Carbon sequestration and emission reduction of rice field is an important measure for China to achieve the strategy for carbon neutrality. Based on defining the carbon source and carbon sink function of rice production,the situation of regional carbon emission and carbon neutrality of provinces and cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was analyzed. The characteristics of carbon emission under different rice farming modes were studied. The impact and potential of different agronomic measures on carbon sequestration and emission reduction of rice fields were evaluated. A low-carbon rice farming pattern of “Increase carbon sequstration,reduce emission,reduce consumption and recycle” was proposed and constructed. Results of statistically analyzing literature showed that the carbon neutrality level of provinces and cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ranged from-1.52 to 1.75 million tons C-eq. The carbon neutrality level of the rice farming model in the region ranged from -401 to 2 673 C-eq (hm2?a). In general,carbon surplus can be achieved by agronomic measures including no-tillage,straw returning,nitrogen reduction,intermittent irrigation,integrated planting and farming in rice field. It is indicated that the carbon neutrality level of rice production can be improved through reasonable agronomic measures and optimizing the layout of rice cultivation patterns.