A pot experiment was designed to plant winter crops in the Science and Technology Park of Jiangxi Agricultural University from 2020 to 2021 to study the interaction mechanism between root exudates and the changes of soil microbial community under the intercropping pattern of Chinese milkvetch （Leguminous cruciferous） and rapeseed .The results showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of root exudates under different planting patterns of Chinese milkvetch and rapeseed compared with the single cropping of Chinese milkvetch， intercropping significantly increased the content of monosaccharides and decreased the content of neurotransmitter compounds. Amino acids， monosaccharides， neurotransmitters， and other compounds were significantly correlated with soil microorganisms. Among them， monosaccharide compounds were significantly positively correlated with Acidobacteriota， Chloroflexi and other microorganisms.Neurotransmitter compounds were significantly positively correlated with Chloroflexota， Firmicutes， Gemmatimonadota， Myxococcota， Cyanobacteria and other microorganisms. The individual correlation results of the three models including the single cropping of Chinese milkvetch （A）， the single cropping of rapeseed （R）， and the intercropping of Chinese milkvetch and rapeseed oil （AR） showed that the difference in the correlation between root exudates and microorganisms and the overall result was the maximum under the single cropping of rapeseed.There was no significant correlation between monosaccharides and Acidobacterium and Chlorobacterium under A and R. Under AR， there was a significantly positive correlation between monosaccharides and Acidobacterium and Chlorobacterium. The relative abundance of Acidobacteriota communities under AR was significantly higher than that under A， and the index of microbial coverage was also significantly higher than that under A. It is indicated that root exudates are likely to be an important factor in changing the structure of soil microbial community in the intercropping of Chinese milkvetch and rapeseed， and monosaccharide compounds play a major role in this process.