Abstract:The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases are serine/threonine protein kinases involved in a variety of biological processes.In this study,nine GSK3-like genes (OsGSK1-9) were identified in rice,and they are distributed on six chromosomes,and the distribution pattern is related to the chromosomal block duplication events in rice.The OsGSK proteins can be classified into four subgroups.The expression patterns of OsGSK genes were investigated in various tissues and organs of rice and in the seedlings treated with phytohormones and abiotic stresses.The results suggest that most of OsGSK genes have high expression level in the whole life cycle,and they are responsive not only to different phytohormones (such as abscisic acid,auxin,and brassinosteroid) but also to drought and salt stresses,implying that OsGSK genes may have important roles in development and stress responses in rice.

Abstract:Three panicle morphogenesis mutants were identified from a T-DNA insertional mutant library of the japonica rice variety Zhonghua 11.All these mutants exhibited as semi-dwarf,reduced leaf angle,whorled primary branches,shortened and widened grains.The same mutant phenotype of F1generated by parallel crossing between three mutants verified that they were allelic.Cosegregation analysis of T-DNA tag confirmed that the mutant phenotypes were not caused by T-DNA insertion in the genome.Three F2 mapping populations were generated by individually crossing mutants with Zhenshan 97.The segregation ratio of mutants and wild-types indicated that the mutant traits were controlled by a single recessive gene (panicle morphological mutant 1,PMM1).Through map-based cloning,PMM1 was located between molecular markers RM3866-1 and X4 (InDel) on the long arm of chromosome 4,with physical region about 147 kb.This research will provide a foundation for further mapping and characterization of the PMM1 gene in rice.

Abstract:Nitrogen is one of essential nutrients for plant growth.Under the N deficiency at different time points，the dynamic changes of the expression of genes and activity of enzymes related to nitrogen assimilation in rice were investigated.The results showed that the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate significantly reduced under the N deficiency.Under the N deficiency for a short time，the expression level of genes including NR1, NR2, NiR2,GS2,Fd-GOGAT,GDH2,GDH3 in the shoots as well as NR1,NR2,GDH4 in the roots were up-regulated,and then their expression level decreased after a long time under the N deficiency.Along with the extension of time under the N deficiency,the GS,Fd-GOGAT activities in whole plants,NR activity in shoots and NADH-GOGAT activity in roots decreased while the NADPH-GDH activity in shoots increased.In roots the activities of NR,GDH increased at first and then decreased，while in shoots the NiR activity was just the opposite.Re-supplied N after 7 days of N deficiency,the transcriptional expression level and enzyme activities of NR,NiR,GS,GOGAT,GDH restored,and expression level of some genes increased as well.

Abstract:To develop an efficient transformation system for wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens,comparative analyses of callus induction,regeneration and transformation efficiency were carried out by using different elite wheat cultivars and different culture and induction conditions.The results indicated that two wheat elite cultivars,Yangmai 158 and Huamai13,showed no difference in callus induction,but Yangmai 158 formed more embryogenic calli and had a higher efficiency of regeneration and transformation.Yangmai 158 is a good wheat genotype used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Furthermore,different pre-culture duration times were compared and the results showed that 20 days for the pre-culture gave rise to the highest transformation efficiency.With the method established in this study,transgenic T0and T1 wheat lines were generated and identified by PCR analysis.These results provide useful information for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of elite wheat cultivars.

Abstract:Genome analyses suggested that archaea could possess a eukaryotictype nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway because they encode homologs of several eukaryotic NER proteins.To investigate the archaeal nucleotide excision repair pathway in vivo,the genes encoding the potential NER helicases in the genome of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus islandicus were deleted via a gene knockout strategy and deletion mutants of the xpb1 and xpb2 genes were isolated,indicating that they were not essential to the survival of S. islandicus.Phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants showed that the xpb1 mutant was only slightly sensitive to 4NQO,as compared with the wildtype strain REY15A,while the xpb2 mutant showed no sensitivity to 4NQO.It is the first genetic study of the crenarchaeon NER pathway.

Abstract:Using ion channel protein Pollux-C containing RCK domain as a bait,14 yeast colonies were screened from Lotus japonicus AD-cDNA library with yeast two-hybrid technique.Six positive clones were found to encode elongation factor 1A (EF1A) of translation through DNA sequencing and BLAST against NCBI database.The fusion tag protein of Pollux-C and EF1A expressed in E.coli were purified.The intra-cellular domain of Pollux interacted with the C-terminus of EF1A was verified by pull-down and western blotting in vitro.The results might lay a foundation for further researches on the regulating mechanism and biological function of EF1A in symbiosis signaling in legume.

Abstract:Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.yosoo 4CA1 can not produce melanin at 28℃,while it may possess high yield of melanin when induced at 42℃.In order to study the mechanism of melanin production induced by high temperature,a random insertional mutant library of B.thuringiensis subsp.yosoo 4CA1 was constructed with plasmid pIC333 containing the mini-Tn10 transposon.Compared with the wild-type strain 4CA1,a mutant of producing melanintion weakly at 42℃ was obtained.Then the flanking sequence of mini-Tn10 was cloned and sequenced.The results showed that the gene interrupted by mini-Tn10 was sodA2.

Abstract:To investigate the spatial-temporal patterns and other characteristics of anther abortion in 0912A as a leaf mustard cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line 0912B,cytological observations of anther development were made by means of paraffin sections.The results showed that the abortion of male sterile line was diverse.The abortion mainly occurred at the differentiation stage of archesporial cell,which lacked the formation of pollen sacs.Part of anther abortion occurred at the period from pollen mother cell to the mono-nuclear microspore:some pollen mother cells gathered and disintegrated gradually after vacuolization; some pollen mother cells disintegrated due to the hypertrophy of tapetal layer cells in the radial direction; some pollen mother cells could develop to tetrad,then disintegrated; part of the pollen mother cells could develop to the mono-nucleus microspores,however the mono-nucleus microspores broke when they were highly vacuolated.The stamens of 0912A were also found to degenerate as abortive filaments.

Abstract:Using the Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes as a testing material,the culture system with two-stage culture method of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst hairy roots was established for the first time.Factors influencing hairy roots growth such as NH4NO3,different media,speed,temperatures,content of sucrose and factors on hairy roots producing such as method of culture,casein hydrolysate were investigated.The results showed that under the conditions which hairy roots inoculated with MS (no NH4+) liquid medium,the biological production of hairy roots proliferation was doubled that of MS solid medium,and it increased by 8 times cultivated every 15 d.Under the conditions which hairy roots inoculated with 50 mL SH(no NH4+) liquid medium,at (25±1) ℃,(120±5) r/min,the biological production of hairy roots proliferation increased by 9.34 times.The content of sucrose was not critical for hairy roots proliferation.The content of hairy roots shikonin from solid culture and the growth stage could be promoted from about 0.33% to 1.05%.Adding 0.5 g/L casein hydrolysate into the hairy roots,the biological production of hairy roots proliferation could be promoted from about 1.17% to 1.29%,providing a theoretical basis for cultivating large-scale production by applying Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst hairy roots.

Abstract:The cultural and biological characteristics of Rhizoctonia solani and R.cerealis isolates obtained from rice(Oryza sativa), maize(Zea mays) and wheat(Triticum aestivum) under different cultural media,temperatures,carbon sources,nitrogen sources, pH values and illumination conditions were compared in this study. The results showed that the tested Rhizoctonia isolates from three crops varied significantly in colony growth rate, colony and sclerotium colour,sclerotial amount and sclerotium distribution in the Petri dish. Czapek and PSA media were found to be the most suitable media for mycelial growth of R.solani from rice and maize and R.cerealis from wheat. For R.solani isolates from rice and maize, the temperatures for mycelial growth were in the range of 10-35 ℃ with optimum at 25-30 ℃,whereas R.cerealis isolates from wheat were able to grow at 5-30 ℃ with optimum at 20-25 ℃. In the tested carbon sources,all tested isolates were able to utilize soluble starch, sucrose and glucose. However,the R.solani isolates from rice and maize were the poorest in utilizing mannitol, and the R.cerealis isolates from wheat were the poorest in utilizing lactose. All tested Rhizoctonia isolates were found to grow better on five tested nitrogen sources,i.e. potassium nitrate,sodium nitrite,ammonia sulfate,urea and L-leucine,but the sclerotial formation of all tested Rhizoctonia isolates on these five nitrogen sources varied significantly. For the mycelial growth and sclerotial formation of Rhizoctonia isolates from three crops,the pH ranges were 4-10 with optimum at pH 6. The results also indicated that the mycelial growth of all tested isolates under different illumination conditions were not significantly different,but the illumination conditions could affect the sclerotial amount and the colour.

Abstract:The virulence of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race 4 (Foc 4) complex in pot experiments was measured on two Foc 4-susceptible banana cultivars (Baxi and Musa paraolisiaca) and one Foc 4-resistant banana cultivar (Nongke No.1) by inoculating simultaneously and sequentially in greenhouse. Results showed that fusarium wilt severity was significantly reduced when the nematode was inoculated before the fungus, and increased when the two pathogens were inoculated simultaneously or the fungus was introduced 5 days before the nematode. The final number of M.incognita was reduced in all the banana cultivars inoculated with the two pathogens. The fungus inoculation before the nematode and concomitant inoculation had a better suppression of nematode population. In Foc 4-resistant cultivar, resistance was stable in all the tested except for those inoculated with the two pathogens simultaneously. 

Abstract:The effects of ultraviolet (UV) light stress on esterase, peroxidases (POX),and catalase (CAT) isozymes in Helicoverpa armigera （Hüber） adults were studied by isozyme electrophoresis. When exposed to UV light irradiation, zymogram of esterase isozyme changed mainly in number and activity of isozyme. After 30 min and 60 min exposure, the intensity of isozyme bands E4,E9 and E10 were enhanced,E2 and E8 were weakened. The bands E1,E5,E7 and E11 disappeared after UV light irradiation, while E3 and E6 newly emerged. At the longest exposure time (90 min), the intensity of isozyme bands E4 and E9 was enhanced, while the intensity of E2 and E8 was weakened. The bands E1,E5 and E7 disappeared after UV light irradiation,whereas E3 and E6 newly emerged. The intensity of POX band P5 was enhanced in adults following the exposure to UV light for 30,60,90 minutes. The intensity of CAT band C1 was enhanced in adults following the exposure to UV light for 30,60，90 minutes, but that of band C2 was weakened after 30 min and 90 min exposure in comparison with the control.

Abstract:The toxicity of seven insecticides to the brown planthoppers of Jiulongjiang，Vietnam was evaluated with four bioassay methods. The orders of toxicity （value of LC50） to the brown planthoppers were fipronil＞pymetrozine＞ thiamethoxam＞ buprofezin＞chlorpyrifos＞imidacloprid＞isoprocorb with rice stem dipping and pymetrozine＞fipronil＞imidacloprid＞chlorpyrifos＞isoprocorb with topical application and fipronil＞pymetrozine＞thiamethoxam＞buprofezin＞chlorpyrifos＞isoprocorb＞imidacloprid with rice seedling dipping and fipronil＞isoprocorb＞chlorpyrifos＞thiamethoxam＞pymetrozine＞imidacloprid＞buprofezin with residual film. In conclusion, the toxicity of fipronil，pymetrozine and thiamethoxam to the brown planthoppers of Jiulongjiang，Vietnam was higher than that of buprofezin and chlorpyrifos， and the toxicity of imidacloprid，isoprocorb was the lowest. Furthermore, the toxicity of isoprocorb was the second highest and the toxicity of buprofezin was the lowest with residual film in seven insecticides.

Abstract:Based on the data of daily average temperature from 1960 to 2008 in all winters of 70 meteorological stations in Hubei Province,cold winters for single station were divided into two grades designated as “weak” and “strong”.Regional or provincial cold winters were analyzed based on cold winters of single station.It is revealed that the frequencies of cold winters for single station showed longitude type and the frequencies of strong cold winters for single station showed latitude type,meanwhile the frequencies of cold winters for most of stations showed decreasing trends significantly during the last 48 years.From 1961 to 1985,the occurrences of regional cold winters had a higher frequencies and the rate of 5 regional cold winters was over 60 percent.The incidence of cold winters decreased obviously since 1986.The results also showed that there were 13 provincial cold winter years over 48 years with 9 severe cold winters which mainly concentrated during 1960s and 1970s and led to serious damages on agricultural production,communication，electric power and people’s daily life.

Abstract:The full-length cDNAs encoding alpha-class,rho1-class,rho2-class GST (GSTA,GSTR1,and GSTR2) were cloned and sequenced from the blue tilapia (Oreochromisco aureus),and the GSTR1,GSTR2 were cloned and sequenced from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica) by RT-PCR and RACE method.The full-length blue tilapia GSTA cDNA was 933 bp in length,containing an open reading frame of 669 bp (encoding 222 amino acids),flanked by 98 bp 5′UTR and 166 bp 3′UTR.Both the blue tilapia and Nile tilapia GSTR1 cDNA ORF were 681 bp (encoding 226 amino acids),and both the blue tilapia and Nile tilapia GSTR2 cDNA ORF were 693 bp (encoding 230 amino acids),respectively.Homology and the phylogenetic tree constructed based on GST sequences showed that the tilapia GSTs amino acid sequence were highly conserved with fish,and had low homologous relationship with amphibian,bird and mammal GSTs.

Abstract:Blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) is a widespread and one of the main aquaculture species in China.In present study,through univariate and multivariate analysis,we compared the external morphology of M.amblycephala from three different locations (Liangzi,Poyang and Yuni Lake).The results from one-way ANOVA and one-way analysis of covariance showed significant differences (P<0.05) in all the morphological parameters among the three populations,except for DRC,CRC,HD,DL,AL,PRPD and ND.We observed two discriminant functions among M.amblycephala from three lakes and these were more accurate between Yuni and Liangzi populations.In the principal component analysis (PCA),three principal components were constructed and the related contribution ratios were 39.78%,22.63% and 6.53%,respectively,with the cumulative contribution ratio of 68.95%.The multivariate analysis indicated that morphological variation between Liangzi and Yuni populations was greater,while Liangzi and Poyang populations were more similar in morphology.According to Mayr’s 75% rule,the differences among these three populations were still within the population level.

Abstract:One strain Yg1 was isolated from the kidney of diseased Selenotoca multifasciata.The healthy Selenotoca multifasciata could be infected through artificial infection by these bacteria.The symptoms in artificially infected fish were similar to those infected naturally.The characters of re-isolated strains were the same as the initially isolated strain,which was identified as Streptococcus iniae by the means of ATB system，morphological, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses.The pathogens were sensitive to the following antibiotics: enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, roxithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, levofloxacin.

Abstract:Black carp（Mylopharyngodon piceus）were immunized with three vaccines (formalin killed Aeromonas hydrophila:F-AH，outer membrane protein:OMP and lipopolysaccharide:LPS).Then,the blood was taken from each fish caudal vein of all groups on day 1，2，4，7，14，21 and 28 post injection to study the related responses of immune parameters.The results were as follows:the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes in peripheral blood of fish immunized by three vaccines all increased during the first 4 days post injection,peaked on day 4.The differential leucocyte count (DLC) of fish immunized by three vaccines all increased and were significantly higher than that of control group for monocytes and neutrophils from day 4 to day 7，for lymphocytes from day 14 to day 28,and peaked on day 21.The phagocytic percentage(PP) and phagocitic index(PI) of phagocytes in fish immunized by three vaccines were significantly higher than those of the non-immunized fish between day 2 and day 7，with the maximum value observed on day 4.The serum antibody titers gradually increased in fish immunized by three vaccines during the first 21 days post injection,reached the greatest value on day 21，then gradually dropped off.The result of challenging with live Aeromonas hydrophila showed that black carp immunized by three vaccines had good relative percent survival(RPS).OMP had the highest RPS，which was 75.0％，followed by LPS(67.8％) and F-AH(50％).All the results suggested that three vaccines made black carp enhance immunity against the bacterial pathogen infection.

Abstract:Ctenopharyngodon idellus were fed with basal diet supplemented with 0(Ⅰ),1×108(Ⅱ),3×108 (Ⅲ),5×108 cfu/g(Ⅳ) Bacillus spp.respectively for 30 days.Feces was collected to detect apparent digestibility of feed nutrients.The apparent digestibility of dry matter,crude protein and crude lipid in Ⅰ group was significantly lower than the other treatment groups (P<0.05).Quadratic curve equation was the best to fit the relationship between dosages of Bacillus spp.and apparent digestibility of nutrients.Protease activity of the mid-gut in Ⅱgroup and the hepatopancreas inⅡ,Ⅲ groups increased significantly compared with Ⅰ group (P<0.05).Amylase activity of the fore-gut and hind-gut in Ⅱgroup increased significantly compared with Ⅰ group (P<0.05).Lipase activity of the hind-gut in Ⅱ,Ⅲ group increased significantly compared withⅠgroup (P<0.05).After feeding for 60 days,the similar results appeared.Two-way analysis of variance showed that protease activity of the mid-gut,hind-gut and the hepatopancreas,amylase activity of the fore-gut,mid-gut and hind-gut,lipase activity of the mid-gut and hind-gut were all significantly affected by the additional doseages of Bacillus spp.( P<0.05).Protease activity and amylase activity of the hepatopancreas were significantly affected by feeding days (P<0.05).

Abstract:Effects of dose administration（perfused at 100,200,400 mg/kg）of sulfadimethoxine sodium on the serum biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),alkalinephoshatase (ALP),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),creatinine (CRE) and urea (UREA),and the structure of liver and kidney of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were studied.No differences were found in the activities of AST,ALT,ALP,LDH and the content of UREA between the control group and the treated groups after consecutively perfused for 5 days.But the content of CRE increased significantly at the dose of 400 mg/kg.After consecutively perfused for 10 days,the activites of AST,ALT,ALP and LDH,and the contents of CRE and UREA changed obviously among the groups.From the tissue slices of liver and kidney in the 10th day,the livers and kidneys were damaged by SMS,inducing the cell lysis of liver and epithelial cell of tubular necrosed,and the higher the concentration,the greater the damage.Therefore,after long-term use of 100 mg/kg SMS,there was less toxic and side effects,and it was safe in 5 days.The dose of 200 mg/kg SMS was safe in a short time,otherwise the structure of liver and kidney would be damaged.The high dose of SMS had toxic damage on the structure of kidney in a short time.

Abstract:Through analyzing the metering process of pneumatic centralized metering device for rapeseed, the moving laws of seeds were found during the absorbing, protecting and dropping stages. Based on the variations of absorption forces, the effects of the metering devices with structure parameter and operating parameters on the metering process were analyzed; kinematic model of seed and the relationship between the absorption force and the parameters were established. The research provides theoretical evidence for the optimal design of metering device.

Abstract:DNA barcode is a technology which utilizes a short standardized DNA fragment to provide rapid DNA-based identification of unknown life samples. Its advantage is that the entire identification process would not be troubled by different life stages of the specimen, especially in fungi. The fungal identification is usually difficult because of their complex life cycle. In literature more studies have been conducted to screen a powerful suitable gene which could be used as the standard DNA barcode for fungi. The current review introduces the history of DNA barcode, DNA fragment screening, and the significance of DNA barcode to fungal taxonomy in China.

Abstract:Post-harvest strawberries are susceptible to the decay of fruit and deterioration of quality due to pathogenic fungi infections,a main factor leading to economic losses for both growers and retailers.With the increase of strawberries planting in China,it is urgent to effectively reduce post-harvest rots of strawberry fruits.In this review,new management developments for controlling fungal diseases in post-harvest strawberry were summarized in terms of physical,chemical and biological approaches,which can help to extend the on-shelf time of strawberry fruits.