In the series of 2BFQ precision planter for rape and wheat, the pneumatic metering device can only be used for rapeseed, while the traditional mechanical roller feed is still used in wheat seeding. As a result, this metering device monomer has a shortcoming of low efficiency and high space usage. In order to solve this problem, a double-row pneumatic metering device for rapeseed and wheat was designed. The working principle and main structure of the pneumatic metering seeder have been introduced in this paper. Experimental study on the relationships between the performance indices and the factors such as the rotating speed of the seeding plate, the negative and positive pressure and the speed of seed belt has been carried out. Single factor experiment showed that this meter device can realize double-row seeding for both rapeseed and wheat seed, and the rotating speed of seeding plate and negative pressure in sucking chamber are the main factors which will influence the metering performance. Orthogonal experiment indicated that when the rotating speed of seeding plate is 15 r/min, the negative pressure is -1 400 Pa and the positive pressure is 400 Pa, the average double-row qualified index of rapeseed reached 89.99%, the average miss index is 4.44% and the consistency variable coefficient of double row qualified index is 0.30%, all of which can match the requirements for rapeseed′s single grain precision seeding technology; as for the sowing of wheat seed, when the rotating speed of seeding plate is 12 r/min and the negative pressure is -3 400 Pa, the average double-row qualified index is 74.58%, variable coefficient of single-row seeding uniformity is 3.61%, the consistency variable coefficient of double-row feeding quantity is 0.45%, which can all match the requirements for wheat′s precision seeding technology.