摘要
养猪业是我国畜牧产业的重要组成部分。国内生猪养殖主要采用自繁自养模式,配种所使用的精液多采用鲜精或常温稀释保存精液,而精液冻融技术可实现猪精液的长期保存,但与牛、小鼠等物种相比较,猪精液冻融技术还有待于进一步优化改善。为进一步改进猪精液冷冻技术并实现在生产上大规模应用,本文主要综述了猪精液冻融技术发展概况、主要技术流程,影响猪精液冻融后精子活力的关键因素,包括精液的采集、冷冻前降温平衡、冷冻保护剂添加和冷冻方法等,以及精子冻融过程中的理化性质变化,包括物理结构损伤、功能性损伤、精子抗冻机制等,最后总结、展望了能够提高猪精液冻融效果的新方法。
猪精液冷冻是指以液氮为冷冻介质将精液保存于超低温环境(-196 ℃)下,进而抑制精子的生理代谢活动,实现对精液长期保存的一种方法。精液冷冻流程主要包括精液采集、冻前处理、冻前降温平衡、添加冷冻保护剂、程序性冷冻,精液解冻流程主要包括加热解冻、添加解冻稀释液、解冻后精液质量评估等。虽然猪精液冻融技术存在解冻后精子活力低的问题,但若该技术能在生产上规模应用,不仅可提高优秀种公猪利用率,而且可降低生物安全风险,提高生猪的生产效率。因此,本文针对目前猪精液冻融技术进行综述,旨在为从事猪精液冻融技术研发的科研人员了解该方向研究的最新动态提供参考,进而为猪精液冻融技术的完善提高并实现在养猪生产上的规模应用提供科学依据。
人工授精技术变革了猪的繁殖方式并促进了生猪养殖业的发展,如今93%以上的生猪生产都采用人工授精技术。猪精液的冷冻研究始于20世纪50年代,国内外研究人员主要对冷冻稀释液、冷冻保护剂、平衡时间、冷冻剂型、冷冻方法等开展了大量研究。1970年,Polge等
猪精液冷冻的流程包括精液的采集、冻前处理、冻前降温平衡、添加冷冻保护剂和冷冻处理。冷冻处理的方式有缓慢冷冻和快速冷冻(玻璃化冷冻)。缓慢冷冻方法包括干冰冷冻、液氮熏蒸和程序冷冻仪冷冻。缓慢冷冻过程中,精子在含有冷冻保护剂的稀释液中,通过逐步降温的方法进行冷冻。快速冷冻是使用高浓度的冷冻保护剂,让精子和冷冻溶液在冷冻时呈现黏稠而不产生结晶的玻璃化状态。解冻过程主要分为低温慢速解冻和高温快速解冻。在解冻剂中可添加促精子复苏物质、抗损伤物质来提高解冻后精子的活力。目前解冻程序主要有低温解冻(0~5 ℃)、中温解冻(30~40 ℃)、高温解冻(50~70 ℃),解冻时间有20、16和8 s等。
在猪精液预处理降温过程中,不同猪个体的精子对“低温打击”敏感度存在明显差异,这反映了不同猪个体的精子耐冻性(freezability)存在差别。根据冻精解冻后质量评定的高低可将精液来源分为好(good freezers)和差(bad freezers)2种,简称为GFE(good freezability ejaculates)和PFE(poor freezability ejaculates
常见的猪精液冷冻稀释液有2种,一种是乳糖-蛋黄体系(lactose egg yolk, LEY),一种是贝尔茨维尔体系(beltsville freezing extender 5, BF5
在两步稀释法中,稀释Ⅱ液通常添加冷冻保护剂(cryoprotectant agents, CPA),CPA分为渗透性冷冻保护剂和非渗透性冷冻保护剂。渗透性冷冻保护剂最常用的是甘油,此外还有二甲基亚砜、乙二醇、甲醇、丙二醇和二甲基乙酰胺等,该类物质通过与氢键相互作用高度溶于水并能透过质膜。甘油在高于5 ℃时会干扰细胞的代谢,因此在使用甘油时需在低温条件下将甘油与精液混合。研究表明甘油添加量为2%和4%时会破坏猪精子的核
非渗透性冷冻保护剂最常用的是新鲜蛋黄,此外还有牛奶、羟乙基等聚合物,如右旋糖酐、聚乙二醇和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮等。相较于甘油,蛋黄物质起到的冷冻保护效果更佳,但蛋黄物质对蛋黄的新鲜程度有很高要求,且其生物安全性很难得到保障。目前可使用从蛋黄中提取的低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL)代替蛋黄作为冷冻保护剂,研究表明,添加0.09 g/mL LDL可具有很好的精液冷冻保护效
冷冻保护剂 Cryoprotectant agents | 精子活力/% Sperm motility | 添加量 Added amount | 参考文献Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Orvus Es paste (OEP) | 54.82 | 1.5% |
[ |
Equex STM paste | 63.00±6.00 | 0.5% |
[ |
甘油Glycerol | 44.00±3.00 | 3.0% |
[ |
二甲基亚砜 DMSO | 34.50±4.62 | 3.0% |
[ |
乙二醇 EG | 43.00±4.00 | 0.5 mL |
[ |
除上述常用的冷冻保护剂外,抗氧化剂常被添加到冷冻稀释液中,如白藜芦醇、谷氨酰胺、表儿茶素、绿原酸、α-硫辛酸、红景天多糖、虾青素等,但冷冻稀释液中添加不同的抗氧化剂提高冻融后精子活力的水平不同 (
抗氧化剂 Antioxidant | 添加前精子冻融活力/% Frozen-thawed of sperm motility before adding antioxidants | 添加后精子冻融活力/% Frozen-thawed of sperm motility after adding antioxidants | 添加量 Added amount | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
白藜芦醇 Resveratrol | 40.12 ± 0.08 | 69.33±0.04 | 50 µmol/L | [19] |
谷氨酰胺 Glutamine | 52.75 ± 0.63 | 58.50±0.65 | 40 mmol/L | [20] |
表儿茶素 Epicatechin | 37.93 ± 0.54 | 48.17±0.67 | 75 µmol/L | [21] |
绿原酸 Chlorogenic acid | 31.60 ± 1.03 | 56.50±1.31 | 50 µg/mL | [22] |
α-硫辛酸 α-Thioctic acid | 43.79 ± 0.56 | 51.27±0.59 | 6 mg/mL | [23] |
红景天多糖 Rhodiola rosea polysaccharide | 46.80 ± 1.80 | 60.10±1.40 | 6 mg/L | [24] |
虾青素 Astaxanthin | 39.47 ± 2.22 | 56.09±1.91 | 2 µmol/L | [25] |
冻前平衡指精液进行程序化冷冻前要经历一段较长时间的缓慢降温平衡过程,该过程需要经过2个重要的温度节点:17~15 ℃和5~4 ℃,猪精子经历最明显的脂质相变是在15~5 ℃。在降温平衡过程中,当由常温降至10 ℃以下时精子会发生冷休克现象,当继续降温至1~2 ℃时,冷休克现象仍然存在,并会导致更多的精子丧失生存能力。因此,精子在程序冷冻前需在15 ℃平衡2~3 h,以使精子逐渐获得对抗冷休克的能力。在冻前平衡过程中,可通过每间隔40 min轻微摇晃精液来防止精子发生冷休克现象。有研究表明降温平衡过程可通过维持质膜的脂质结构来增加精子的冷冻耐受性,为达到猪精液最佳冷冻效果,通常冻前降温平衡时间为17~20 ℃保存24
除冻前平衡外,程序性冷冻速度也对冷冻效果有很大影响。若冷却速度过快,细胞内的水分不能完全流出,导致水分在细胞内冻结形成冰晶,冰晶将引起精子冷冻损伤;若冷冻速度过慢会导致脱水过多,使得细胞器及膜体积收缩,影响细胞膜脂质-蛋白质复合物、致使大分子变性、诱导不可逆的膜融合,从而造成精子损伤。一般认为猪精液最佳冷冻速度为30~50 ℃/min。采用0.5 mL冷冻细管进行程序性冷冻时,速度为20、40或60 ℃/min和液氮熏蒸均能提高猪精液的冻融效
解冻剂种类较多,物质成分各不相同。因此冻精使用不同解冻剂进行解冻时,解冻时间和温度没有统一的标准。解冻剂的研究主要集中在精浆和抗氧化剂方面。精浆作为精液的组成部分,是自然条件下输送精子的必需介质,主要由蛋白质组成,还含有一系列无机离子、盐、糖、柠檬酸、前列腺素和电解质,精浆还为精子存活提供了适合的生理条件,如酸碱度和渗透压等。此外,精浆含有清除小分子自由基的功能,包括维生素C、尿酸、酪氨酸、还原型谷胱甘肽和亚牛磺酸
在解冻剂中添加精浆是否有利于精子活力的恢复仍存在争议。众多学者认为冷冻前应通过离心尽可能去除精浆,只留下富含精子的部分进行冷
物质名称 Name of substance | 精子活力/% Sperm motility | 添加量 Added amount | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
胆固醇负载的环糊精Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins | 52.40 |
12.5 mg CLC/500×1 | [36] |
精浆Seminal plasma | ≈60 | 50% | [37] |
黄芪多糖Astragalus polysaccharide | 58.33±4.40 | 0.5 mg/mL | [38] |
白藜芦醇Resveratrol | ≈50 | 1 mmol/L | [39] |
表儿茶素Epicatechin | ≈50 | 25 µmol/L | [39] |
β-巯基乙醇 2-Hydroxy-1-ethanethiol | ≈80 | 25 µmol/L | [40] |
咖啡因/氯化钙Caffeine/ CaCl2 | 42.50±1.10 | 1.15/3.97 mmol/L | [40] |
此外,解冻速度对精子活力有很大的影响,因而寻找合适的解冻平衡点至关重要。解冻温度包括低温解冻(0~5 ℃)、中温解冻(30~40 ℃)和高温解冻(50~70 ℃),且不同的解冻温度对应不同的解冻时间,如37 ℃解冻20 s、50 ℃解冻16 s、70 ℃解冻8 s等。低温解冻可能会导致重结晶现象,对精子造成进一步的损伤,但损伤更多是由于渗透性冷冻保护剂不能快速排出所导致。有研究指出70 ℃解冻8 s后,精子曲线运动速度(curvilinear velocity,VCL)、直线运动速度(straight-line velocity,VSL)、平均运动速度(average path velocity,VAP)和头部摆动振幅(amplitude of lateral head displscement,ALH)等指标均优于37 ℃解冻20
细胞在冷冻和解冻过程中的物理结构损伤除了低温损伤,还包括中等低温范围(-15 ℃和-5 ℃)的致死性。冷冻流程涉及几个重要温度节点:15~5 ℃冷冻冲击和-5~-50 ℃冰晶形成。当溶液被快速降温至-5 ℃和-15 ℃时会产生自发性的冰核,一旦冰核产生,随着温度的继续降低将向所有方向快速增大,导致精子和溶质都将被限制在未冻结的部分中,从-15 ℃到-160 ℃会促使一些小冰晶和液态水转化为较大的冰晶,随着冰晶的不断形成,精子细胞只能不断堆积到狭窄的未冻结溶液通道中,不可避免地对细胞造成机械损
冷冻保护剂可防止冰晶对细胞的损伤,如甘油可通过氢键相互作用实现高度溶于水,并能透过细胞的质膜,随着冰晶的不断形成,冷冻液中未结晶部分中甘油的浓度逐渐升高,从而降低了这部分未冻结溶质的冰点,进而抑制了冰晶的形成。甘油与水之间的氢键相互作用还可以抑制冰晶的扩散,随着未冷冻部分甘油的浓度不断升高,溶质玻璃化逐渐形成,有效减少了冰晶对精子细胞造成的机械损伤。因此在冷冻过程中,控制冰晶形成的大小和数量,维持冰晶在微晶状态,可以更好地保护精子。
1) 氧化应激对精子冻融的影响。氧化应激会引起DNA损伤,电子呼吸链和线粒体转录系统都会被过量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)破坏,而向精液中添加抗氧化剂可抑制ROS引起的氧化损
与氧化应激关系密切的生物化学反应是脂质过氧化,ROS和精子功能之间的负相关关系涉及脂质过氧化级联反应,冷冻精子比新鲜精子表现出更高的脂质过氧化水平,而脂质过氧化水平与4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE)有关。4-HNE是一种细胞毒性醛类物质,同时是精子衰老的标志
2)质膜变化对精子冻融的影响。细胞质膜一般由磷脂、可变数量的甾醇如胆固醇、一定数量的蛋白质等构成,磷脂赋予细胞膜流动性,胆固醇维持刚性和稳定性。随着温度降低,膜脂质会经历物理相的变化,由流体相变为凝胶相,甾醇的存在可抑制这种脂质相的变化,但猪精子质膜上胆固醇与磷脂比例低(猪:0.26,牛:0.45),且胆固醇分布不对称,导致精子质膜对低温引起的脂质物理相的变化更敏感,造成猪精子冻融效果
膜冷冻损伤会对离子通道的功能造成影响,这也是冻融精子受精能力下降的原因。冷冻会导致精子蛋白质丰度变化,Chen
3)酪氨酸磷酸化对精子冻融的影响。精子蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化发生在输卵管部位,是精子获能的标志。在冷冻过程中由于质膜的相变以及脂质与蛋白质之间相互作用被破坏,导致质膜不稳定并失去选择渗透性的能力,从而增加细胞外离子如C
通常酪氨酸磷酸蛋白沿着鞭毛分布,可能参与精子的运动调节和超活化过程,而猪精子中与获能相关的酪氨酸磷酸蛋白定位于头部而不是鞭毛,表明精子头部在获能和顶体反应中起到重要作用。同时,冷冻保存降低了猪精子中胆固醇的含量,又因猪精子质膜的胆固醇、磷脂比例本来就比较低,导致抗冻能力进一步下降,从而使猪精子更容易诱发这种获能样变化。与获能同时出现的是一种酪氨酸磷酸蛋白复合物p32,这是一种前顶体蛋白酶结合蛋白sp32的酪氨酸磷酸化形式,与顶体蛋白成熟相关,p32的升高与精子C
冷冻精液常见的包装储存形式有安瓿瓶、颗粒型冷冻保存、铝箔(塑料)袋和麦管灌装。当灌装形式具有较大表面积与体积比时,精液冻融过程中温度变化更加均匀,冷冻过程中有更大的表面来散热,解冻过程中能够迅速升温,冻融效果更好。例如2 mL扁平细管或5 mL塑料细管,被称为扁平包装形式,在精子冻融后活力较0.25 mL细管效果要好,并且其可容纳更多精液,在实际生产时减少解冻细管的根数,减少操作的复杂性。与0.5 mL细管相比,扁平灌装形式在精子冷冻保存过程中可更加均匀地脱水,但其体积大,所需精液剂量大也是该方法的弊端。
精液中细菌的来源包括内源性和外源性2种。内源性细菌通常包括公猪包皮、尿道、外生殖器,或泌尿生殖道感染导致的细菌,内源性细菌通常对精液质量影响较小。外源性细菌主要与采精过程相关,包括环境条件、采集手法、采精器具等。细菌对冻融精子的影响主要体现在对精子理化性质的影响,如顶体完整性、质膜性质、蛋白质变化
温度和光周期会影响公猪附睾中存储精子的进一步成熟。有研究证明,精液耐冻性取决于精子收集的季节,冬春两季采集的精子比秋、夏两季具有更高的耐冻性,更能耐受冷冻保
精液运输过程也会对精液质量造成一定影响,有研究人员使用特定的模拟设备模拟猪精液运输过程中受振动带来的影响,结果显示,精液在300 r/min频率下、持续进行6 h圆形水平振动处理,会导致精液介质碱性化,碱性条件会损伤精子的质量,在之后7 d的储存期间,持续振动处理会进一步导致精子线粒体活性、顶体和质膜完整性降
近年来,纳米技术被逐渐用于畜禽精液净化选择,即根据物质的特性对其进行纳米技术处理,改变物质状态、赋予物质新功能。有研究证实添加新型冷冻保护剂纳米化红景天多糖进行精液冷冻,当添加体积比为15%时,可将精子冻融后的活力提高11%,达到69
蛋白质组学和代谢组学可在特定条件下识别和量化相关分子,检测出的分子可作为精子功能的潜在生物标志物。目前较多研究聚焦分子生物标志物预测精子低温耐受性、减轻冷冻和解冻对精子的不利影响。通过凝胶色谱分离技术将精浆分为2类不同质量组分:SP1(>40 ku)、SP2(<40 ku),将这2种不同质量等级的精浆分别添加在解冻液中,与不添加精浆组相比,这2种精浆均可显著(P<0.01)提高精子运动特性、膜完整性和活
分子生物标志物 Freezability markers | 功能 Function | Reference 参考文献 |
---|---|---|
G 蛋白亚基α13 GNA13 |
参与精子获能、顶体反应、卵母细胞融合 Involved in sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, oocyte fusion | [37] |
肌苷 Inosine 次黄嘌呤 Hypoxanthine 肌酸 Creatine |
参与能量代谢 Involved in energy metabolism | [6] |
细胞内胆固醇转运蛋白 2 NPC2 |
结合质膜胆固醇,影响质膜流动性 Binds plasma membrane cholesterol and affects plasma membrane fluidity |
[ |
颗粒蛋白前体 Granulin precursor 精子黏附蛋白 AWN |
富含半胱氨酸、抵抗氧化应激 Enriched with cysteine, resistant to oxidative stress | [59] |
纤连蛋白 1 Fibronectin-1 |
预测低温造成精子损伤因素,如氧化应激 Predicting the factors of sperm damage caused by low temperature | [60] |
热休克蛋白90AA1 Heat shock protein 90AA1 |
应激条件下保持细胞代谢和结构的完整性 Maintaining cellular metabolism and structural integrity under stressful conditions | [61] |
猪精液冷冻保存是猪精子长期保存最有效的方法,但冷冻过程会对精子造成损害,使得解冻后精子活力、受胎率和窝产仔数方面比鲜精效果差。近年来,国内多家企业开展了冻精技术的探索,相继研发了猪精液冷冻保存技术,并与相关生猪企业进行冻精配种合作,取得了一定成果。有报道称国内某些企业冻精解冻后活力可达70%~80%,且受胎率实现了与鲜精配种同等效果的繁育水平,达90%以上,使得我国冷冻精液解冻后活力及配种效果达到世界领先水
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