Abstract:The Caspase 3-like protease activity and TaeMCAⅡ gene expression during the process of programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat (Hua 8) endosperm under normal and waterlogging treatments were studied in this paper.The results indicated that,under normal treatments,the activity of Caspase 3-like protease was higher in the previous phase of endosperm PCD (12 DAF),and the protease was mainly located in amyloplasts of wheat endosperm cells,while the expression of TaeMCAⅡ gene was similar during endosperm PCD.The Caspase 3-like protease activity and the expression of TaeMCAⅡ gene were higher in wheat endosperm after waterlogging than control groups in same days after flowering.Above all,the Caspase 3-like protease participates in the PCD progression of control wheat endosperm.The rise of the overexpression of TaeMCAⅡ gene and Caspase 3-like activity may cause the endosperm PCD happened earlier under waterlogging.

Abstract:Plant height,ear height,ear length,ear diameter,tassel branch number,date to silk and date to pollen shedding are important agronomical traits in maize.In this study,a population of 141 RIL lines was used to map quantitative trait locus (QTL) of seven agronomic traits under three different environments.A total of 18 QTLs associated with the seven traits were detected.Individual locus explained 9.79% to 37.35% of phenotypic variance.Four of them were detected under more than one environment,and 5 QTLs were the same as those reported previously.It will provide basis for improving these agronomic traits in maize.

Abstract:Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus(AcMNPV) ac30 (orf30) is a highly conserved gene in lepidopteran baculovirus whose function is unknown. ac30 is located between nt 24315 to nt 25706 in AcMNPV genome, and encodes a putative protein of 463 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 54.7 ku. To determine the role of ac30 in the baculovirus life cycle, an ac30 knockout virus containing the AcMNPV genome was generated by using AcMNPV bacmid bMON14272 via ET-recombination in Escherichia coli. To rescue the phenotype of the ac30 knockout, an ac30-repaired virus was constructed in which an ac30 gene copy with its native promoter and terminator element was inserted into the polyhedron (polh) locus of the ac30 knockout bacmid by transposition.Sf-9 cells were transfected withwt bacmid,ac30 knockout bacmid or the repair bacmid,respectively.All of the three virus bacmids could generate infectious virus. After infection of Sf-9 cells with wt virus, ac30 knockout virus or ac30 repair virus, all of the three viruses showed similar infection pattern.All these results indicated that ac30 gene was not essential for virus propagation in AcMNPV life cycle.

Abstract:To study the community composition, vertical structure, diversity and seasonal dynamics of soil fauna in Kmeria septentrionalis forest which is the first-class state protected plant in China,a monthly investigation was conducted between Mar., 2012 and Jan., 2013 in litter layer and soil layers with the depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm,10-15 cm and 15-20 cm. A total of 12 937 of soil fauna individuals, belonging to 6 phyla,11 classes and 30 groups, respectively, were collected in 2 200 soil samples during the study. Two dominant groups,Acarina and Collembola, accounted for 74.69% of the soil fauna individuals. Five common groups, Nematoda, Oligochaet-a opisthopora,Oligochaeta plesiopara, Hymenoptera and Diptera, accounted for 22.26%. The A/C value <1. The vertical distribution of soil fauna groups and individuals in the soil profiles showed an surface accumulation,but no obvious decreasion layer by layer in some months and varied with the change of seasons. The seasonal change pattern of soil fauna group number of Kmeria septentrionalis forest was autumn＞winter＞spring＞summer. The number of soil fauna individual was autumn＞summer＞spring＞winter. The diversity of soil fauna groups was autumn＞spring＞winter＞summer.

Abstract:The toxicity bioassay of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin MZ041016 to Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley during four different concentrations on 2.0×105, 2.0×106,2.0×107,2.0×108 spores per mL was measured by topical application in laboratory, and 1st，2nd, 3rd of larvae and female adults of P.solenopsis were vaccinated respectively．The results indicated that the virulence of B.bassiana MZ041016 to P.solenopsis was high．The accumulative mortality was highest in concentration of 2.0×108 spores per mL. The median lethal concentration of 1st，2nd, 3rd of larvae and adults of the P.solenopsis was (2.10±0.06)×106,(2.43±0.06)×106,(3.20±0.06)×106,(3.54±0.06)×106 spores per mL respectively; the median lethal time was (4.52±0.17),(5.34±0.51),(6.12±0.35),(6.48±0.32) d respectively．

Abstract:This study developed a method to assess the levels of three phosphorothioate pesticides (chlorpyrifos, tolclofos-methyl,quinalphos) in yacon that based on using a molecularly imprinted reversed matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) combined with GC-MS. The MIPs are cross-linked polymers with specific binding sites for a particular analyte, which recognize target molecules by imprinting a molecule during polymer synthesis through covalent or non-covalent interactions. The obtained MIPs was used to extract and preconcentrate three phosphorothioate pesticides as adsorbent of matrix solid phase dispersion from yacon sample in extraction pot and cell of ASE, then the samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrograph(GC-MS)，and the positive ion mode of selected ion monitoring (SIM) with electron impact ionization source was adopted in MS. The results of 3 kinds of phosphorothioate agrochemicals identified in yacon samples in Wuhan area were satisfactory. The linear correlation was 0.9987-0.9996 between concentrations range of 0.01-2.5 μg/mL; the detection limit of the method was 0.174-0.526 μg/kg in yacon samples，the relative standard deviations were in the range of 2.3%-9.9% in yacon samples，the recoveries were in the range of 79.8%-104.5% in yacon samples.

Abstract:The modifier and water management measures for soil aggregate stability in soil of the cold water logged paddy field were studied to provide scientific basis for screening soil structure modifier.Two types of soil including cold spring and cold mud for cold water logged paddy field in Yangxin county and Xianning county in Hubei Province were used.Under treatment of long-term flooded and dry-wet alternate,model culturing experiments of six treatments including dolomite fines,biochar,fly ash,polyacrylamide,and blending modifier adding or not adding compound amendment in two types of soil separately were conducted.The distribution of aggregate and water stability of soil at the 30th,90th,180th,and 360th day after culturing were measured.The results showed that under dry-wet alternate condition,different modifier promoted the formation of soil aggregate in cold spring and cold mud for cold waterlogged paddy field,and increased with the extension of incubation time.It was basically stable at the 180th day.Under long-term flooded,modifier promoted aggregate formation in the short term.The aggregate was unstable.For different modifier,fly ash and blending modifier by fly ash+polyarcylamide+biochar were better for the formation of big aggregate in cold spring and cold mud waterlogged paddy field.

Abstract:A solution culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) on yield and quality of two Chinese cabbage cultivars (low nitrate accumulator L18 and high accumulator H96) under different ratios of NO3--N to NH4+-N.The results showed that fresh weight,contents of Mo and nitrate decreased significantly with the decrease of ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N.Contents of vitamin C,soluble sugar,total free amino acids and soluble protein in Chinese cabbage increased with the decrease of ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N.Mo application increased the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage under different ratios of NO3--N to NH4+-N.When the ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N was 100/0 and 50/50,Mo significantly increased fresh weight of Chinese cabbage.Mo application significantly increased the Mo content of Chinese cabbage under different ratios of NO3--N to NH4+-N.Mo application increased the contents of vitamin C,soluble sugar,total free amino acids and soluble proteins (with L18 soluble protein excepted) in Chinese cabbage,especially under single nitrate nutrition.Mo application significantly decreased the nitrate content in Chinese cabbage when the ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N was 100/0.However,there was an opposite effect when the ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N was 50/50.There was no significant effect when the ratio of NO3--N to NH4+-N was 10/90.To a certain extent,Mo could coordinate the contradictions of yield and quality of Chinese cabbages under different ratios of NO3--N to NH4+-N.

Abstract:The traditional desktop-based fertility evaluation was affected by the frequently updated data,the complex operations and so on.The impact was difficult to obtain real-time evaluation results.According to the workflow technology and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specification,a method was proposed to achieve fertility evaluation in the network environment.All data acquisition and processing functions in this method are packaged into OGC-compliant services.By calling the service-related operations,each operation will be converted to comply with OGC standard’s activities in workflow platform.In this way,it will be able to realize automatic processing function connecting the operation activities.In order to verify the method,the soil data of Honghuatao Town in Yidu City,Hubei Province was used as an example to achieve soil fertility evaluation under the network environment.The example deployed all soil data into data services and procedures related to fertility evaluation into WPS services.The results showed that the combination of the geographical information service with the workflow technology could realize the fertility evaluation under the network environment and improve the efficiency of the fertility evaluation.

Abstract:The photocatalyst of g-C3N4/CdMoO4 nanosheets (CN-CMO) was prepared with different proportions.Its crystal structure,morphology,light absorption capability and chemical bond was characterized with SEM,TEM-EDS,XRD,FT-IR,DRS.The photocatalytic activities of sulfathiazole onto the materials under visible light were investigated.Results showed that the photo-degradation had the obvious characteristics of first-order kinetics.The rate constant for the photo-degradation of sulfathiazole by CN-CMO was at most 3 times or 10 times than that of g-C3N4 or CdMoO4,respectively.The increase of photocatalytic activity was due to the easier separation of the electron and hole in the CN-CMO.The photocatalytic activity of CN-CMO was affected by its concentration.The optimal dosage was 1.0 g/L.

Abstract:Three kinds of chemical pretreatment including 2% H2SO4, 2% NaOH, 1% H2O2+2% NaOH were used to pretreat water hyacinth and sugarcane bagasse biomasses. The pretreated biomasses were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The relationship between the variation and the removal of the main components in pretreated biomasses and the effects of sugar production by enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated. Results showed that the yields of reducing sugar of water hyacinth pretreated by three chemical pretreatments had no obvious differences.The yields of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with 2% NaOH and 1% H2O2+2% NaOH were significantly higher than that pretreated with 2% H2SO4, and higher than those of water hyacinth under three kinds of pretreatment, indicating that it was superior to water hyacinth. Cellulose content, lignin and ash removal had a positive effect on yield of reducing sugar of samples pretreated. High yield of reducing sugar up to 81.54% was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with 1% H2O2+2% NaOH for 12 hours. 1% H2O2+2% NaOH is an effective pretreatment method for lignocellulose materials due to its relatively mildness and high efficiency of utilizing raw material.

Abstract:The fermentation products of Streptomyces sp. GEMSM 4(6) have a distinct activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,yeast and filamentous fungi,especially phytopathogens.Three noribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes and fifteen polyketide synthase (PKS) genes were amplified from the genome of this streptomycete with PCR using degenerated primers.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the PKS genes had highest homology (91%-99% identity) with that in Streptomyces violaceusniger Tu 4113,while the NRPS genes only had homology of 60%-62% with known NRPS genes in database.To clone these novel NRPS biosynthetic gene clusters,a genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed and screened by PCR.It will provide a good foundation for heterologous expression and genome mining in the future.

Abstract:To construct the conjugation transferring system between rare actinomycetes Micoromonospora and E. coli which can transfer foreign genes into Micoromonospora, a 4.7 kb fragment containing the replication region of plasmid pJTU112 was cloned into the BamHⅠ site of vector pOJ260 which can be replicated in both E. coli and Micromonospora. The plasmid pSCU207 was introduced into E. coli ET12567 carrying pUZ8002 and subsequently transferred by conjugation into Micoromonospora sp. LXH20 with selection of apramycin-resistant colonies,exconjugants were obtained. The plasmid pSCU207 was introduced by conjugation into Micromonospora sp. LXH20 and stably maintained in Micromonospora sp. LXH20. The optimal conjugation volume of E. coli ET12567 carrying pSCU207 and Micromonospora fresh mycelium was 40 μL and 400 μL,respectively.

Abstract:This experiment employed four methods to test content of intramuscular fat in various types of pork.The coefficients of correlation between fresh sample extraction and near infrared spectroscopy method,fresh sample extraction and Soxhlet extraction method,Soxhlet extraction method and near-infrared spectroscopy method,were 0.989,0.978,and 0.981,respectively.However,the coefficient of correlation is lower than 0.9 between the marbling score method and the other methods.Through comparison of the four methods,it showed that the test results by Soxhlet extraction method was significantly lower than fresh sample extraction and near-infrared spectrum method (P<0.05 )，and there was no significant difference between fresh sample extraction and Near-infrared spectrometry method (P>0.05).It had significant differences between marbling score method and other methods,suggesting that it can only be used as an assistant method.Several different varieties were tested by the fresh sample extraction and the near-infrared spectroscopy method,but the result showed that there was no significant difference between the two methods (P>0.05).Therefore,fresh sample extraction is still the most accurate and effective classical method for determination of intramuscular fat pork,while the near infrared spectroscopy can be used as a rapid detection method,which is simply,quickly and accurately.

Abstract:In the present study,the morphologic characteristics and gonadal development of the F1 hybrids (Megalobrama amblycephala (♀) × Parabramis pekinesis (♂)) were investigated and compared with the parents.Through variance analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis,it was found that there were no significant morphological differences between F1 fish and their parents (P>0.05).Cluster analysis showed that the F1 hybrids were more similar with the female M.amblycephala in morphology; however,they also inherited the whole abdominal edge feature of paternal P. pekinesis.The gonadal development of F1 hybrids at one and two years old was observed by macroscopic and microscopic examination.At one year old,most testis and oraries were at stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ.At two years old,most testis and oraries were developed at stage Ⅳ,and there were unilateral and uneven development of both ovaries and testis in F1 hybrids.This study would be beneficial to the breeding of M.amblycephala.

Abstract:To study the effects of Aeromonas hydiophila infection on iron metabolism of Megalobrama amblycephala,the iron content of serum and liver was determined by spectrophotometer and Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer,respectively,and expression of the iron metabolism related genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR at 0,4 h,12 h,24 h,72 h and 120 h after A.hydiophila infection. The results showed that the content of serum iron in the experimental group was significantly descended at 12 h and 24 h after infection (P＜0.05),while the iron content in the liver was increased though not significantly (P＞0.05). After infection,the expression level of hepc,il-6,jak3,stat3 genes increased firstly,and then descended in the liver,but still significantly higher than that in the control. The results indicated that fish reduced the iron serum content in response to bacterial infections. The hepc,il-6,jak3 and stat3 genes may play important roles in both innate immunity and iron metabolism regulation upon bacterial infection.

Abstract:Salinity is one of the important factors which affect drug metabolism in aquatic animals.After single oral dosing at 500 mg/kg praziquantel (PZQ) premix,we compared the tissue absorption and eliminations of PZQ in freshwater and brackish water cultured grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that salinity had a highly significant effect on concentration of PZQ in plasma,muscle,liver and kidney in grass carp (P<0.01).The peak concentration of PZQ in plasma,muscle,liver and kidney in brackish water grass carp were 0.98,1.1,3.99 and 3.2 μg/mL and in freshwater grass carp were 1.13,1.43,5.55 and 3.72 μg/mL,respectively.In both groups,it reached peak concentration at 1 h.The elimination half-lives (t1/2β) of all the tissues and plasma in freshwater grass carp were longer than that in brackish water grass carp.The elimination half-lives (t1/2β) of plasma,muscle,liver and kidney in brackish water grass carp were 10.77 h,5.57 h,3.49 h and 3.37 h and that in freshwater grass carp were 14.82 h,5.99 h,17.51 h and 5.36 h,respectively.These findings indicated that the osmotic pressure in the water environment may affect the tissue absorption and elimination of PZQ premix in grass carp,suggesting that the dosing strategy of PZQ premix should be adjusted by the water environment.

Abstract:In this study,we investigated the effect of bio-floating bed on growth and muscle quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and blunt snout bream(Megalobrama amblycephala) in ponds.Two modes of culture ponds were chosen:one equipped with bio-floating bed was the experimental pond,and the other without beds was the control pond.At the end of the experiment,we measured the growth parameters,the muscle conventional nutrients,water holding capacity (WHC),and texture characteristics using biochemical and physical methods.The results showed that the final weight of fish cultured in the experimental pond was higher than that in the control pond.The hepatic somatic index of grass carp (1.77%) in the experimental pond was significantly lower than that of the control (2.47%).The condition factors of grass carp and blunt snout bream (1.73 and 2.56,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (1.64 and 2.40,respectively).There was no significant difference in the eviscerated weight of both carp and bream between the experimental (91.06 and 88.28,respectively) and the control (89.22 and 88.49,respectively) ponds.The drop loss (14.49% and 10.69,respectively) and water loss rate (17.52% and 10.34%,respectively) of the experimental grass carp and blunt snout bream were significantly lower than those of the control.The cooked rate of the experimental fish was significantly higher than the control.The muscle crude fat content (1.89%) and crude protein content (14.60%) of grass carp in the experimental ponds were significantly higher than those of the control (1.54% and 13.46%),whereas muscle water content (81.68%) of the experimental fish was significantly lower than that (82.65%) of the control.There is no significant difference in muscle ash content between the two groups.Unlike grass carp,only muscle crude protein content (17.23%) of the experimental bream was significantly higher than that (15.90%) of the control.The muscular hardness,gumminess,and chewiness of the experimental carp (5 298.10 g,2 450.78 g and 770.78 g,respectively) were significantly higher than those of the control (3 226.79 g,1 881.43 g and 602.80 g,respectively).The resilience (0.31) and cohesion (0.48) of experimental carp were significantly lower than those (0.43 and 0.58,respectively) of the control.However,only the muscular springiness of the blunt snout bream in the experimental pond was significantly higher than that in the control pond.

Abstract:To evaluate the effect of heating rate on gelation properties of silver carp and grass carp surimi,the dynamic rheological properties,gelation temperature (tgel) and activation energy (Ea) of the surimi under different heating rates (1℃/min,5℃/min and 8℃/min) were investigated.Results showed that storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ of silver carp and grass carp surimi were higher,while loss angle tangent tanδ were lower in the 1℃/min group than that in the 5℃/min and 8℃/min groups.The gelation temperature increased,but gel activation energy decreased with heating rate increasing.Gelation temperature of silver carp surimi was lower than that of grass carp,but gel activation energy was higher than that of grass carp at the same heating rate.

Abstract:Effects of soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency on the growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were investigated. Growth characteristics and nutrition of mung bean sprout were significantly affected by soaking temperature,cultivation temperature and watering frequency (P<0.05). When the bean was soaked at higher temperature (40℃),body weight of the cultivated mung bean sprout was heavier,hypocotyl was longer,contents of free amino acid (FAA),water soluble sugar (WSS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were higher. The hypocotyl was longer while the diameter was smaller when the bean was cultivated in the relatively higher temperature (30-35℃). When the watering frequency decreased,weight,hypocotyl length and diameter decreased,WSS content decreased first and then increased,FAA content increased first and then decreased,GABA content was fluctuated. The optimal germination conditions of mung bean sprout were soaking bean at 40℃ for 5 h,with cultivation temperature of 25-30℃ and watering once per hour.

Abstract:In order to solve the problem of high labor intensity and low efficiency during the working practice of transporting fruits, fertilizers and pesticide in mountain orchard, and to meet the requirements of orchard transportation with simple construction and low cost, a trailed trackless mountain orchard transporter with remote control was designed. Through the running test, the results showed that the operation effect of the mountain orchard transporter without manual driving was perfect, the running effect was stable and reliable with the average speed of 0.56 m/s, the climbing slope angle was designed between 20°and 40°with the maximum upward transporting load of 400 kg and the maximum downward transporting load of 600 kg. The transporter can be operated easily by a remote control, and it launches and brakes accurately in the tests, which proves that the orchard transporter meets the design requirements.

Abstract:The purpose of the experiment is to find out the variation of the slip rates of tractors on different types of roads on which they often run, such as cement road, gravel road, dirt road. The running speed of the tractor was measured by GPS, Doppler radar and the minimum wheel speed method, and the speed of the driving wheel of the tractor was measured by the encoders. PCI1740 data acquisition card was used to collect sensors data, and then the graphical programming software Labview was used to display and store real-time data. The experiment was carried out on different roads with different running speeds of the tractor. The test results showed that the minimum degree of slippage occurred on the cement road while the largest slippery occurred on dirt road. When the tractor was running at a low speed (first gear, second gear), the tractor′s slip rate was 9.0%-13.6%. When the tractor was running at a high speed (third gear, fourth gear), the slip rate was 3.26%-6.27%. The GPS test results were not affected by the road conditions, and the radar method was suitable for the good road conditions, and the minimum wheel speed method was suitable when the tractor was running at a high speed. The tractor′s slip degree decreased with the increase of the speed of the tractor.

Abstract:Boron is an essential microelement for higher plants.Boron deficiency is widespread in several major citrus-growing countries,including Brazil and China.The advances on boron nutrition of citrus including boron concentration and distribution，boron mobility，physiological and molecular responses to boron stresses，mechanisms of differences in boron efficiency，and diagnosis of boron deficiency were reviewed.Boron efficiency of citrus scion-rootstook combinations and the criterion of leaf diagnosis in citrus was emphasized.Studies of boron nutrition in citrus concerning with the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between scion and rootstock，and the relationship between mycorrhizas and utilization of boron were prospected.