Abstract:In order to explore the relevance of cytological events of pistil and stamen development to the morphology of spikelet lemma in rice,series of observation were made using japonica rice Zhonghua 11 as material.Length of spikelet lemma corresponding to gametophyte development stage,such as male and female mother cell stage,meiosis stage,spore formation was statistically analyzed.The relevance of caryopsis morphology and lemmas length to the inner developmental stage of embryo and endosperm was investigated.The results provided a simple ocular reference to ascertain the reproductive developmental stage of pistil,stamen and seed in rice.It will benefit the research about reproductive development and molecular mechanism in rice.

Abstract:Effects of high temperature at flowering stage on the related physiological characteristics of functional leaves of rice were studied using indica rice varieties－Shuhui 527 and Texianzhan 25 as samples,which had significant differences in high temperature stability of photosynthesis.The results showed that under heat stress,Shuhui 527 with high temperature tolerance of photosynthesis presented small decreasing ranges of net photosynthetic rate and seed setting rate,large increasing range of proline cumulative level in leaves and significantly lower membrane injury rate.In addition,the thermal stability at 50.0℃ of large subunit of Rubisco (Lsu),small subunit of Rubisco (Ssu) and total protein content in Rubisco-extracting solution of flag leaves was high in Shuhui 527.Between Lsu and Ssu,the stability of Ssu was more sensitive to changes in temperature.The thermal stability of Ssu could provide a reference for studies on the identification,evaluation and mechanism of high temperature tolerance of rice at flowering stage.

Abstract:Two varieties of super rice,Peizataifeng and Yuxiangyouzhan,were used to study the effects of different planting density on grain production of mechanical precision hill-drop drilling rice.The results showed that different planting density of precision hill-drop drilling rice produced high valid panicles,high population total number of spilelets and high yield compared with manual boardcasting(controls); but it had no significant effect on 1 000-grain weight of both varieties.The yields of Peizataifeng with four densities (P1-P4) was increased significantly by 69.07%,40.73%,34.34% and 35.09%,respectively.The yields of Yuxiangyouzhan (Y1-Y4) was increased significantly by 109.97%,45.14%,84.86% and 46.32%,respectively.The highest grain yield and highest harvest index were observed in both rice varieties with row spacing of 20 cm,followed by row spacing of 25 cm wide-narrow(35 +15) cm and 30 cm,but the difference between wide-narrow(35 +15) cm and 30 cm was not significant in the variety of Peizataifeng.For the grain yields of Yuxiangyouzhan,followed by the same levels of wide-narrow and 30 cm,and then followed by row spacing of 25 cm,indicating that appropriate row spacing could improve the harvest index of precision hill-drop drilling rice.The row spacing of 30 cm and wide-narrow achieved the highest individuals biological yield while 20 cm achieved the highest population biological yields,indicating that increasing the row spacing could improve the individuals biological yield.Improving population biological yields of precision hill-drop drilling rice should be on the basis of appropriate row spacing.The results also showed that higher net photosynthetic rate,but the significance levels of the transpiration rate,stomatal conductance (Cond) and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves(flag leaves) varied with the varieties of precision hill-drop drilling rice.The suitable row spacing could improve the population photosynthesis capacity of precision hill-drop drilling rice.Therefore,the main pathway to improve grain yield of precise hill-drop drilling rice is to guarantee grain number per panicle on the basis of certain population valid panicles,to highlight the production superiority of deepen fertilization and mechanical hill-lined characteristics,to coordinate the contradictions between individuals-and-population and yield and its components,to improve population photosynthesis capacity,and therefore to culminate in a performance of high yields of precise hill-drop drilling rice.

Abstract:AsIB259 encodes a putative non-specific lipid transfer protein in Astragalus sinicus.AsIB259 protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta 2(DE3) and the kinetics of the recombinant protein binding to P-96 fluorescence probe was examined.Simultaneously,its capacity of binding to different fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives was measured as well.Furthermore,the symbiotic phenotype associated with AsIB259 overexpression was investigated.The results showed that AsIB259 displayed high binding activity toward fatty acids with 16-22 carbon chain length；and its overexpression in hairy roots led to an increase of 1.5-fold nodule number,but to a decrease of nitrogenase activity.The results indicated that AsIB259 may play an important role in nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

Abstract:Comprehensively evaluating the cold tolerance of pitaya germplasms

Abstract:Based on the sustainable development strategies and planning of Wuhan East Lake Scenic Area,the theory of sustainable development is used to analyze factors involved in the relative closing of urban lake area,relationship of complicated urban management,falling behind of environmental preservation and low quality of public service.Possibilities of a more comprehensive development of promoting local employment and economies,nurturing LOHAS lifestyle by regulating landscape planning are discussed.Suggestions for water resource protection and development are proposed.

Abstract:In order to improve the quality of citrus fruit, the thrips species which causes citrus fruit scarring investigated in the main citrus producing areas of each county and the test base of Institute of Citrus Science Research in Gannan, Jiangxi Province, China. The results showed that there are 11 species of thrips in citrus orchards in southern Jiangxi. The major species were Thrips flavidulus （Bagnall）,Thrips palmi Karny and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, whose occurrence percentage was 53.25%, 18.46%,and 15.46% in 2011 respectively. Among them, T.flavidulus is the main species that can damage young fruits and results in scars on the surface of the fruits. The survey found that T. flavidulus live through the winter in soil. They peak in citrus orchards during the main flowering and young fruits period, feeding and ovipositing on citrus petal and young fruits. The characteristic sliver grey and ring-shaped scars were formed around the stem end of the fruit with the fruit′s growth.

Abstract:The effect of flooding stress on food consumption of different adult female brown planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens） biotypes adult female fed on resistant rice varieties were studied by measuring their honeydrew. The results indicated that the effectsincidence of flooding stress on the food consumption of different brown planthopper different biotypes fed on resistant rice varieties were different. The impact of flooding stress on the food consumption of brown planthopper biotype Ⅱ fed on ASD7 was the greatest, and followed by it′s great the impact on food consumption of brown planthopper biotype Ⅱ fed on IR36,IR42 and brown planthopper biotype bangladesh fed on IR56,RNR3070,OM997-6 and ARC5833. The low-impact on food consumption of brown planthopper biotype Ⅱ fed on OM997-6 and the two brown planthopper biotypes fed on RP1976-18-6-4-2 and ARC5984 was slim.The food consumption of brown planthopper biotype Ⅱ fed on Guiyin 901 and two brown planthopper biotypes fed on RHT, Ptb33 and 570011 were not impacted influenced by the flooding stress.

Abstract:Field trials in different locations were carried out to study effects of controlled-release urea (CRU) application on the yield,nutrient uptaking and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of rice.The results showed that the application of CRU significantly increased the yield of rice grain by 5.3%-7.8% comparing with that of the common urea treatment (total as basal) when subtracted 25% N,and increased the yield by 2.6%-2.9% comparing with that of common urea treatment (split application).The significant quadratic function correlation was found between the rice yield and the application amount of CRU.Increasing the number of filled grains was the main factor that CRU increased the yield of rice.The results also showed that the nitrogen content in the dry matter and N nutrient uptaking of rice were all increased significantly for the treatment CRU.The application of CRU increased the nitrogen use efficiency by 17.1%-34.1% comparing with the common urea.The appropriate N application amount of controlled-release urea for rice was 102-128 kg/hm2under the target yield of 8.35-8.41 t/hm2.Controlled-release urea could not only decrease the nitrogen application amount by 14.7%-32.0%,but also reduce the fertilization time for labor saving and high efficiency.

Abstract:A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneously determining residues of four alkylphenols (APs) and bisphenol A in fresh fishes,shellfishes,and shrimps.The samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile,and then purified by PSA solid-phase extraction cartridge.Limits of detection were between 0.07 μg/kg and 0.30 μg/kg,and the limits of quantification were between 0.2 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg.The acceptable linearity was between 0.5-300.0 μg/L,and the related correlation coefficients were between 0.991 8-0.999 9.Recovery studies were carried out on spiked samples with concentrations between 5-100 μg/kg,and the average recoveries were between 60%-127%(n=6) with CVs of 2.2%-39.9%.The method was reliable,convenient and suitable for determining APs and BPA in seafood in import-export trade.

Abstract:The appearance quality,sensory quality,chemical composition and physical characteristics of tobacco from 16 cities and towns in western Hubei flue-cured tobacco areas from 2005 to 2011 and the average temperature departure (dt) of tobacco field period (5 to 9),sunshine duration departure(ds) and precipitation departure percentage were investigated to determine the key climatic factors and critical period affecting the quality of flue-cured tobacco in the mountain area of western Hubei Province.The main factors were further ranked by the index of relative importance.The results indicated that the temperature in Qingjiangyuan fields is lower during earlier and later period,while Jinshennong area suffers long period of drought and excessive rainfalls during the late mature period,which causes significant impact on the quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Abstract:Aeromonas hydrophila is a causative agent of motile aeromonas septicaemia (MAS) and has been associated with illness in a broad spectrum of hosts,including mammals,reptiles,amphibians and fish.Aerolysin (aer) gene is one of important virulent factors of A.hydrophila.We have isolated A.hydrophila Ah15 from fish farms,and it has caused high mortality of fish in Hubei Province,China.In order to obtain purified Aer protein for polyclonal antibody preparation,aer gene from A.hydrophila Ah15 was amplified by PCR,subsequently,the aer gene fragment was cloned into T-vector and sequenced.The length of aer gene was 1 482 bp and GenBank number was HQ425625.The deduced open reading frame contained 494 aa in which 24-106 aa was aerolysin/pertussistoxin domain.Based on the aer gene sequences from 23 strains of A.hydrophila isolated from different countries,phylogenetic analysis showed that all strains were divided into three groups and Ah15 fell into the first group which were all isolated from China.A band of 72.2 ku fusion protein was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) after expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and highest expression level was detected in the inclusion body 4 hours after induced by adding IPTG.Western-blotting results showed that the polyclonal antiserum obtained by immunizing rabbits with the purified protein could recognize the recombinant fusion protein and the titer was 1∶8 000.Taken together,the recombinant aerolysin has good immunogenicity,and will be a good candidate for vaccine development.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oligochitosan(OCS),water soluble chitosan (WSC) and acid soluble chitosan(ASC) on the respiratory burst activity of head-kidney phagocytes in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala).The head-kidney phagocytes of Wuchang bream were separated by 51% Percoll gradient and the morphological and ultrastructural features were observed under light and electron microscope.Staphylococcus aureus killed by formalin (F-SA) were incubated with phagocytes and observed.PP and PI were counted with Wright Giemsa staining under oil-immersion microscopy.The respiratory burst activity of phagocytes was measured by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodasmine 123 (DHR123) as fluorescence probe after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).The results indicated that the separated cells showed the morphological and functional characteristics of phagocytes.OCS (100 μg/mL),WSC (100 μg/mL) and ASC (100 μg/mL) were all able to stimulate the respiratory burst activity of head-kidney phagocytes after incubation for 30 min.The percentage of fluoresce cell and the fluorescence intensity of fluoresce cell (two parameters of respiratory burst activity) in the experimental group were significantly different (P＜0.01) from the control group.However,the percentage of fluoresce cell of the phagocytes stimulated by WSC was the highest.But the strongest fluorescence intensity was observed in the phagocytes stimulated by ASC.

Abstract:In order to study the protect effects of polyporus polysaccharide on hepatocytes injured by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4),the primary hepatocytes in Jian carp were isolated by trypsin digestion method,cultured in vitro and induced by CCl4.The hepatocytes were treated with polyporus polysaccharide of different concentrations,the culture medium of hepatocytes were then collected,the content of alanine aminotransferase (GPT),aspartate aminotransferase (GOT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH),and cell livability of primary cultured hepatocytes were determinated.Total RNA in primary cultured hepatocytes was extracted with trizol reagent and the mRNA levels of CYP3A were determined by RT-PCR.The results showed that in the pre-treatment group at 0.8 mg/mL of polyporus polysaccharide,the release of GOT,GPT,MDA were significantly decreased,the activity of SOD was increased,the release of LDH was decreased,the cell livability and the expression of CYP3A at mRNA level were increased,indicating best protect effect of this group.It can be concluded from the data obtained that polyporus polysaccharides could effectively protect the primary cultured hepatocytes against CCl4induced injury.

Abstract:The enzyme citrate synthase (E.C.2.3.3.1) exists in nearly all living cells and stands as a pace-making enzyme in the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC).Citrate synthase is located within eukaryotic cells in the mitochondrial matrix.In this study,genomic fragments of the citrate synthase gene were amplified based on the sequences of one available contig in the EST-SNP database of grass carp.Two SNPs mutations,A-386G and C-499G,were identified after sequencing the PCR products.The two SNPs were located in intron ten of the citrate synthase gene.Regarding the two SNPs,the genotype and gene frequency of 144 grass carps were further assayed with the method of Snapshot.The frequencies of AA,AG and GG were 47.10%,38.41% and 14.49% at the A-386G site,and CC,CG and GG were 31.85%,46.67% and 21.48% at the C-499G site,respectively.The polymorphic information content (PIC) of the two SNPs were medium genetic diversity.A general linear model was used for the correlation analysis between the citrate synthase gene SNPs and growth traits (body weight,body length,body depth,head length,caudal peduncle length and caudal peduncle depth).The different genotypes of the A-386G and C-499G site were different but not significantly different associated with the six growth traits (P＞0.05).Seven diplotypes consisted of the two SNPs (remove minor allelic frequencies lower than 3% of the D2 and D5) were used to do the correlation analysis between the six growth traits.Association analysis indicated that five diplotypes were not significant different growth traits (P＞0.05),except for head length (P＜0.05).The diplotypes D6 (A-386G/AG and C-499G/GG) had the maximum mean of all growth traits,suggesting that D6 belongs to dominant genotypes.These results indicate that the two SNPs of citrate synthase gene can be used as a molecular marker for growth traits selective breeding in grass carp.

Abstract:This study was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement for young Barbus capito by formulating diets with seven protein levels of 30.24%,33.22%,36.23%,39.33%,42.15%,45.33% and 48.12%.Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicates with 30 fish each.Fish with initial body weight of (11.07±2.42) g were raised in recirculation system (each aquarium 220 L) for 56 d with water flow rate of 2 L/min.The results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increasing protein level from 30.24% to 42.15%,but had no difference with each other when protein level ranged from 42.15% to 48.12%.Protein efficiency rate declined gradually with the increasing dietary protein level.Protein retention efficiency in 30.24%,33.22%,39.33% and 42.15% protein level groups was significantly higher than that of 48.12% protein group (P＜0.05).Feed conversion efficiency and crude protein of body reached the maximum value,and moisture of body reached the minimum value in 42.15% protein group.Serum cholesterol reached the minimum value in 48.12% protein group and was significantly lower than that of groups with dietary protein ranged from 30.24% to 39.33%（P＜0.05）.Serum triglyceride in groups with protein ranged from 39.13% to 48.12% was significantly lower than that of groups with protein ranged from 30.24% to 33.22% （P＜0.05）.There were no difference in survival rate,crude lipid,serum total protein,globulin,alkaline phosphatase,alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase （P>0.05）.The weight gain and feed conversion efficiency reached the maximum value in 43.09% and 44.15% protein group respectively by using the polynomial regression model.

Abstract:Effects of cold storage and heating on the volatile compounds in the flesh of silver carp were investigated by headspace-solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).26 volatile compounds were determined in the fresh flesh,including 5 alcohols,7 aldehydes,3 ketons and 11 hydracardons.1-Octen-3-ol and hexane were the main aroma-active alcohol and aldehyde compounds.During cold storage at 5℃,volatile compounds amount and content decreased gradually.Volatile compounds amount and content in the flesh increased significantly after heating at 100℃for 30 min.58 volatile compounds were determined in the cooked flesh,including 15 alcohols,19 aldehydes,9 ketons,13 hydracardons,1 fatty acid and 1 heterocycle.Fresh flesh was stored for different time followed by cooking at 100℃ for 30 min,volatile compounds decreased slowly within 3 days’ storage,while it decreased rapidly on the 5th day.

Abstract:In pneumatic precision metering device,positive and negative pressures are used to plant rapeseeds,but the trajectories of the seeds and the device′s performance are affected by the positive pressure.A high-speed photography technology was introduced to investigate the trajectories of rapeseeds with the rotating speed of 15 r/min and negative pressure of -1 500 Pa,and the positive pressures were set up from 50 to 600 Pa in the experiments.Target tracing technology was applied to capture the image of the rapeseed every 0.002 s in the dropping process and then a curve of the rapeseeds′ movement is formed on that base. The histogram of the rapeseeds′trajectories was analyzed and their distribution law was found through fitting Gaussian model.The relationship model between positive pressures and the dropping distances was developed.The velocities of rapeseed in the dropping process were introduced to analyze the motion states.The influence of seed spout was verified in the experiments.The results showed the trajectories were in norm distribution in every positive pressure,and the fitting curve between positive pressure and dropping distance was linear,and the correlation coefficient was 0.988,the average acceleration of rapeseed in different positive pressures were less than 9.8 m/s2 with the influence of air resistance;and it proved that the coefficient variance of trajectories was minimum during the positive pressures of 100-250 Pa.

Abstract:In the series of 2BFQ precision planter for rape and wheat, the pneumatic metering device can only be used for rapeseed, while the traditional mechanical roller feed is still used in wheat seeding. As a result, this metering device monomer has a shortcoming of low efficiency and high space usage. In order to solve this problem, a double-row pneumatic metering device for rapeseed and wheat was designed. The working principle and main structure of the pneumatic metering seeder have been introduced in this paper. Experimental study on the relationships between the performance indices and the factors such as the rotating speed of the seeding plate, the negative and positive pressure and the speed of seed belt has been carried out. Single factor experiment showed that this meter device can realize double-row seeding for both rapeseed and wheat seed, and the rotating speed of seeding plate and negative pressure in sucking chamber are the main factors which will influence the metering performance. Orthogonal experiment indicated that when the rotating speed of seeding plate is 15 r/min, the negative pressure is -1 400 Pa and the positive pressure is 400 Pa, the average double-row qualified index of rapeseed reached 89.99%, the average miss index is 4.44% and the consistency variable coefficient of double row qualified index is 0.30%, all of which can match the requirements for rapeseed′s single grain precision seeding technology; as for the sowing of wheat seed, when the rotating speed of seeding plate is 12 r/min and the negative pressure is -3 400 Pa, the average double-row qualified index is 74.58%, variable coefficient of single-row seeding uniformity is 3.61%, the consistency variable coefficient of double-row feeding quantity is 0.45%, which can all match the requirements for wheat′s precision seeding technology.

Abstract:In order to optimize the mechanism of the cutting feature of horizontal knife in the soil straw mixture, the similitude method was used to research the cutting process and a model rotary knife roller was designed whose proportion was 1∶2 as real roller. In order to find whether there is a manufacturing error of the model,a three dimensional reconstruction experiment was carried out on the model roller with reverse engineering techniques. The model spiral horizontal knife and bend knife were scanned by the FD-Y685 type three coordinate measuring machine with the side surface of the horizontal knife as the datum plane. The point cloud was obtained and filtered by CATIAV 5 software. The point cloud data were processed with Matlab software. On the basis of that, the spiral curve of the horizontal knife was reconstructed reversely. The results indicated that the maximum distance between those measurement points and theirs reverse points was 6.016 mm, and the minimum distance was 0.624 mm, the average distance was 3.243 mm. The maximum relative error rate between measurement points and theirs reverse points was 5.2%, while the minimum relative error rate was 0.6% and the average relative error rate was 3.6%. Reverse reconstruction was an advanced technology with high precision which was able to accurately measure and reconstruct agricultural equipment shape, especially complicated shape.

Abstract:In this paper, the relationship between design purposes, functions and structure parameters for vertical blade of boat tractor 1GMC-70 was analyzed. Mathematic equation of leading edge for the vertical blade was built.Vertical blade kinematics was analyzed by using software Matlab.The results show that the structure parameters of the vertical blade do not match well with its design intents.The effective cutting length of the vertical blade is less than one-third bite length of the helical blade,so its own cutting straw capability and the capability of helping helical blade to process straw are all weak.The vertical blade can break untilled soil in advance, but the cutting depth is only about one-third thickness of the helical blade′s furrow slice. Therefore,the effect of the vertical blade to break the untilled soil is small.The vertical blade can pulverize tilled soil clod behind rotor, but the effect is negligible. The vertical blade cuts only about 40% of the furrow slice′s cross sectional area,so its furrow slice breaking effect is small.The arrangement of vertical blades,which is 4-3-4-3-4,does not increase their own tillage opportunities.Field tests show that the existence of vertical blade has no impact on paddy field tillage quality.As a result, the vertical blade with current structure parameters does not achieve its design intents.It should be redesigned.

Abstract:In order to improve the effectiveness of mechanized walnut shell breaking, a mechanical method was adopted to break Wen 185 walnut shell, and the scanning microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the fracture of the walnut shell. The characteristics of the walnut brittle fracture were investigated based on the theory of brittle fracture. The results showed that the walnut shell consists of two layers because its cell fracture revealed different patterns; the cells in the outer layer had small dimension and large density while the cells in the inner layer were just the opposite. The outer region was about 2 times as thick as the inner region. The morphology of the walnut shell fracture in different parts was similar, with natural shell ditch marking, cracks, impurities, holes and other crack features. These features were the cause of the walnut shell crack under load. Exerting shock loads on ends and transverse abdomen of the walnut shell could increase the broken rate of part of walnut shell. Moreover, walnut shell and kernel were separated much more easily.

Abstract:Boron is an essential nutrient element for plant and plays an important role in many physiological processes of higher plants.Root is an important organ for absorbing the water and nutrients,and affects the growth and development of plants.This review is focused on recent researches about the regulation and physiological metabolism of roots under boron deficiency,the regulatory mechanism of root growth and nutrition absorption under low boron condition.In addition,this paper summarized effects of boron on stability of root cell walls,growth and development and nitrogen fixing capacity of root nodule of leguminous plants.Finally,problems and prospects of researches about the effects of boron on plant roots were proposed.

Abstract:Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) is an herbivorous freshwater fish native to China and has been recognized as a main aquaculture species in the Chinese freshwater polyculture system with high economic value.However,as a consequence of fast domestication,over-fishing and water pollution,germplasm resources of M.amblycephala are under threat of recession.It is urgent to study its germplasm resources and genetic improvement.The present paper summarized the major results in studies on morphology,cytogenetics,molecular population genetics and genomics of M.amblycephala,as well as the progress on its genetic improvement through hybridization,selective breeding and gynogenesis techniques,which would offer the basic resources for the sustainable development of M.amblycephalaseed industry.