This study investigates the dissipation patterns, accumulation and translocation of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in a sediment-Zizania latifolia system through pot experiments, as well as their effects on the plant traits and quality of succulent stems. The results show that planting Z. latifolia significantly promoted the dissipation of Pb in sediments, with a dissipation rate 2.42 times higher than in unplanted sediments. The distribution of heavy metals in the organs followed the pattern of root > stem > leaf > succulent stem, with Pb, As, Cd, and Hg concentrations in the roots being 1508, 148, 261 and 9 times higher than those in the succulent stems, respectively. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors of Z. latifolia for these four heavy metals were all less than 1, indicating weak accumulation and transport capabilities for them. However, Z. latifolia exhibited higher accumulation and transport capacities for Cd and Pb compared to As and Hg. Within the concentration range of the low-dose heavy metal treatment groups, Pb levels in succulent stems remained below the food safety limit, while Cd levels exceeded the limit. At low environmental pollution concentrations, As and Hg levels in edible stems were below food safety limits; however, high environmental pollution concentrations could lead to As and Hg exceeding the limits in edible stems. Heavy metal stress significantly increased the content of flavonoids, vitamin C, titratable acids, and crude fiber in edible stems, while reducing the content of reducing sugars and soluble solids, resulting in decreased tenderness and sugar-to-acid ratio of the succulent stems. The results suggest that Z. latifolia has potential for remediating Pb in sediments within the concentration range of 0–30 mg/kg, and its succulent stems meet food safety standards, achieving a win-win situation for ecological restoration and economic benefits. This study provides theoretical support for the "remediation-production" synergistic model in heavy metal contaminated sediment and has significant implications for promoting sustainable agricultural development.