Abstract:The large EMS mutagenesis pool of sweet sorghum was initially screened out．Three mutants were identified and designated as SM83,SM197 and SM305.In general,three mutants had high biomass productions,but displayed a distinct biomass enzymatic digestibility under chemical pretreatments.As a comparison,both SM197 and SM305 mutants were determined with much high biomass enzymatic saccharification,due to its high hemicelluloses levels and relatively low cellulose and lignin contents.Despite that SM83 mutant remained a similar biomass digestion rate,it contained an increased soluble sugar level by 14.99%,compared with wild type.Hence,the sweet sorghum mutants will be used for breeding energy sweet sorghum.

Abstract:Eleocharis baldwinii is a freshwater amphibious plant belonging to Cyperaceae.It can adapt and grow well in the submerged and terrestrial conditions.In this study,the photosynthetic characteristics of E. baldwinii in the submerged and terrestrial conditions were investigated.The results of anatomical section,enzymatic activity of major enzymes in C4 cycle and stable carbon isotope analysis showed that the photosynthetic pattern was C4 in terrestrial condition and C3-C4 intermediate in the submerged condition.The chromosome number is 20 based on chromosome tableting.It will lay a foundation for the reverse genetics and the genome sequencing of E. baldwinii.

Abstract:To evaluate the function of FaAP1,an AP1 homologue of strawberry,the plant expression vector pBI121-FaAP1 was constructed and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101.FaAP1 was transferred into Arabidopsis with floral-dip method.Three transgenic lines were successfully obtained and verified by antibiotic screening and PCR.The flowering time of transformants was over 10 days earlier than that of the wild-type.The vegetative growth of transformants was inhibited,with a dwarf plant height and less rosette leave numbers.The floral organs of the transformants were abnormal and did not produce fertile seeds.It is indicated that FaAP1 may be involved in regulating the flowering process.It will provide a basis for further studying the role of this gene in the flowering processing of strawberry.

Abstract:The effects of interaction between substrate moisture and light intensity on the growth,photosynthetic characteristics and soluble sugar content of the annual Dendrobium officinale were studied.The results showed that different substrate moisture and light intensity significantly affected the growth characteristics of Dendrobium officinale.Different substrate moisture under the same light intensity had significant effect on the content of Chla,Chlb,Chl(a+b) and Car,but had no significant effect on the ratio of Chl(a/b).Different light intensity under the same substrate moisture had significant effect on the content of Chla,Chlb,Chl(a+b),Car and the ratio of Chl(a/b).Pn,Gs,Tr and Ci were remarkably influenced by different substrate moisture and light intensity.Pn,Gs,Tr decreased remarkably when the light intensity was too high or too low.The content of soluble sugar was remarkably influenced by different substrate moisture and light intensity,which increased remarkably as substrate moisture decreased under the same light intensity,or as light intensity increased under the same substrate moisture.Among all the treatments, Dendrobium officinale grew best under 240 μmol/(m2·s) light intensity and 70% water-holding capacity of substrate.Content of soluble sugar increased to the top under 360 μmol/(m2·s) light intensity and 40% water-holding capacity of substrate.

Abstract:To compare fire resistance difference of plant species,combustion experimentations of live leaves from 11 common native woody plant species in Central Yunnan Province were conducted with an oxygen index measuring instrument under high oxygen concentration during the peak forest fire season.Moistrure content,mass per unit area,burning rate,damage extent of the live leaves were measured and calculated.The combustibility orders and classification were put forward based on factor analysis.The results showed that the live leaves of 11 species were divided into four categories including very inflammable species (one kind),inflammable species (four kinds),combustible species (three kinds) and hardly inflammable species (three kinds).

Abstract:In order to find the changing rules of vegetation restoration after fire disturbance,the effects of early herbal recovery characteristics of different vegetation types in Juci Mountain National Forest Park after moderate fire disturbance were studied through community surveying the burned area and unburned area of Platycladus orientalis forest and herbage.Results showed that the important values and species diversity indexes of the two types of burned area studied had the same changing trends.Species importance values of the two burned types declined significantly comparing with that of unburned area (P<0.05).The number of herbaceous plant species of two burned types increased significantly comparing with that of unburned area (P<0.05).The values of species diversity Simpson index (D),Shannon index (H) of the two burned types were significantly higher than that of unburned area (P<0.05).Studying the niche of the two vegetation types before and after fire disturbance showed that the majority of Platycladus orientalis forest and herbage were the wide niche populations,and the narrow niche-type species was relatively smaller than that of wide niche-type species.The numbers of species-pairs with lower values of niche overlap increased.

Abstract:Two types of rape Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates, the autumn-germination isolates (autumn isolates) and the spring-germination isolates (spring isolates), were isolated from a single field of oilseed rape in Xianning City of Hubei Province. Nine autumn isolates (aSs-1 to aSs-9) and nine spring isolates (sSs-1 to sSs-9) were compared to find out the growth and production of sclerotia on potato dextrose agar (20℃) and the pathogenicity on the leaves of oilseed rape. The results showed that the two types of isolates had no significant differences (P＞0.05) in growth rate, number of sclerotia per dish, sclerotial size and lesion diameter on leaves of oilseed rape. Two representative isolates, aSs-3 and sSs-1, were further compared for sclerotial germination under different inducing temperature, the results showed that sclerotial forming and inducing temperature affect sclerotial germination in indoors and the field experiment, and it is more easily to germinate for sclerotia formed at high temperature condition than at low temperature condition. These results suggest that the autumn isolates and the spring isolates of S. sclerotiorum differed greatly in sclerotial germination behavior.

Abstract:Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) of sugarcane is caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx), a kind of gram-positive bacterium. The present study was conducted to observe the pathogenic morphology of RSD and the ultrastructure of RSD-infected stalk, and investigate its effect on photosynthesis of sugarcane under the pathogen stress. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe the pathogenic morphology and ultrastructure of RSD-infected stalk. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) of RSD-infected sugarcane were determined by portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that the modified MSC medium was efficient for Lxx culture. The cell bodies showed various shapes and some had septum and mesosome. They showed uneven cytoplasm with electron transparency, electron dense and septum in the cell bodies. The pathogen and many small granular substances were observed in pits and on surface of the secondary wall of the xylem vessel in RSD-infected sugarcane stalk. The Pn,Gs,Ci and Tr were lower in RSD-infected sugarcane plants than the healthy ones.

Abstract:The reproductive characteristics of Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz) Steiner & Buhrer on carrot (Daucus carota) callus and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) callus were studied at 4 different temperatures and 6 different culture times. The results showed that the optimum temperatures of A.ritzemabosi on two calluses in culture were from 15℃ to 25℃ and it could not reproduce at temperatures greater than or equal to 30℃. The maximum reproduction rates of A.ritzemabosi on the carrot callus and on the sweet potato callus were 3937.50 at 20℃ for 5 weeks, 576.68 at 20℃ for 6 weeks, respectively. The reproduction rate of A.ritzemabosi on the carrot callus was higher than that on the sweet potato callus at same temperature and with the same culture time. This research provided the scientific basis for the confirmation of the reproductive cycle, life history and occurrence regularity of A.ritzemabosi, and it also provided a practical method for the systematical study of A.ritzemabosi.

Abstract:A modified Hoagland solution culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of Mo on nitrogen metabolism and the difference of Mo-efficient and Mo -inefficient winter wheat cultivars.The results showed that application of Mo significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase,decreased the content of nitrate.The contents of ammonium,total free amino acids and soluble protein were improved,indicating that the nitrogen metabolism of winter wheat was promoted by applying Mo.Genotypic differences in response of molybdenum on nitrogen metabolism were found between Mo-efficient and Mo-inefficient winter wheat cultivars.The changing rates of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase,the contents of nitrate,free amino acids and soluble protein in shoot and free amino acids in root of Mo-inefficient cv.97014 under Mo application were higher than those of Mo-efficient cv.97003.

Abstract:The effects of combined application of lime and straw on rice yield and soil properties in the typical cold waterlogged paddy field in Hubei Province were studied to provide reference for decreasing the reducing substances in cold waterlogged paddy field.The results showed that compared with the no lime and straw treatment (L0+S0),combined application of lime and straw significantly increased the yield,grain number of per spike,seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight,with the increase rates of 46.6%,9.4%,6.7% and 2.6%.The increase rates of the absorption of N,P2O5 and K2O were 47.9%,50.3%,and 48.2%.Combined application of lime and straw decreased the amount of soil active reducing substances and ferrous ion content,with the decreased rate of 48.3% and 38.1%.The soil Eh was increased by 48.7%.Combined application of lime and straw had a good effect on decreasing the reducing substances and improving cold waterlogged paddy field.The combined application of lime 1 500-2 250 kg/hm2 and straw 4 500 kg/hm2 was ideal.

Abstract:A web processing service based on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web processing service (WPS) specification was designed and shared by the open source network geospatial information system platform 52°North to figure out the problems of temperature vegetation drought index (TVDI) including complicated calculation and repeat to achieve.TVDI model algorithm was realized using the Python language programming.The MODIS data in 2010 in Hubei Province were used to test the algorithm.The results showed that the ensemble of dry and wet edges linear fitting was good.The operation of algorithm was stable with high efficiency.The release and sharing of TVDI WPS avoided the problems of complicated calculation and repeat to achieve.It will help the researchers to focus on analyzing/studying the dry and wet conditions,and improve the efficiency of study.

Abstract:Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-TiO2 hybrid was prepared with hydrothermal method and characterized with X-ray diffraction,electron microscopy,N2-adsorption analysis,Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The photocatalytic activity of MWCNT-TiO2 hybrid under different light resources and the effects of the tube length were studied by photocatalytically degradating RhB.The results showed that the MWCNTs were evenly coated with TiO2 nanoparticles.There was an intimate contact between the MWCNTs and TiO2.The introduction of the MWCNTs provided MWCNTs-TiO2 hybrid with visible light-induced photoactivity and a large surface area.The lifetime of photogenerated electron/hole which can enhance the photocatalytic activity was prolonged.MWCNTs-TiO2 hybrid with long length MW had higher degradation efficiency under UV lights irradiation than that with short length MW.MWCNTs (SM4) -TiO2 with a short length CNTs had the best photocatalytic activity under visible lights irradiation due to the different mechanisms of photocatalysis.

Abstract:By using eight microsatellite primer pairs,cross-species amplification and genetic diversity analysis were carried out from a total of 147 individuals among five species of Siniperca,namely S. chuatsi,S. kneri,S. scherzeri,S. undulata and S. obscura.The results showed that except for loci HW8 of S. undulate,eight microsatellite loci in the five species of Siniperca were highly polymorphic.The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 8,and the mean allele numbers was 6.13.The average effective number of alleles of the five species was 3.58,with the average observed and expected heterozygosity being 0.75 and 0.59,respectively.The average polymorphism information content was 0.51.All these data showed that the eight microsatellite markers had high sensibility,and could be used for species identification and analysis in the sinipercine fishes.Using Nei’s genetic distance and genetic similarity coefficient,the UPGMA clustering showed that the genetic relationship between S. chuatsi and S. kneri,S. scherzeri and S. undulata were relatively closer,while genetic relationship between S. scherzeri and S. obscura was the furthest.

Abstract:The cDNA sequence of the immunoglobulin light chain gene,AaIgL,in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was cloned using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).The full-length cDNA sequence of AaIgL is 1 016 bp,with a 714 bp open reading frame encoding 238 amino acids.The amplified DNA fragments were ligated into pET-his vector,transformed into E.coli BL21 and then induced by IPTG.The size of the expressed protein was 27 ku as estimated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and the recombinant proteins were strongly recognized by the serum anti-IgM of European eel detected by Western blotting,demonstrating that the fusion protein is expressed stably in E. coli BL21 with the form of inclusion bodies.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed a broad expression of AaIgL in a wide range of tissues,with the highest expression in spleen,followed by kidney and heart,and lowest in liver,muscles,gills,and intestine.After injection with goat IgG,AaIgL were obviously up-regulated in the spleen and the kidney,peaking at 7 d and 14 d,respectively.The peak expression level of AaIgL was much higher in the spleen and the expression recovered to normal level at 21 d in both spleen and kidney.Our results suggested that AaIgL might play an important role in fish’s immune defense system,and the spleen was the main organ for AaIgL expression after stimulation.

Abstract:A pathogenic bacterium was isolated from the ascites,liver,spleen and kidney of the diseased snakehead (Channa argus) with visceral sarcoidosis from Meishan,Sichuan Province.Morphologic structure,dyeing observation,physiological and biochemical tests,PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene and special sequence of the isolate were applied to determine the pathogen,and then drug sensitivity test was also carried out.The results showed that the isolate was similar to Nocardia in morphological and biochemical properties.The results of PCR amplification,sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the pathogen had close genetic relationship and maximum homologies with Nocardia,having a distant sequence similarity more than 99% with N. seriolea. Moreover,the bacterium was identified as N. seriolea by PCR amplification with special primers N5F1/N5R1.Besides,the results of drug sensitive test indicated that the organism was sensitive to Tetracycline,Doxycycline,Minocycline,Azithromycin,Sulfisoxazole and Rifampicin.

Abstract:The present research aimed to develop a new probiotic product with functions of both lysine high-yielding and strong inhibition on the growth of E. coli O8 by screening and mutation breeding of the Bacillus strains.A total of 112 Bacillus strains were isolated from pig intestine in the present study by traditional culture-based method.The lysine content in the culture supernatant of Bacillus strains was determined by Automatic Amino Acid Analyzer.The inhibition effects of Bacillus strains on the growth of E. coli O8 were determined using an inhibition zone assay.The UV-mutagenesis and s-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysyeine hydrochloride（AEC）screening was conducted on bacterial strain.The results indicated that there existed large differences for the lysine content of the culture supernatant among different Bacillus strains.The Bacillus subtilis PA105 can effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli O8 and its lysine content in the culture supernatant was up to 0.3 g/L. The UV-mutagenesis and S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysyeine hydrochloride（AEC）screening was conducted on B. subtilis PA105.The lysine content in the culture supernatant of the resulting mutant strain B. subtilis PL83 was up to 0.582 g/L.The lysine content in the culture supernatant of the resulting bacterial strain in the present research is increased by almost 100 percent compared with conventional strains.

Abstract:The cylinder plate method for determination of bacitracin residues in aquatic products (grass carp,eel and prawn muscle) was established. The samples were extracted with methanol and 0.1% formic acid water (volume ratio 3∶7) under ultrasonication,reduced pressure distillation and then using Micrococcus luteus to detect residual after the concentration of samples. The results showed that the detection limit of bacitracin was 0.25 μg/g in grass carp muscle and 0.50 μg/g in eel and prawn muscle,which satisfied the maximum residue standards of muscle tissue ruled by Chinese Ministry of Agriculture,as well as the European Union. When bacitracin in the muscle tissue of aquatic products ranges from 1 to 10 μg/mL,it showed a good linearity between drug concentration logarithm and the diameter of bacteriostatic (R2>0.990 0). For different aquatic products,when additive amount of bacitracin ranged from 0.5 μg/g to 2.5 μg/g,the recoveries of all muscle tissues were 70.45%-93.44%,and the relative standard deviations were 2.02%-12.62%. Furthermore,three different bacterial test plates was adapted to ensure the residues in aquatic products is bacirtracin.

Abstract:Enshi Yulu tea is a famous steaming green tea with a national geographical indication.Enshi Yulu tea has well-preserved appearance and color under strict storage conditions.To rapidly and non-destructively predict the quality of Enshi Yulu tea conserved years,100 samples continuously stored 5 years (2010-2014) were studied with the near infrared spectroscopy.The least squares support vector machine combined with principal component analysis was used to establish the model for predicting the conservation years.The results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components,the coefficient of determination,and the root mean square error of prediction in the validation set was 99.99%,0.971 7 and 0.255 0,respectively.The initial realization of the rapid identification of conservation years of commercially green tea is available.It will provide a useful reference for discriminating the conservation years of other teas.

Abstract:Based on the principle of vibration damage for the granular mixtures overhead, a vibrational planter for rapeseed was designed to improve the planting efficiency of the small plots. The working principle and main structure of the vibratory planter were analyzed. The maximum frequency of metering device is 6.3 Hz, and maximum speed is 0.55 m/s. The relationship between rotation speed of ratchet and stability and consistency of the single row delivery capacity, the stability of the full delivery capacity was analyzed through the captive test of the seeding device. The experiments showed that the seeding device had good seeding stability and uniformity when the rotation speed range of ratchet was 20-40 r/min. The stability variability coefficient of the full seeding quantity is 1.08% and the consistency variability coefficient of seeding quantity is 2.74% when the rotation speed is 40 r/min, and the seed breakage is 0.38%,which meet the standard planter of the JB 6274.1-2001.

Abstract:Due to the fact that the wiring and long-term unattended monitoring is inconvenient, a system was designed by using the remote control of soil moisture, in order to improve the production management level of the greenhouse. This system contains a MSP430 controller, a GSM module, and a solar power module and irrigation control circuit. The interaction between the environmental factors and the users was achieved by the GSM module, and the precision irrigation was implemented by using the fuzzy control algorithm. The actual operating test shows that the system is stable, the data transmission distance is unlimited, the effect of water-saving was apparent, the GSM module sends messages whose accurate rate can be up to 100%, and it is capable of receiving 98.73% of the data accurately. It also shows that this system can realize precision irrigation, it economizes 20%-30% of the water compared with the flood irrigation.

Abstract:In order to increase the working efficiency of egg breaking machine, decrease the residual quantity in the eggshell at the same time and improve the economical benefit of deep processing enterprise, we have studied the relationship between the residual quantity in the eggshell, eggshell suspended time and Haugh unit. The experimental result shows that: under static condition, the residual quantity in eggshell broken by egg breaker is unstable before 0.8 s, generally stable after 1 s and 97.9% of the egg liquid has flowed out at the time of 1.4 s, the residual of which is only 2.1%. The residual quantity changes little during the follow-up time. The best suspended time is at the time of 1.4s according to the research. Then the working velocity can be determined. At the suspended time of 1.4 s, the residual quantity changes significantly in different fresh eggs with different Haugh unit (P=0.03＜0.05) and the tendency is that it decreases as the decrease of Haugh unit. The best Haugh unit is decided to be between 57.5 and 60 in consideration of the standard of fresh egg. And the fresh egg storage time can be decided according to the study result.

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to compare the differences between different types of pyrolysis characteristics of biomass straws and explore the impact of different regions on the pyrolysis characteristics of biomass straws. The SDT-Q600 Simultaneous thermal analyzer（TGA）with high purity nitrogen flowing was used for the pyrolysis experiments(the heating rate is 20℃/min, the end temperature is 1000℃) of rape, wheat,corn and rice straw got from Sichuan, Hubei and Yunnan Provinces. The TG curve and DTG curve of the different kinds of biomass straws in different areas were obtained, and then compare and analyzed. The results showed that the pyrolysis process of the 4 kinds of straws showed similar change laws; however, the samples showed differences in the degree of weight loss and weight loss rate according to the different types of components; the region had effects on the degree of weight loss of the same kind of straw, while there is no significant effect on the weight loss rate; the kinetic parameters of the apparent activation energy and frequency factor were obtained with the dynamic calculations of biomass pyrolysis process of different species and areas using Coats-Redfern method. In the main weight loss stage, the activation energy of straw biomass is in the range of 89-144 kJ/mol.

Abstract:Carotenoid is an important class of natural pigments widely existed in yellow,orange or red pigment of animals,higher plants,fungi and algae.Lots of carotenoids are contained in the peel and pulp residues as byproducts generated from the citrus processing.It is a rich resource in China,making it valuable raw materials for extracting carotenoids.Apart from the role of coloring,carotenoids contained in citrus is also involved in metabolism,immune response,hormone secretion and other physiological activities of the human body.The major types of carotenoids in citrus were reviewed and their biological activities as well as mechanism of action were summarized.