In order to achieve the policy objectives of “improving product quality，increasing fishermen’s income，greening industry and optimizing water area ecology”，qualitative and case analysis methods were applied in this paper to analyze the economic and ecological benefits of China's aquaculture development.Based on the development history，culture area and culture structure of freshwater aquaculture in China，the quality and safety issues were discussed.Taking large surface aquaculture，pond culture，integrated rice-fish farming and integrated rice-crayfish farming models as examples，the ecological and economic benefits were analyzed.The results showed that since the reform and opening up in China，the area has been expanding，the production has increased rapidly，the structure of aquaculture has been continuously optimized，and the income of aquaculture has been rising，however，the environmental and product quality problems hinder the green development of freshwater aquaculture in China.Taking typical freshwater aquaculture model as an example，this paper analyzed the ecological and economic benefits of the future green and healthy aquaculture model，and in order to promote the “quality and efficiency improvement” of the three typical modes，the path of future green development was given.The large surface water needs to realize functional zoning，establish norms and standards and speed up industrial integration.It is necessary to strengthen the standardization of bulk freshwater aquaculture，apply modern mechanized equipment and popularize the pattern of compound ecological-type and circulating pond.The model of rice-fish farming needs to strengthen the characteristic brand，improve the basic breeding facilities and construct a science and technology promotion system.