Abstract:将人工合成的来自Escherichia coli的dsdA基因与来自Schizosaccharomyces pombe的dao1 基因，通过农杆菌侵染方式转化到水稻中花11中。对转化植株进行分子生物学检测表明，目的基因整合到了水稻核基因组中，其中获得转化dsdA的单拷贝植株7个，转化dao1的单拷贝植株6个。通过对单拷贝转基因家系表达量检测及T0代种子萌发测验发现，dao1基因在2个（编号6,7）转基因家系中表达量显著，T0代种子在含D-Ala的培养基上，具有明显抗性。dsdA基因在所有的转基因家系中表达量相对偏低，在含D-Ser的培养基上，T0代种子有一定抗性。

Abstract:To study stem non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation and translocation from stems to grains in rice genotypes with various sink capacity,127 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Zhenshan 97 × Minghui 63 were planted under field conditions in two years.NSC concentrations and accumulations in stems at three stages (30 days after transplanting,heading date,and maturity),leaf area,diameter and number of vascular bundles in peduncle,and grain yield were investigated.There were large genotypic variations of sink capacity among lines ranging from 289.4 g/m2 to 945.4 g/m2.Based on sink capacity,all lines were clustered into 6 types including mean sink capacity of 388.0(A type),575.3(B type),667.3(C type),728.4(D type),793.4(E type),and 887.2 (F type) g/m2.NSC concentrations and accumulations of the six types at heading stage were significantly higher than those at 30 days of transplanting and maturity.NSC concentrations and accumulations of the types with small sink capacity (A and B types) were generally higher than those of the ones with large sink capacity at 30 days of transplanting.However,they were lower at maturity.At heading stage,the types with large sink capacity had higher NSC accumulations than those with small sink capacity,in spite of insignificant difference in the NSC concentrations.Types with large sink capacity had generally more vascular bundles in peduncle and low source:sink ratio (leaf area per unit sink capacity).Changes in NSC concentrations during the duration from 30 days after transplanting to heading were not significant between the six types.Changes in NSC accumulations increased with the increase of sink capacity.As sink capacity increased,the apparent transferred mass of NSC (ATMNSC) increased.However,the apparent contribution of transferred NSC to grain yield (ACNSC) declined first and increased later.ACNSC was higher for types with large sink capacity,which may be due to the large NSC accumulation before heading.The large ATMNSC during grain filling,the more stem vascular bundles,and the low source:sink ratio.Considering relatively small leaf area per unit sink capacity for types with large sink capacity,increasing leaf area and stem NSC accumulation as source for yield formation might be an approach to obtain high grain yield for genotypes with large sink capacity.

Abstract:To establish a synthetic system of assessing the industrial value of taro with numerous cormels and to offer a theoretical support for selection and application,a comprehensive evaluation system was established with AHP method taking the quality traits,yield traits and growth characteristics into consideration.The weight value of 10 evaluating factors was calculated,among which the mass of branch cormels per plant,average quality of branch cormels,shape of branch cormels were more important than that of the other traits.According to the comprehensive scores,cultivars were divided into 4 grades including excellent,good,general,and poor grade,of which the 5 varieties could be applied to industrial production.It will provide a reference for exploiting taro with numerous cormels.

Abstract:The changes of carotenoids in the fruit of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) at five different stages of development were investigated.After extracting carotenoids from the fruit of oil palm,lutein,lycopene,α-carotene and β-carotene were separated and its contents were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that contents of α- and β-carotene had a tendency of increasing with fruit ripening.β-Carotene content increased obviously.The content of β-carotene was three to four times more than that of α-carotene in the late developmental stages.On the contrary,the changing trend of the lutein content was gradually decreased.The content of lycopene was almost constant during the development of fruit.It was indicated that the content of total carotenoids in the fruit of oil palm was gradually increased,and was mainly transformed into α- and β-carotene in the process of maturation.

Abstract:To clarify the pathogenicity differentiation of Magnaporthe oryzae in the generally susceptible variety Lijiangxintuanheigu （LTH）, 7 Chinese traditional differential varieties and 30 anti-blast monogenic lines were inoculated respectively with 100 single spore strains isolated from Lijiangxintuanheigu. According to the inoculation results , the composition of physiology races, the types of dominant races, virulence and avirulence genes of Magnaporthe oryzae were found. The above results were compared with the pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae from other cultivars in the one region, and it showed that the pathogenicity differentiation of Magnaporthe oryzae from Lijiangxintuanheigu was similar to those isolated from other varieties in the area. The population composition of Magnaporthe oryzae from Lijiangxintuanheigu was ZA（85.00%）,ZB（13.00%）,ZC（2.00%），dominant races were ZA1, ZA5, ZB13; the average virulence was 83.33%. And the population composition of Magnaporthe oryzae from other cultivars were ZA（53.85%）,ZB（38.46%）,ZC（5.77%）,ZD（1.92%）; dominant races were ZA1, ZB15, ZB13; the average virulence was 78.01%. So the study of monitoring physiology races of Magnaporthe oryzae was of great reference value in the identification of resistance genes of rice cultivar and acquisition of rice blast samples.

Abstract:The Chinese citrus fly,Bactrocera minax（Enderlein）,is one of the most harmful pests for citrus plants, which caused serious damage in recent years in China. In this study, we observed the ovarian development of B.minax under the microscope by measuring ovary length and width, ovarian index, follicle length, and the number of mature eggs. The results indicated that ovarian development of B.minax could be divided into five stages as follows: previtellogenic stage (Ⅰ), vitellogenic deposition stage (Ⅱ), expectant stage of mature eggs (Ⅲ), peak stage of oviposition (Ⅳ), last stage of oviposition (Ⅴ), which lasted for 1-10 days,10-18 days,18-23 days, 23-33 days and 33 days after adult eclosion, respectively. The results could serve as a grading criterion for assessing the sexual maturation in the Chinese citrus fly, and also benefit for the monitoring and control of B.minax in the field.

Abstract:The competition relation between Eupatorium adenophorum and Artemisia annua was studied by using the multiple De Wit replacement series design method, which discussed the effects of growing character of E.adenophorum in different planting densities and mixture proportions. The results showed that the relative yield (RYg) and the relative density (RDg) were less than 1 in mixture sample area between E.adenophorum and A.annua; with the increase of the mixture proportion of A.annua,the RYg and RDg of E.adenophorum were gradually decreasing, and stem diameter, branch number and biomass were also decreasing, which implied that the competition between E.adenophorum and A.annua was severer than intraspecific competition of E.adenophorum and the population expansion of E.adenophorum was restrained when A.annua existed. With the increase of the population density under the circumstance of higher mixture proportion of A.annua, root/shoot radio of E.adenophorum had a trend of reduction，but plant height of E.adenophorum had a trend of increase, which suggested that E.adenophorum had to adopt the allocation of resources model, namely, the strategy of the ground priority growth in response to stronger pressure of competition of A.annua. Based on the above results, we should replace E.adenophorum with A.annua at the early stages of invasion to have a good effect on the control of E.adenophorum.

Abstract:To understand the effects of feeding on brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) populations resistant to Imidacloprid on biological characteristics of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter), was fed on N.lugens which was sensitive and highly resistant to Imidacloprid for 15 successive generations, respectively. Biological characteristics of C.lividipennis SNCF15 and RNCF15 were studied. The results showed that the percentage of emergence did not vary significantly between the two colonies during egg stage, nymphal stage and adult stage, as well as every period of the whole life. Compared with RNCF15 colony,SNCF15 colony had a significantly longer egg laying phase and higher spawning rate, and a relatively higher egg hatching rate as well as the survival rate of nymphs, but a shorter egg period.

Abstract:Bottromycin with the biological activity against Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma was isolated from Streptomyces bottropensis.It exhibited activities against methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE).Cosmid 4E11 carrying the whole biosynthetic gene cluster of bottromycin was obtained by constructing genomic library and PCR screening,and then transformed into Streptomyces coelicolor M145 by intergeneric conjugation.The recombinant strain M145/4E11 was obtained.The results of fermentation showed that the M145/4E11 could produce bottromycin.Based on the Red/ET recombination system and technology,the native promoters of btmA and btmD were replaced by erythromycin promoter (ermE*P1) in M145/4E11,and bottromycin yield of the mutant was increased successfully.

Abstract:Two strains,named as XA1 and XB1 utilizing naphthalene as the sole carbon source,were isolated from Zhanggong Dam of Jinkou in Wuhan City.XA1 and XB1 were both identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens through morphological characterizations,physiological and biochemical identification and alignment analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence.Their optimal growth temperature were both 28℃ and the optimal growth pH value were 7.5 and 7.0,respectively.When XA1 and XB1 were inoculated in the liquid inorganic salts medium with naphthalene as the sole carbon source,the degradation rates of naphthalene after three days were 93.4% and 74.7%,respectively.Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene and some other genes were characterized with the PCR method and agarose gel electrophoresis.Results showed that sequences of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene and the others all possessed 99% similarity with the sequences in the NCBI.

Abstract:Pyrene-degrading bacteria along with alfalfa were studied for their potential in removal of pyrene contamination from soil.43.49% of pyrene was degraded by P6- alfalfa association at 20 d.In contrast,23.46% and 15.21% of pyrene was only removed by strain P6 and alfalfa， respectively.It was indicated that the P6- alfalfa association was more effective in removal of pyrene.The pyrene was also both detected in the shoots and roots of alfalfa,and more pyrene was accumulated in the roots than those in the shoots.Through analysis of pathways of pyrene removal，this enhanced removal of pyrene by plant-microbial association might be the result of alfalfa promoted microbial degradation.The POD (peroxidase) in plant roots was higher than that in shoots,and the PPO (phenol oxidase) in roots was lower than that in shoots.The catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities in soil were both higher in planted soil than unplanted soil.And the bacterial populations in soil，especially in rhizosphere were also inspired by the growth of alfalfa.These could be explained by the rhizosphere effect.This enhanced dissipation of pyrene in planted soil might be due to increased biological activity in the rhizosphere.Therefore， bio-removal of pyrene in the contaminated soils was feasible using alfalfa.

Abstract:A total of 60 weaned piglets with an average weight of 18 kg were randomly divided into 2 treatments,with 3 replicates per treatment and 10 pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with basal diet supplemented with antibiotics and the experimental group was fed with 20% fermented feed without antibiotic for 154 days,to study the effects of complex probiotics fermented feed without antibiotic on growth performance,blood parameters,immune index and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs.The results showed that the performance of the experimental group fed with 20% fermented feed without antibiotic was better than the control group.Compared with the control group,the average daily feed intake increased by 5.86%,average daily gain increased by 10.89% and feed conversion ratio decreased by 4.38% (P＜0.05) in the experimental group.The content of serum aspartate aminotransferase,serum urea,serum albumin and ration of albumin with globulin in the experimental group were significantly lower (P＜0.05),while the content of serum alkaline phosphatase,glucose,globulin and IgG in the experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05).In addition,the slaughtered pork 45 min pH,2 h pH,the red value (a*) and intramuscular fat of the experimental group were significantly higher (P＜0.05),while the value of slaughtered pork drip loss and shear force of the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05).In conclusion,the fermented feed without antibiotic can improve the production performance,enhance immunity and improve meat quality in growing-finishing pigs.

Abstract:This trail was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics E.faecium and Aureomycin on the development of cecal bacterial flora in broilers.One hundred and eighty newborn broilers were randomly divided into control,probiotics and antibiotics groups.The digesta in cecal were sampled sterilely and rapidly from the broilers at the age of 7,14,21,28,35 and 42 d respectively.RT-PCR was used to quantify the number of Escherichia coli and Lactobacilli.DGGE was used to estimated the changes of cecal bacterial flora.The results showed that addition of probiotics could reduce the number of E.coli at the age of 21 d and increase the number of Lactobacilli at the age of 42 d significantly (P＜0.05).The DGGE profiles showed that it's a transitional period from 7 d to 14 d,and a relatively stable period from 14 d to 42 d for the cecal bacterial flora.However,compared with the antibiotics,the addition of probiotics could help cecal bacterial flora to get through the transitional period more efficiently and keep more steady in the relatively stable period.

Abstract:To preliminarily explore the interaction between Mycobacterium bovis TB10.4 and RAW264.7 cells,recombinant TB10.4 was expressed and purified,and the cell activities were detected by IFN-γ release assays and Western blot.RAW264.7 cells were incubated with different doses of rTB10.4,then the best exposure condition was analysed by the RT-CES system.On this basis,the effects of rTB10.4 on the expression and distribution of TLR2 of RAW264.7 cells were detected and analyzed by Image-Stream fluorescence imaging.The results showed that the rTB10.4 has strong T cells and B cell response activities.The interaction of RAW264.7 with rTB10.4 was dose-dependent,and the onset time range was from 12 h to 24 h,and the maximum effect was observed from16 h to 18 h.The results of Image-Stream fluorescence imaging showed that the stimulation of rTB10.4 could significantly enhance the expression of TLR2 on the cell membrane of RAW264.7 cells.In a word,this study provided a scientific basis for further exploring the TB10.4 protein function and its role on the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis．

Abstract:Two spatial strategies,response strategy and place strategy,are used to solve spatial tasks by animals.Studies of spatial cognition in fishes were rather scarce.As fish with special reproduction ecology,bitterling was expected to be a good candidate for studying the spatial cognition and strategies.In the present study,the capability of spatial learning and memory of Rhodeus ocellatus was studied through comparative experiments with one landmark and with no landmark.The results showed that the R.ocellatus possessed good spatial cognition ability.R.ocellatus could perform better with one landmark in spatial learning and memory,suggesting that different cognition strategies affect the rate of memory formation and the visual cues may play a better role than the fishes’ own sense of direction in promoting memory formation.

Abstract:On the basis of the construction of an expressed vector which expresses a bivalent out membrane protein (OMP) of Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda from diseased eels,optimum expression conditions,including different IPTG concentration,temperature,time and bacteria concentration of the recombinant expression vector were studied.The results indicated that different IPTG concentration,temperature,time and bacteria concentration had no significant influence on the expression of the recombinant protein.A bivalent OMP was expressed by using 0.25 mmol/L IPTG to induce the tansformant (E.coli BL21) overnight at 16℃ in a suitable bacteria concentration (D600nm=0.8).The bivalent OMP with a molecular weight of 87.1 ku was then purified and obtained by Nickel Chelating Affinity Chromatography with KTApurifier-100 protein purification system.After renaturated by dialysis,the purified protein was injected to American eels (Anguilla rostrata) to study its immunogenicity.The results indicated that the titers of serum antibody in eels at 28 d after immunization,was significantly (P＜0.05) enhanced in groups injected with different doses of the recombinant protein compare with the PBS injection group,indicating good immunogenicity of the recombinant protein.

Abstract:The pharmacokinetics and elimination of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were investigated after single oral administration(200 mg/kg) in GIFT tilapia (genetically improved farmed tilapia) at (28±2)℃.The concentration of SMM in tissues of tilapia was determined by HPLC.The results showed that the Cmax were 22.66,7.13,45.50 and 22.77 μg/mL (μg/g),and the Tmax were 7.52,7.02,1.00/8.00 and 2.00/10 h(Tmax1/Tmax2) in blood,muscle,liver and kidney,respectively.The bimodal phenomenon,as shown in concentration-time curve of liver and kidney,indicated that there was non-homogeneous absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of tilapia.The T1/2Ke of SMM in blood,muscle,liver and kidney were 5.21,4.84,14.12 and 6.80 h respectively,suggesting that SMM was short-acting sulfa drug in tilapia.The elimination speed was the fastest in muscle,followed by blood,kidney and liver.According to the Announcement No.235 of People’s Republic of China,the MRL in foodstuffs of animal is 0.1 mg/kg,and the withdrawal period should not be less 5 d under this experiment condition.

Abstract:Effects of cold storage and heating on the taste active compounds in the flesh of silver carp (Hypohthalmichthyx titrix) were studied by taste active value (TAV) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) methods.Glutamic (Glu),histidine (His),inosine monophosphate (IMP),potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were proved to be the major taste active compounds in the flesh.During cold storage at 5 ℃,IMP content decreased rapidly,hypoxanthine (Hx) and Glu increased,His,K and Na kept constant.IMP in the raw fish flesh decreased rapidly after heating at 100 ℃ for 30 min,while changes of other taste active compounds were relatively small.Synergistic effect between flavor amino acid and nucleotide degradation products was significantly contributed to increasing umami of cooked fish flesh.EUC in the cooked fish flesh was 0.4 g sodium glutamate/100 g.Raw fish flesh was stored for different time followed by cooking at 100 ℃ for 30 min,degree of contribution by umami taste active compounds to cooked fish flesh decreased slowly within 3 days’ storage,while it decreased rapidly on the 5th day.Degree of contribution by bitter taste active compounds increased with storage time.

Abstract:The ability of oligomeric procyanidins from lotus seedpod (LSOPC) to inhibit oxidation in bulk rapeseed oil was studied.The results showed that 0.02% LSOPC was equal to 0.02% BHT in inhibiting the oxidation of rapeseed oil.However,0.10% LSOPC was less than 0.02% TBHQ.The acid value varied from 0.99 to 1.19,and the carotenoid content（β-carotene equivalent）reduced from 48.4 μg/g to 0.99 μg/g.The white index(WI) of oil increased by 24.50 reaching upto 26.82.Oleic acid,linoleic acid and lenolenic acid were significantly changed from 50.78×104 mg/kg,15.60×104 mg/kg and 5.71×104 mg/kg to 44.54×104 mg/kg,13.39×104 mg/kg and 4.49×104 mg/kg,respectively.

Abstract:In order to identify and predict major components for white tea,oolong tea and black tea in the same time,the 3 different tea products were collected,and the qualitative and quantitative models were established based on NIRs (near infrared spectroscopy).The qualitative classification model,which was established by factor-method,could identify full of the independent validation set samples.At the same time,partial least squares (PLS) algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted on the calibration of regression model.The performance of the final model was evaluated according to root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV),root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and correlation coefficient (R).The correlations coefficients (R) in the prediction set were achieved as follows:0.991 3 for moisture model,0.905 7 for tea polyphenols model,and 0.974 3 for caffeine model.It was demonstrated that it was feasible to establish a “saving” qualitative and quantitative prediction model for 3 different kinds of tea products with the premise of accuracy.

Abstract:In order to overcome the transition，field operation, and standardized batch production difficulties of the existing track cargo vehicle in mountainous orchard, as well as to raise the utilization rate, the mountain orchard detachable unidirectional traction double track cargo vehicle was developed. This paper introduced the whole machine structure, the wire rope diameter selection，the minimum track inclination，the maximum track distance，the minimum track turning radius and the working principle of the rope brake device. Load experiments were carried out to test the cargo′s synthetic track function. It is indicated by calculation that the wire rope diameter should be 7.7 mm，the minimum track inclination was 5.7°, the maximum track distance was 170 m, the minimum track horizontal turning radius was 7 m, and the minimum track vertical turning radius was 2 m. Load experiment results indicated that the cargo vehicle′s uplink average speed was 0.51 m/s, the downlink average speed was 0.54 m/s, the average energy consumption was 1.235 kW·h and the effective use degree was 100%. This cargo vehicle was suitable for fruit, pesticide, chemical fertilizer and other cargo transportation in the mountain orchard. Meanwhile, it can be applied to carry the spraying machine, the shave machine and other agricultural machines.

Abstract:In order to optimize the front-mounted rape windrower which has a complicated structure with many motor units and long power transmission line, a new set of hydraulic driving system was developed for the working units of 4SY-1.8 rape windrower. The results of calibration experiment and field test indicated that the working performance of the driving system was stable and reliable, the real-time adjustment of the speed for each motor units was realized, and the windrower with this system could meet different requirements of different planting patterns of rape. Moreover, rape could be windrowed neatly and orderly. Thus, the adaptability of rape windrower was efficiently improved. The power consumption of each motor unitswas measured by using the system under the conditions of no-load tests and field tests. In the no-load experimens, the power consumption of longitudinal transportation unit was less than 0.1 kW, the power consumption of the transverse belt unit was 0.89 kW, and the power consumption of cutterbar and reel was 1.2 kW. In the field experiments on the efficient operational performance, the power consumption of longitudinal transportation unit was less than 0.3 kW, the power consumption of transverse belt unit was 1.86 kW, the power consumption of cutterbar and reel was 2.35 kW. The results would provide references for further improvement and optimization of the hydraulic driving system.

Abstract:In order to crush waste branches with the diameter not exceeding 30 mm trimmed from mountain orchards and other garden places, into sawdust with a length not exceeding 30 mm and particle size not exceeding 5 mm, a small moveable thick hammer branch grinder was designed and improved, where branches may be fed by the feeding roll through a single-channel, and crushed in a non-repetitive way. On the basis of hammer crushing principle, the size, structure and working methods of the feeding devices, the rotor assembly and hammer were redesigned and improved, which achieved the design goal of the grinder. The crushing experiments to determine the spindle speed showed that the optimum spindle speed range for the grinder is 2050-2200 r/min, and the crush confirmatory experiments showed that when the spindle speed is 2100 r/min ,the productivity can reach 0.851 m3/h, and the unit energy consumption will be as low as 3.162 kW·h/m3.The parameters are ideal, and the crushing effect is good.

Abstract:In order to analyze the loading variation of lotus roots during the process of being compressed and the variation rules of compressive strength of different lotus rhizome nodes under different loading rates，different lotus rhizome nodes of Elian 3537 were selected as the research objects. The pressure displacement curves of different lotus rhizome nodes under different compressive rates were obtained from compression tests by using the texture analyzer, and the corresponding yield limit and failure limit were obtained,too. The result showed that the yield limit and failure limit increased with the rise of the compressive rates. When compressing rate was the same, the 3rd of the lotus rhizome nodes could sustain the maximum yield limit, followed by the 2nd, and the the 1st the minimum. As for the failure limit of the lotus rhizome nodes, the 2nd has the maximum one, followed by the 3rd, and the 1st successively. Two-factor variance analysis with duplication was used to analyze the yield limit and the failure limit, the results showed that both the compression rate and the lotus rhizome nodes had significant effect on the compressive strength of the lotus root surface. Meanwhile, the interaction between them had no significant effect on the compressive strength of lotus root surface.