In order to explore the genetic diversity and structure of all-female yellow catfish （Tachysurus fulvidraco） population and to reveal their genetic differences from wild and cultured populations，this study focused on yellow catfish in Hubei Province. A total of 210 individuals were collected from 1 wild population （LH） and 6 cultured populations （WH，QJ，YX，JM，JZ，all being breeding parent populations） containing the all-female population （AF） in Hubei Province. Whole-genome resequencing was performed on these individuals，and the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the 7 populations were systematically analyzed. The results showed the following： In terms of genetic diversity，the nucleotide diversity （ND），average polymorphism information content （PIC），average observed heterozygosity （Ho），and expected heterozygosity （He） of the all-female populations were 0.000 5，0.046 9，0.052 5 and 0.046 9，respectively. the corresponding indices of the other cultured populations were 0.000 6，0.047 7，0.052 4，and 0.047 7，respectively，with no significant difference between the all-female population and the other cultured populations. However，the ND，PIC，Ho，and He of the wild populations were 0.001 7，0.178 4，0.197 4 and 0.178 4，respectively，which were significantly higher than those of the all-female population and other cultured populations. Further analysis of female individuals revealed that the ND, PIC, Ho, and He of the all female population showed no significant difference from the average values of the female individuals in other cultured populations (0.000 6, 0.047 3, 0.052 2, and 0.047 3, respectively), but both were much lower than those of the wild female population (0.004 1, 0.302 2, 0.508 3, and 0.352 3, respectively). Regarding genetic structure characteristics，the results of phylogenetic analysis and principal component analysis （PCA） revealed that some individuals in the all-female cultured population that had a close genetic relationship with the other 6 populations，and some individuals from the cultured populations and wild population also shared similar genetic backgrounds. In conclusion，the genetic diversity of the all-female was similar to that with the other cultured populations，and both were significantly lower than that of the wild populations，This suggests that in future yellow catfish breeding，targeted improvement of the genetic diversity of female parent populations is of great significance for ensuring germplasm quality and the sustainable development of the industry.