed by aldehydes and alcohols. It is indicated that the fresh leaves with one bud and four leaves can be considered as the main raw materials of Qingzhuan tea based on the quality of Qingzhuan tea and the safety requirement of fluorine content.

Abstract:Silage technology can keep fresh fodder for a long time,reduce the loss of nutrients,and is conducive to animal digestion and absorption. The traditional silage technology has disadvantages including low compactness,low anaerobic degree of silage straw,insufficient ammoniation,easy to rot,inconvenient to open and use,inconvenient to seal,inconvenient to transport and so on. Compared with traditional silage,compression packaging silage has better sealing property,less nutrient loss,less secondary fermentation and convenient transportation,which is conducive to promoting the development of silage processing industry. In recent years,the application of compression packaging silage machinery has developed rapidly,but there are few studies on the control of the degree of compaction of raw materials. Therefore,the relationship between the molding height and compression ratio of silage straw compression block,the holding time and the dry and wet state of straw were analyzed. In view of the shortcomings of traditional silage method after crushing green or semi green corn straw,a kind of baler suitable for high compression ratio of silage straw was designed. The compression molding experiments of 4,5 and 6 times compression ratio for the key component compression device of straw baler with high compression ratio were carried out. The optimal compression ratio of 1∶6 was determined by orthogonal design and multilevel analysis. In order to improve the quality of packing forming rate,two hydraulic cylinders were used to open and close the feeding movable cover plate. Two main hydraulic cylinders were used to compress the pressure,one hydraulic cylinder was used to push out and the pressure maintaining box was used to maintain the pressure to complete the compression and pressure maintaining forming. According to the characteristics of a certain degree of expansion and rebound due to stress relaxation after compression,the test of design was conducted. The length,width and height of the pressure retaining box is 600 mm,300 mm and 365 mm,respectively. After verification,the compression device realizes the internal effective working interval of 1 800 mm,600 mm,and 365 mm in length,width and height respectively. It achieves a high compression ratio of 1∶6,which greatly improves the anaerobic conditions,increases the degree of ammoniation,and makes it easy to use.

Abstract:The double-V-wings honeycomb (DVWH) structure was used to explore the damage mechanism undermining parameters of its cell structure on the logging woods to solve the problem of damage of timber caused by the logging woods during forest harvesting. Based on theoretical mechanics,a theoretical model of the unit cell parameters and yield strength of the DVWH structure was constructed,and the Y direction compression experiment was carried out to verify it. The effects of cell structure parameters on the equivalent stress and energy absorption changes of the structure under low-speed compression,and the coupling relationship between the finite element simulation of the feed roller cell structure parameters and the log contact area are investigated. Selecting polyurethane as the material for roller drive applications,the orthogonal test method was used to select the optimal parameters in the θ1,θ2,t interval to increase the contact area between the feeding roller and the log by 14.56%-26.11%. Results showed that the cell structure parameters can be selected and determined according to the requirements of specific working conditions. The structural parameter thickness t was an important index affecting the compaction strain of the DVWH structure with negative Poisson’s ratio. Changing the materials selected for the negative Poisson’s ratio structure and the size parameters of the DVWH negative Poisson’s ratio structure can improve the contact area between the feeding roller and the wood and reduce the pressure on the log.