Abstract:The rice mutants of OsEMF2b inserted by T-DNA were studied cytologically.The results showed that the morphology and quantities of floral organ in heterozygous rice mutants were altered but the development of anther and ovule was not changed.The fertility of pollen and embryo sac of mutants was normal.Abnormities including non-dividing zygote,delayed embryo,abnormal embryo and syncytial with no cellularization,as well as the dissolution and degeneration of endosperm cell occurred during the development of seed.These abnormities resulted in the decrease of seed setting rate.The study indicated that OsEMF2b played an important role in the development of rice floral and seed.

Abstract:To establish a method of producing a monoclonal antibody against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in wheat,two gene sequences coding the heavy chain and the light chain of the antibody were separately constructed in plant expression vectors containing an endosperm-specific promoter from oat and then co-introduced into wheat cultivar Yangmai 158 via particle bombardment.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of transgenic wheat plants from T0 to T3 generations showed that the integration and inheritance of the two genes were stable.Reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that both genes were normally transcribed in wheat endosperm of transgenic plants.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) further confirmed that the antibody produced in transgenic wheat plants had specific antigen-binding capability.These results suggested that mammalian antibody can be stably expressed in wheat endosperm and wheat seeds may be used for the production of antibody with HIV-neutralizing activity.

Abstract:Using the genomic DNA of Streptomyces hygroscopicus as a template,transglutaminase gene segments were obtained by PCR amplification.The recombinant plasmid pGEX-TGase was transformed into E.coli to get the recombinant strain BL21/pGEX-TGase.The recombinant strain produced fusion protein induced by lactose and the conditions of induction were optimized.Expression products existed mainly in the form of inclusion bodies.Dilution and urea gradient liquid chromatography was used to refold the inclusion bodies successfully.The target proteins with electrophoretical purity and activity of 29 U/mg were purified by GST affinity column.

Abstract:The genetic relationship of 15 apple rootstock germplasms were studied using ISSR markers.Ten pairs of primers were used and a total of 75 bands were yielded,among which 67 were polymorphic.Primers 827,M05 and M08 could be used for effectively genotyping the 15 germplasms.The systematical cluster analysis showed that 15 apple rootstock germplasms could be divided into three groups: Malus , Pyrus and Sorbus with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.66,which fitted well with the morphological genealogy.

Abstract:Six pepper varieties resistant to CMV-HB at different levels were crossed in a completely dialleled scheme.The results showed that the resistance to CMV-HB in pepper was controlled by polygenes with additive-dominant effects.There is no significant reciprocal effect of hybrids between parental lines.For pepper breeding,only parents having high levels of resistance can produce high resistance F1 hydrids.

Abstract:Factors affecting plant regenerations of four rose cultivars ( Rosa multiflora Thunb.) were studied with leaves harvested directly from fields to further determine the optional culture condition and high frequent regeneration genotypes.Results showed that there was significant difference among the adventitious bud regeneration. The highest one (78.20%) was from R.multiflora 2,the second (61.16%) from R.multiflora 3,the third (13.00%) from R.multiflora 4 and the fourth (5.93%) from R.multiflora .The regeneration rate of leaves harvested directly from field is higher than that of leaves from sterile seedling in vitro culture.The results indicted that genotypes,plant hormones and the source of the explants had significant effect on the adventitious shoots induction.It is important to select suitable genotype and optional condition in vitro tissue culture of R.multiflora species.

Abstract:In the previous study, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation system for rice sheath blight fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn was established and a lot of pTHPR1 transformants was obtained in our laboratory. To confirm the biological characteristics of pTHPR1 transformants, 10 verified transformants were selected from the pTHPR1 transformant library. The differences in biological characteristics such as growth rate, colony colour, sclerotial colour, sclerotial number and other aspects between the 10 transformants and the wild type isolate (GD-118) were compared in 5 aspects, i.e. temperature, pH value, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and illumination. The results revealed that the growth rates of these transformants had greater differences when compared with that of the wild type isolate at the following conditions, i.e. cultivation temperature at 25 ℃ and 35 ℃, pH 5.0, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0 of PDA at cultivation phase, glucose and galactose as the carbon sources, glycin as the nitrogen sources, and full dark as the illumination condition. The growth rates of several transformants were faster and the others were slower than that of the wild type isolate. The results also indicated that the sclerotia of transformants had greater differences in both numbers and colours when compared with that of the wild type isolate at the following conditions, i.e. cultivation temperature at 10 ℃ and 35 ℃, pH 4.0, pH 5.0 and pH 6.0 of PDA at cultivation phase,glucose as the carbon sources,sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate as the nitrogen sources,and full dark as the illumination condition. 

Abstract:In order to explore the functions of Orco , the gene encoding Orco from Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) was cloned and named as Bdor/Orco (GenBank accession No.EU621792) by RT-PCR and RACE. The sequencing results showed that the open reading frame of Bdor/Orco was 1 422 bp in length，encoding 473 amino acid residues. The Bdor/Orco was analyzed and predicted by the tools of bioinformatics in the following aspects: the composition, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, the signal peptide, protein secondary structure, the composition of homologous protein and the phylogenetic relationship. The results showed Bdor/Orco had the characteristics of Orco , with special conserved C domains. Tissue expression pattern revealed that Bdor/Orco transcript was observed clearly in the antenna of B.dorsalis , and highly expressed in the head (with antennae removed), female foreleg and wing. The temporal expression pattern further indicated that Bdor/Orco was also expressed in different developmental stages at different expression levels with the highest level in newly emerged female adult.

Abstract:By planting a susceptible Chinese vegetable in the seedling bed irrigated with Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin contaminated water from floatation culturing system (FCS) and inoculated with the resting spores of the pathogen, the pathogenicity was analyzed in water and soil, the spread distance of the pathogen and clubroot disease severity in the soil with different water contents and irrigated with different resting spores water was investigated, and chemicals were screened in the FCS for the disease control. The results showed that FCS inoculated with the pathogen favored the disease spread, and disease severity was positively related to the inoculum number. Disease incidences were 9.51%,19.88%, 44.31%, 63.65% and 76.00% in FCS and 5.33%, 15.00%, 20.67%, 43.33% and 45.00% in traditional soil culturing system when 103, 104, 105, 106，107 spores/g were inoculated onto Chinese cabbage respectively. Chinese cabbage became diseased when it was seeded in the culture substrate with 38%-115% water content, but the culture substrate with 77% water content best benefited the disease. When the plants growing in the substrate were 5 cm and 10 cm far from the pathogen, the disease incidence were 20.43% and 10.23% respectively. The active ingredient of 375.0 mg/L chlorothalonil WP, 250.0 mg/L carbendazim WP, 25.0 mg/L cyazofamid SC, 125.0 mg/L fluazinam SC and 262.5 mg/L BAS651F were applied to the FCS, they could control 96.65%, 94.19%, 87.93%, 80.18% and 88.02% of the disease, respectively, but fluazinam SC and BAS651F inhibited the plant growth when their concentrations were used in this experiment.

Abstract:The inhibitive activity of Kluyveromyces marxianus against citrus green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. was investigated, as well as its effect on the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL). The results showed that the treatments of washed cell suspension and living cell suspension have better inhibiting effect, as compared to the control treatment; while the culture filtrate and autoclaved cell suspensions could exacerbate green mold decay. The application of K.marxianus could induce higher PPO, POD and PAL activity as compared to the control. It was suggested that the biocontrol mechanism might be competitive for nutrition and space, and contribute to the secretion of antagonistc substance.

Abstract:Plant endophytic microorganisms have a close metabolic relationship with its host plants. Endophytic fungi in leaves of Apocynum venetum was used as research material. Endophytic fungi with the capability of producing flavonoids were screened with the methods of chemical colorimetry and thin layer chromatography, and then they were identificated by observing their morphological characteristics. The results showed that two fungal strains named P-1 and P-2 were screened out. They were detected to be able to produce flavonoid compounds. Strain P-1 belongs to Fusarium ,whereas strain P-2 belongs to Penicillin pinophilum . This study laid a foundation for further exploitation of the endophytic fungi in A.venetum .

Abstract:A new method of solvent demulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SD-DLLME) was developed for the determination of methyl parathion in the water samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).In the extraction procedure,a mixture of extraction solvent (trichloroethylene) and dispersive solvent (methanol) was injected into the aqueous sample solution to form an emulsion.In contrast with the conventional DLLME methods,which usually obtained the phase separation through centrifugation,a demulsification solvent (acetonitrile) was injected into the sample tube to break up the emulsion.The dispersed system turned clear quickly.The subnatant (trichloroethylene) was collected and analyzed by HPLC.No centrifugation was required in this procedure.Factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as the type and volume of dispersive solvent,extraction solvent and de-emulsifier were investigated in detail.Under the optimized conditions,the proposed method provided a good linearity in the range of 1-40 ng/mL ( R2=0.999 8).The detection limit ( S/N =3) was 0.03 ng/mL.The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the determination of 10 ng/mL methyl parathion was 3.3% ( n=5).The proposed method is fast,efficient,convenient and can be successfully applied to the extraction of methyl parathion in natural water samples.

Abstract:Results of two continuous years on the dynamics of residues and degradation showed that the degradation of 2.5% deltamethrin EC and 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EC fitted with level dynamics degradation model with the half-life period ranged from 5.28 to 5.73 days and 7.05 to 8.98 days,respectively.30 days after spraying,the amount of residues were 0.012 8 milligram per kilogaram and 0.358 2 milligram per kilogaram.The rate of degradation reached higher than 95%.The residues experiment showed that when 2.5% deltamethrin EC and 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EC,2 times and 3 times treatments,after 15 days interval of revovery was recommended,the residues in oriental tobacco were lower than 0.307 8 milligram per kilogram and 0.762 1 milligram per kilogaram,which lower 0.5 milligram per kilogaram and 5 milligram per kilogaram that the maximum residues limit of deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in tobacco.

Abstract:Soil pot culture and solution culture were conducted to study the effects of arsenic stress on plant growth,arsenic uptake and bioaccumulation,arsenic speciation in roots and leaves,and organic acids in root exudates of cowpea（Vigna unguiculata L.）and tomato（Cyphomandra betacea L.）.The results showed that there was significant difference in arsenic tolerance response between cowpea and tomato.Cowpea was regarded as the As-sensitivity with the characterization of the significant reduction of biomass and yield under As stress with decrease of 47% and 54% respectively compared with the controls.In contrast,tomato was selected as the As-tolerance,featuring as the significant increasing of biomass and yield under arsenic stress to 1.56 times and 1.51 times,respectively.The As concentration in fruit of cowpea (0.019 7 mg/kg FW) was higher than that in tomato (0.008 5 mg/kg FW),but they didn’t exceed the National Food Safety Standards (0.05 mg/kg FW).Arsenic in cowpea and tomato existed as inorganic speciation (arsenate and arsenite),and more than 65% arsenic in leaves and 95% in roots were arsenite.Though there was no significant difference between arsenic speciation in roots of cowpea and tomato,the percentage of arsenate in leaves of cowpea were greatly higher than that of tomato.Arsenic stress significantly increased quantities of malic acid and acetic acid in root exudates of two vegetables.Compared with cowpea,tomato can exuded more organic acids under arsenic stress.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the influences of four phosphorus on yield,cadmium (Cd) absorption and accumulation in leaf vegetables (spinach,pakchoi,willow leaf and round leaf amaranth) and the Cd availability in soil. Results showed that phosphate treatments could significantly promote vegetables growth,reduce the Cd concentrations in vegetable shoots and roots and increase Cd accumulation in four vegetables shoots compared with the control treatment. However,the Cd accumulation in the shoots didn’t varied significantly with the phosphate treatments. A significantly negative linear relationship was found between soil pH and the available Cd. The capability of four phosphates in acidifying soil varied in following order:SSP (superphosphate)>MAP (monoammonium phosphate),DAP (diammonium phosphate)>DCP (dicalcium phosphate). The DCP treatment exhibited the highest yield,the lowest content of Cd in vegetable,the highest pH and the lowest soil available Cd.

Abstract:Effects of natural factors including lithology,soil,landform,rainfall and temperature on the hill collapse distribution were analysed based on the overall location survey and the establishment of GIS database.Characteristics of the hill collapse dispersion were first studied by means of GIS space analytic technology.It was found that the hill collapse principally occurs in the granite-red soil hill characterized by an average annual rainfall of 1 300-2 000 mm,an average annual temperature of 15-22℃ and a sea level below 500 m.The current research maybe instructive for the planning of the hill collapse and its prevention and control.

Abstract:In order to elucidate the effect of fermentation bed on bacterial growth in gastrointestinal tracts of weaned piglets,the changes of Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria in weaned piglets raised in pens with fermentation bed and cement floors were analyzed kinetically.Three piglets in each treatment were slaughtered at 0 d,21 d and 42 d respectively.The mucous layer and the content of the stomach,ileum,cecum,and colon as well as the cushion of fermentation bed,were sampled at each time point for bacterial detection.As a result,the number of E.coli decreased gradually with time,for example,the number of E.coli collected from the colon of the piglets raised on the fermentation bed decreased from 107 at the beginning to 105.However,the amount of lactic acid bacteria in gastrointestinal tracts decreased at the early stage but increased at the later stage,such as,the number of lactic acid bacteria collected from the ileum of piglets raised on the fermentation bed was 109 at the beginning,then decreased to 108  and increased 1010  at last.The fermentation bed did not alter the tendency of bacterial fluctuation.Meanwhile,the high number of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation bed cushion did not contribute to the growth of these bacteria in gastrointestinal tracts of weaned piglets.In addition,the species and number of potential pathogens in fermentation bed would increase with the lengthening of utilization time with no E.coli in the bottom of fermentation mattress material and 107 on day 42.

Abstract:Originally described from Japan, Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) was present in at least five other countries and probably has a global distribution in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ).Up to now,CyHV-2 has drawn little attention and is rarely reported in China.Recently,silver prussian carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio ) farmed in Yancheng,Jiangsu Province,was reported by news to be infected by CyHV-2 and caused heavy economic losses.But little was known about the ways of virus transmission,potential reservoirs and sources of infection for this newly emerged virus.Goldfish can be a source of infection by carrying CyHV-2 but showing no clinical symptom.To understand the epidemiology of CyHV-2 in China,healthy goldfish from markets in different districts were tested for CyHV-2 by degenerate polymerase chain reaction of the viral polymerase gene followed by sequencing.Results demonstrated that CyHV-2 has a wide geographic distribution in China.Molecular study indicated that the sequences of DNA polymerase encoded by CyHV-2 isolated from goldfish in China were identical with the published sequence for CyHV-2.The helicase sequences of CyHV-2 from goldfish were also partially identical with those from silver prussian carp cultured in China,suggesting that the virus carried by goldfish and silver prussian carp were the same.Between the isolates from goldfish and H.Fukuda from Japan,there was only one or two residues difference in the amino acid sequence of helicase or intercapsomeric triplex protein,suggesting that the two isolates of CyHV-2 were highly similar,but not the same.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite,florfenicol amine (FFA),after oral (p.o.) administration and investigate their depletion after multiple oral administrations for 3 consecutive days in rice field eel ( Monopterus albus ) at 25℃.After p.o.administration of 20 mg/kg,the peak concentration of FF ( C max) and time to reach FF peak concentration ( T max) in plasma,liver,kidney and muscle were 6.07 mg/L,7.57 mg/kg,9.34 mg/kg,5.87 μg/mg and 3.67 h,4.45 h,2.01 h,9.28 h,respectively.The order of t 1/2β was kidney (29.26 h)>liver (19.32 h)>muscle (17.22 h)>plasma (10.84 h).FFA was also found in all tissues with a lower concentration than FF after p.o.administrations throughout the study.The longest t 1/2β of 45.93 h and the largest metabolic rate (MR) of 49.21% were observed in kidney.After multiple oral doses (20 mg/(kg·d） for 3 d),the highest residues was observed in kidney,next in liver and then in muscle.The residues was undetectable in all tissues after 10 d which was similar to the former 12 d withdrawal time to ensure that the residues of florfenicol are less than the maximal residue limit of tolerance established by Japan.

Abstract:The hybridizations between Ancherythroculter nigrocauda （♂）and Culter alburnus （♀）were carried out in July，2010，and the embryonic and postembryonic development of the hybrid were observed and described.The results showed that:the fertilized eggs had a light yellow surface,a sphere-like form and a diameter of 0.86-0.95 mm.The progress of embryonic development is composed of 7 stages:one cell stage,cleavage stage,blastula stage,neumla stage,gastrula stage,apparatus-forming stage and Hatching-out stage，and each of them can be divided further into 29 periods.At water temperature of 24-25 ℃,the first cleavage occurred at 40 min after fertilization(af); most of larvae hatched out at 26 h af,when the total length of the new-hatched larvae ranged from 4.50 to 5.05 mm and the accumulative temperature reached 647.7 ℃·h.Postembryonic development of hybrid is consisted of larvae phase and juvenile phase.The larvae developed into juveniles at 288 h after hatching with ventral fin differentiated.Juvenile phase sustained 240 h during which scales emerged and covered the fish surface.The new-hatched larvae can not swim until a one-chambered gas bladder appeared at 104 h after hatching,meanwhile larvae began to feed exogenously.

Abstract:The enzyme activities,distribution features and changing patterns with feeding time of pepsin,trypsin,lipase and amylase in digestive organs for pond-cultured paddlefish were determined in the present study.The results showed that the highest activity of pepsin was found in the oesophagus,then followed in order by the liver,stomach,pyloric caeca,and intestine tract.The duodenum had the highest activity of trypsin and lipase,then followed in order by the liver,pyloric caeca,stomach,and oesophagus.The activities of amylase from the highest to the lowest in the digestive organs was in the order of the duodenum,oesophagus,stomach,liver,and pyloric caeca.During the culturing period from June to October,the activity of pepsin decreased at first,and then increased,with the lowest value appeared in August.The activities of trypsin increased gradually with increasing of the feeding time.While the activities of lipase and amylase increased at first and then declined,with the highest value appeared in September.

Abstract:The green tea extract (GT),oolong tea extract (OT),black tea extract (BT),Qingzhuan tea extract (QT) and Pu-erh tea extract (PT) were prepared by using water and the effect of them on intestinal glucose uptaking was investigated using polarized Caco-2 intestinal cells.The extracts (0.5 mg/mL)  inhibited glucose uptaking into the intestinal Caco-2 cells under sodium-dependent conditions in the order:GT＞OT＞BT＞QT＞PT.Compared with control,GT,OT,BT and QT inhibited significantly glucose-uptaking ( P <0.01),except for PT( P >0.05).Catechin may be the predominant inhibitor in tea and its conversion during manufacturing could affect the glucose-uptake inhibitory activity.

Abstract:In order to provide reference for the design of harvest machinery and to obtain relevant biomechanical indexes and evaluating methods to choose more superior variety of wheat, the bending ability of wheat stalks under different conditions were studied. Different species of wheat stalks were chosen and cut at different positions. Young′s modulus and bending rigidity under different conditions of gauge length, moisture content and loading rate were measured according to the three point bending principle on the TMS-PRO type Texture Analyzer produced by the FTC company of the U.S. and then studied. The results showed that Young′s modulus and bending rigidity in middle part of the stalks are bigger than those of the upper parts in the same species; the bending rigidity of the wheat stalks was significantly affected by the gauge length, moisture content and loading rate, while Young′s modulus was significantly affected by the gauge length and moisture content，but not by the loading rate.

Abstract:A new classification method of DNA sequence based on Fisher discriminant analysis was proposed.According to the properties of amino acid,a feature vector space corresponding to DNA sequences was established.Then features of two types DNA sequences in the training set were extracted,and a Fisher discriminant function was established.〖JP2〗This function was applied to classify 182 DNA sequences in the test set.The results showed that the proposed method has excellent classification accuracy.

Abstract:Cronobacter spp.is an important food-borne pathogen.The problems of Cronobacter spp.infections in newborns and the security of powdered infant formula have drawn the attention of researchers all over the world.With the development of modern classification techniques for Cronobacter spp.,these organisms category experienced a change from species to genus.However,the pathogenic mechanism and primary reservoir of Cronobacter spp.are still unknown.To prevent large-scale disease outbreaks for newborns,the detection and prevention of these pathogens are important.In this paper,the available methods of detecting Cronobacter spp.ranged from conventional culture methods to molecular technologies were reviewed.