Abstract:Field experiments of degradable mulchseeds rice direct seeding compared with conventional direct seeding and transplanting were carried out in Liaoyang City and Xinbin County to explore the application feasibility of the technology in Liaoning Province.The effects of degradable mulching on temperatures at different soil layers,the emergence time,the emergence rate,the growth characteristics and the yield components of rice were studied.The results showed that degradable mulching significantly increased soil temperature at the surface layer （P<0.01）and temperature at 5 cm below surface of the soil (P<0.05).At the early stage of direct seeding and transplanting,mulching increased the soil temperature,especially temperature of the shallow layer.From the middle stage to late stage of paddy growing,the temperature of deeper soil layer increased fast.Compared with conventional rice direct seeding,the emergence date of mulchseeds planting was 6 days earlier and the emergence rate was 17.6% higher.Compared with conventional direct seeding and transplanting,the mulchseeds planting significantly affected rice plant height and tillering.At the early stage of rice growth,the rice plant of mulchseeds direct seeding grew faster,started tillering earlier,and the growth of the secondary branch was promoted.The yield of degradable mulchseeds rice direct seeding at moisture content of 14.5% was 11 141 kg/hm2,with 17.72% and 8.33% more than that of conventional direct seeding and transplanting,respectively.

Abstract:Twoseason experiments with three irrigation modes including conventional irrigation (CIR),“thin shallow wetdry” irrigation (TIR) and alternate wetting and drying irrigation (DIR),and two N treatments including 100% ureaN (FM1) and 50% urea N +50% pig manure N (FM2)were conducted.The changes of N2O emission flux,the number of ammonia oxidizing bacteria,potential nitrification rate and inorganic nitrogen content in paddy soil at different growth stages of early rice and late rice were investigated under different irrigation modes and nitrogen (N) treatments to study the effects of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria,potential nitrification rate and inorganic nitrogen content on soil N2Oemission.Results showed that the number of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in paddy soil was lower at the stages of tillering and maturing of early rice and late rice,but higher at the stages of booting and milky.Soil potential nitrification rate was higher at the stages of booting of late rice and the stages of booting and milky of early rice,but lower at the stages of tillering and maturing of early rice and late rice.Under the same N treatment,soil NH4+N content in DIR mode was higher than that in the CIR and TIR modes.Soil NO3-N content in the DIR and TIR modes was significantly higher than that in CIR mode.Soil N2O emission flux at the stages of booting and milky of early rice in the DIR and TIR modes was significantly higher than that in CIR mode.N2O emission flux under FM2 treatment was higher than that under FM1 treatment.The number of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria and potential nitrification rate was significantly positively correlated with soil NH4+N content.Soil N2O emission flux was significantly positively correlated with the number of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria and potential nitrification rate.Paddy soil N2O emission was mainly affected by ammoniaoxidizing bacteria and potential nitrification rate.It is indicated that soil NH4+N content directly affects the number of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria and potential nitrification rate,and affects the N2O emission indirectly.

Abstract:To explore the metabolicmechanisms of rosette induced by high temperature,GC-MS was used to study metabolic differences in mature leaves and shoot tips of Eustoma grandiflorum under normal (22 ℃) and high (30 ℃) temperatures.Thirty metabolites were identified and results of the PLS DA analyses of them showed that the metabolites in different organs under different temperatures were separated clearly.Analyses of variance showed that many sugars were decreased and organic acids increased significantly in shoot tips under the high temperature compared with that under the normal temperature.The case in mature leaveswas completely opposite.It is indicated that under the high temperature,the decrease of sugars in shoot apex caused the rosette,while the accumulation of sugars in mature leaves improved the stress resistance of Eustoma grandiflorum.The metabolite difference between mature leaf and shoot tip under the high temperature is less than that under the normal temperature.It is suggested that the larger difference under the normal temperature shows the different development direction between leaf and shoot,while the smaller difference implies the systematic mechanism of Eustoma grandiflorum in response to abiotic stress.

Abstract:In order to clarify the distribution of the avirulence genes in Magnaporthe oryzae (Hebert) Barr \[anamorph:Pyricularia oryzae Cav.\] from South China Crop Breeding Area,6 avirulence genes including ACEI,AvrPia, AvrPik, AvrPita,AvrPizt and PWL2 in 60 isolates of M.oryzae in core and noncore regions were detected by using PCR technique.The results showed that the detection rates of the 6 avirulence genes in rice blast pathogen populations in core and non core regions were 100.00% and 96.67%,33.33% and 0.00%,100.00% and 100.00%,96.67% and 90.00%,73.33% and 100.00%,100.00% and 73.33%,respectively.All the avirulence genes existed in M. oryzae in both regions except the AvrPia gene,which was not detected in the noncore region. Among them,the AvrPik gene had the highest distribution rate of 100% in both regions,and differences of distribution rates existed for the other avirulence genes in the rice blast fungus in the two regions.

Abstract:Using the endophytic fungus Aspergillus flavipesCanS-34A of oilseed rape as research material,the antimicrobial spectrum of CanS-34A and antagonistic effect onSclerotinia sclerotiorum were studied through dualculture,and in vitro and in vivo leaf inoculation. The results showed that the strain CanS-34A exhibited inhibitory effect on 16 kinds of pathogens,with the inhibitory effects on S. sclerotiorum, S. minor and S. trifoliorum significantly higher than on other fungi (P<0.05). But there were 3 G- bacterial strains could not be inhibited by CanS-34A. After CanS-34A was cultured in PDB for 6 d,the antifungal effect reached to the peak and pH increased to about 7.3. Different concentrations of fermented liquid of CanS-34A have different inhibition effects onS sclerotiorum and the inhibition rate reached to 60% when 2% fermented liquid was added to PDA media. S. sclerotiorum was inhibited when smeared fermentation broth on leaves in vivo or in vitro.Thus,our results indicated that the strain CanS-34A can effectively inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum and can be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum.

Abstract:The beet armyworm(Spodoptera litura) is a global insect pest that feeds on various agricultural crops including vegetables,cotton,and ornamentals.To investigate the physiological mechanism that Microplitis pallidipes parasitizes larval S. litura,we collected the hemolymph of host larvae (parasitizated and unparasitized),and measured the content of free amino acid using an amino acid analyzer.The results indicated that the content of total free amino acid in the hemolymphs of larval S. litura were consistently higher from 1 to 4 d,but lower on 5 d after parasitization in the parasitized group than in the control.The content of 17 free amino acids in the hemolymph of the S. litura larvae changed after parasitization with significant differences in some free amino acids.The content of Glu,Pro and Tyr in the larval hemolymph were consistently higher after parasitization than that in the control.The content of Cys and Ala significantly increased on 1 and 3 d after parasitization and the content of Leu,Ile,Lys and Arg showed similar trend on 4 d after parasitization.Our results reveal that the content of free amino acid varies in host larvae at different developmental stages of the parasitoids and that this variation benefits the growth of parasitoids.

Abstract:Ethanol extract from Atractylodes lancea rhizome was ultrasonically extracted and its active components was further purified. Toxicity test of the extract and active components on susceptibleCulex pipiens pallens,wild C. pipiens molestus and Aedes albopictus were performed using larvae immersion method. The LC50 of ethanol extract against larvae of C. pipiens pallens,C. pipiens molestus and A. albopictus during a 24 h exposure were 22.71,36.30 and 23.51 μg/mL,respectively. The major active component against A. albopictus was in Hexanephase,with a LC50 of 16.87 μg/mL. Whereas the ethyl acetatesoluble and water soluble components showed no lavicidal activity. Two subfractions H2 and H6,separated from hexane soluble phase with silica gel column chromatography,were the major active components. A 100% mortality of A. albopictus was observed at 25 μg/mL of H2 and H6 during a 24 h exposure. The results demonstrated that the active compounds from A. lancea were of high lavicidal activity against susceptible C. pipiens pallens,wild C. pipiens molestus and A. albopictus and had the potential to be developed as novel insecticide.

Abstract:The contents of organic matter and calcium carbonate in different size aggregation and the particle size distribution of Los Orthic Entisols in Ansai (Shaanxi) Province under different uses with and without binding agents removal were analyzed. The effects of agricultural utilization on loess agglomerate characteristics were investigated. The results showed that aggregate in soils under different uses were dominated by ＞0.05 mm (45%-65%) and 0.002-0.05 mm (30%-45%) aggregate. Agronomic activities promoted the leaching and deposition of calcium carbonate resulting in a great enhancement of secondary carbonate in ＜0.002 mm fraction compared with the natural soil. No fertilization treatment (CK) and inorganic fertilizer application (NK) significantly reduced organic matter content in＜0.002 mm fraction. But organic fertilizer treatment significantly increased organic matter content in ＞0.05 mm and ＜0.002 mm fraction and subsequently favored the formation of macroaggregate of 250-1 000 μm. Gradual removal of binding agents caused the shift of soil particle size distribution curve and cumulative curve to the left with varying degrees as a result of aggregate fragmentation. It is indicated that both calcium carbonate and organic matter cementation occurred in the soils under different land uses. The cementation of calcium carbonate and organic matter was strongest in soil with organic fertilizer application. It will provide scientific basis for improving soil quality and productivity in loess region.

Abstract:A crystalline metal organic framework Ni3(BTC)2?12H2O was prepared with solvothermal method. The NiO catalysts with (111) facets exposed were produced from the matrix of Ni3(BTC)2?12H2O,serving as a catalyst for CO oxidation. Comparison of the catalytic performance between the NiO catalysts with (111) facets exposed and the NiO(R) obtained by decomposition of Ni(NO3)2?6H2O was conducted to study the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X-ray diffraction (XRD),N-2- adsorption- desorption,and X-ray-photoelectron spectrograph(XPS). The results showed that the NiO nanoparticles with (111) facets exposed was well distributed. The activity of catalyst NiO with (111) facets exposed was much higher than that of the NiO (R) obtained by decomposition of Ni(NO3)2?6H2 O catalyst in CO oxidation test,indicating that a crystalline metal organic framework is the suitable candidate for achieving catalyst with exposing special crystal surface.

Abstract:To explore the possibility of establishing the rice rhizobium symbiotic nitrogen fixation system,four genes ( LHK1,NSP1,NSP2 and NIN ) of symbiosis signaling in Lotus japonicus were cotransformed into rice. Transgenic rice plants were obtained. After inoculation with rhizobium,there was no significant difference in the root hairs and epidermis infected by rhizobia of the control and the transgenic plants. The number of lateral root and primordia in transgenic plants was significantly increased compared with those in the control after inoculation 14 days. The results of transcriptional analysis using rice cDNA microarray showed that expression of those genes involved in plant defense response and phytohormone signaling was significantly upregulated in the transgenic plants. It is indicated that leguminous symbiotic genes affect rice response to rhizobia.

Abstract:The polygalacturonase (PG) gene in Medicago truncatula was analyzed with bioinformatics.Results showed that the length of the gene was 4 150 bp with 1 278 bp coding region encoding 425 amino acids.The protein encoded contains two conserved domains,PL6 superfamily and Glyco_hydro_28,which are related to degradation of cell wall pectin. The homology between PG in Medicago truncatula and PG insome other leguminous plants including chickpeas and red bean was close.Results of gene expression profile and RTPCR detection showed that MtPG expression was significantly enhanced in the root nodules but very low in non-symbiotic tissues including roots and leaves.Three Tnt1 transposons insertion mutants (NF0999,NF5561 and NF4746) were screened by PCR and one homozygous mutant NF4746 was obtained.It is indicated that the MtPG gene may play an important role in the early infection of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes.

Abstract:DNA gyrase has no activity before subunits of GyrA and GyrB recombine to a tetrameric holoenzyme.A series of GyrB mutants has been constructed and the enzymatic activity of these GyrB mutants was analyzed to study the interaction domains of GyrB and GyrA subunits.Results showed that the C-terminus of GyrB subunit is the key domain to interact with GyrA subunit.Combined with analyzing GyrB dimensional structure,531-550 aa of GyrB was proposed to be the key domain of controlling enzymical activity of DNA gyrase and an ideal target for designing drug.

Abstract:Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila to distinguish susceptible and disease resistant individuals.PCR and DNA sequencing were used to screen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the MHCⅡ a gene of blunt snout bream.High-resolution melting and restriction enzyme digestion were used to analyze the relationship between gene polymorphism and disease resistance with SNP genotyping.A total of 35 SNP sites (1.45% of total nucleotide) out of the MHCⅡ a gene were screened,including 30 transition sites and 5 transition sites.Among these 35 SNPs,1 was found to be located in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR),16 located in exon,7 located in intron,and 11 located in 3′ UTR.Coding sequence region contained 13 SNPs (5.56% of total amino acid).Among them,TA transversion located at 839 bp and AG transition located at 1 663 bp were nonsense mutations,and the other 11 SNPs were sense mutations.The percentage of SNPs of nucleotide and coding region in α1 domains were 4.88% and 10.98%,respectively,significantly higher than that in α2 domain (1.08% and 3.22%).There were 4 variable sites in the 21 peptide binding region (PBR),with the mutation rate of 19.05%.However,the mutation rate of nonPBR was just 8.20% (5/61).The genotype and allele frequencies of the 5 successfully genotyped SNP sites in the 100 bacterial septicemia susceptible and 100 resistant individuals were statistically different.Result of Chisquare tests showed that the differences of genotype and allele frequencies of SNP (T/A) located at 1 395 bp were extremely significant (P＜0.01),SNPs located in 221 bp (G/T) and 1 859 bp (G/T) were significant different between susceptible and resistant groups (P＜0.05).It is indicated that the MHCⅡ a gene polymorphism is significant correlated with bacterial septicemia resistance.

Abstract:To explore the association between diarrhea of Large White piglets and polymorphism of CL10 and Nrampl1 gene, a population of 490 Large White piglets before weaning was established and PCR-RFLP was carried out to examine the polymorphism of 3′ 1149T/C locus of BCL10 gene and the NdeⅠ restriction site in the 6th intron of Nramp1 gene. Subsequently, correlation analysis of gene polymorphism with diarrhea rate (DR), diarrhea index (DI) and several growth characteristics were performed. The results showed that DR of Large White piglets before weaning was 32.0%, average weaning weight and average daily gain of severe diarrhea individuals decreased by 13.0% and 16.2%, respectively. According to the results, piglets were easy to get diarrhea during two periods (711 and 1721 days of age). Pathogen was detected from diarrhea piglets and 22.5% of them were caused by salmonella and 17.5% by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). The polymorphism of BCL10 gene was extremely significantly correlated with BW (P<0.01). Specifically, DR and DI of individuals with different genotypes were TT>TC>CC, with difference between CC and TC was significant (P<0.05) and between CC and TT was extremely significant (P<0.01). The polymorphism of NdeⅠ restriction sites in the 6th intron of Nramp1 gene was extremely significantly correlated with DR and DI (P<0.01) . The DR and DI level of piglets with AA and AB genotypes were much higher than that of BB genotype. The difference between AA and BB genotypes was significant (P<0.05), and between AB and BB genotypes was extremely significant (P<0.01). In summary, the result illustrated that polymorphism of BCL10 and Nramp1 gene was significantly related to diarrhea degree in Large White piglets, and the 3′ 1149T/C locus of BCL10 gene and the SNP of the NdeⅠ restriction site in the 6th intron of Nramp1 gene could be used as molecular markers for genetic selection in pig breeding.

Abstract:Alkaline lysis and conventional phenol-chloroform extraction methods were adopted to extract genomic DNA from the longissimus dorsi muscle,spleen and ear tissues from Large White pigs.The quantity and quality of DNA were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer,agarose gel electrophoresis and PCR amplification.The results showed that there was no significant difference of DNA quantity between the two DNA extraction methods.The gene fragments of MC4R and TEF1 could be obtained by PCR amplification using genomic DNA extracted by the two different extraction methods.Most importantly,the amplification results were relatively stable when using 5 and 10 times diluted DNA extracted by alkaline lysis method.Therefore,the simple,rapid and nontoxic alkaline lysis method can be widely used in extraction and determination of DNA for qualitative analysis in animals.

Abstract:Bench test studies on effects of the negative pressure factors of seedmetering device including rotation speed of air blower,rotation speed of planting plate and planting rows on pneumatic system of pneumatic rice direct seedling planter were conducted.The results showed that negative pressure of seed-metering device increased with the increase of rotation speed of air blower and decreased with the growing number of seedmetering devices.Rotation speed of planting plate had no significant influence on negative pressure of seed-metering device.The stability of metering quantity of the seedmetering device in pneumatic system needs to be improved.The characteristics model of air blower and seedmetering device are established.The determination coefficients were more than 0.92.The relative errors of both model validation were within -15.92%12.12% and -2.70%5.40%,respectively.It will provide a reference for structural improvement and practical production of pneumatic system in pneumatic direct rice seedling planter.

Abstract:A self-built acoustic response system was used to non-destructively detect the eggshells cracks when the eggs were artificially cracked to produce various kinds of cracks.In order to minimize the dependence on the position cracked,the knocking point was always located near the eggshell equator.The original acoustic signals were preprocessing to detect endpoints of signals and then analyzed with HilbertHuang transformation (HHT) and multiply principal component analysis (MPCA).Results showed that the accuracy of detection and classification of egg with cracks is very well via a support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network(ANN) models since the main features of the time domain and frequency domain were extracted from HHT and Multi-PCA when the cracks have randomly distribution.The radial basis kernel function is best for SVM and the accuracy for crack classification can be up to 90%.The whole regression coefficient is 0.924 76 with the accuracy of 86.70% for ANN model.It is indicated that the analytical methods of HHT and Multi-PCA are very suitable for detecting the cracked eggshell.

Abstract:Near infrared spectroscopy technique is widely used to nondestructively inspect agricultural products. The Monte Carlo method was used to simulate light propagation in onion bulbs. The measurement system using fiber probes was modeled. The detected diffuse reflectance signals were calculated and the effects of dry skins on the measurements were analyzed. The results showed that the dry skin reduced the signal strength detected, but had little influence on the average penetration depth. At the wavelength of 800 nm, a sourcedetector separation between 0.9 and 2.0 cm is preferred to reach an average penetration depth of 0.5 to 0.8 cm and is capable of detecting the neck rotinfected flesh located in this depth. Using fiber probes with lager acceptance radii and numerical apertures helps increase the measurement sensitivity.

Abstract:An overall design principles and programs of the end effector of automatic evisceration for poultry was proposed and the structure of automatic evisceration for poultry with three fingers and three joints was designed for small operating space and flexible fetch features of the manipulator during eviscerating poultry. The manipulator uses tendon to drive fingers bent, the gear using a pair of external gear transmission makes fingers have relative rotation. The interference of the fingers was analyzed and the knuckle inclined chamfering was optimaized. The model of the manipulator finger is established through homogeneous matrix transformation with DenavitHartenberg matrix (DH method)，and kinematic solutions for the manipulator fingers was conducted. The correctness and feasibility of the establishing model of manipulator finger was verified. It will provide theoretical basis and technical support for further studying automatic evisceration manipulator for poultry.