Neuronic acid （NA） is an ultra-long chain monounsaturated fatty acid，a core component of the myelin sheath of brain nerve fibers，with functions including repairing damaged brain nerve fibers and promoting regeneration of nerve cell.Therefore，more and more studies are focusing on NA.At present，NA mainly relies on extraction from natural species，which is difficult to meet market needs and limits its further development and application.In recent years，with the development of genetic engineering and synthetic biology，constructing NA metabolic pathways in existing species through multi-gene strategies can economically and sustainably obtain NA to meet the needs of fields such as nutrition，pharmaceuticals，and chemical industries.This article reviewed the biological functions，biological sources，and synthetic pathways of NA.The advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering production of NA chassis were compared.The influencing factors of producing NA-rich seed oil using cruciferous oil crops as the chassis were further explored.It will provide some ideas and strategies for regulating NA production and obtaining renewable NA resources in the future through transgenic technology and molecular breeding.