摘要
为简化传统鱼头煲的制作工序,提高其营养、风味品质,以调理白鲢鱼头为原料,测定油炸后鱼头及鱼头煲的色泽、蛋白溶解度、丙二醛含量、基本营养成分等指标,并结合感官分析筛选适宜的预油炸条件,探究油炸预处理对鱼头煲品质的影响。结果显示:鱼头色泽、蛋白溶解度随油炸温度的升高先上升后降低,丙二醛含量则相反;鱼头煲的营养成分含量随油炸温度的升高而增多。中、高温油炸(180、200 ℃)制得的鱼头煲蛋白、脂肪等营养溶出均高于低温油炸组(160 ℃),而高温油炸(200 ℃)的鱼头煲色泽和滋味感官品质低于中温油炸组(180 ℃)。随着油炸时间延长,鱼头煲蛋白、脂肪及固形物含量逐渐升高,总游离氨基含量先升高后下降,滋味轮廓及感官品质先升高后无显著差异,油炸120 s时鱼头煲蛋白溶出多、脂肪含量低,其色泽、滋味及感官品质也最优。结果表明,鱼头煲适宜的预油炸条件为180 ℃油炸120 s。
近年来,随着消费者对方便快捷、营养健康饮食需求的增加,预制食品消费市场占比逐年递增,截至2022年,中国预制菜企业的数量达到7.6万家,形成了较大的产业规
煎炸和煮制是制备鱼头煲的两大重要工序。鱼头经过煎炸处理发生脂肪氧化、蛋白变性和美拉德反
新鲜鲢鱼头[(250±20) g]、食盐、食用油购于华中农业大学农贸市场。
牛血清蛋白购于美国Sigma-Aldrich 公司;亮氨酸购于德国Biofroxx公司;邻苯二甲醛购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司;浓硫酸、浓盐酸、石油醚、氢氧化钠、硼酸、无水硫酸铜、酒石酸钾钠、硫酸钾、福林酚、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、碘化钾、硫代巴比妥酸、三氯乙酸等均为分析纯试剂,购于国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
PC30W8-炒锅,苏泊尔电器公司;CR-400色度计,CHROMA METER公司;UltraScan VIS色差仪,Hunter Lab公司;ASTREE II电子舌,Alpha M.O.S公司;T80高速分散均质机,德国 IKA 公司;AvantiJ-2型高速冷冻离心机,美国贝克曼公司;UV-2600紫外可见分光光度计,尤尼柯仪器有限公司;NAI-ZFCDY-6Z索氏抽提仪,湖北恒康化玻仪器公司;全波长酶标仪,赛默飞世尔科技公司。
1)鱼头前处理。选取刚宰杀的白鲢鱼头,去鳞去鳃去黑膜,对半剖开[(200±50)g],清洗干净,于-18 ℃冷冻保存。
2)鱼头预处理工艺。冷冻鱼头流水解冻,按鱼头∶腌制液=1∶2(m/V)预调理鱼头,调理结束沥干表面水分,设置3种温度(160 ℃低温、180 ℃中温、200 ℃高温)常压油炸一定时间(60、90、120、150 s)制得预处理鱼头,以未经油炸的预调理鱼头为对照组,取肉质部分测定后续指标。
3)鱼头煲的制备。参照Li
1)肌原纤维蛋白提取。参照Chaves-López
2)溶解度测定。参照蒋祎人
式(2)中,C1为上清液肌原纤维蛋白蛋白含量,mg/g;C0为原液肌原纤维蛋白含量,mg/g。
硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS)值按照 GB/T 5009.181—2016《食品中丙二醛的测定》中的分光光度法测定。
参照Yin
指标Indicators | 评分标准Scoring criteria | 分值Score |
---|---|---|
色泽Color | 乳白,浓稠,颜色均匀 | 7~9 |
较白,微浑浊,较均匀 | 4~6 | |
较灰,透明,不均匀 | 1~3 | |
气味Smell | 肉香味浓,无不良气味 | 7~9 |
肉香味较淡,略有腥味 | 4~6 | |
基本无肉香味,腥味重 | 1~3 | |
滋味Taste | 鲜味浓,咸淡适中,口感醇厚,回味好 | 7~9 |
有鲜味,略咸或略淡,口感纯正,回味较好 | 4~6 | |
味平淡,咸淡不适,口感弱,无回味 | 1~3 |
鱼头煲色泽测定方法同本文“1.4 预处理鱼头色泽测定”。鱼头煲的粗蛋白含量依照GB5009.5—2016《食品中蛋白质的测定》中的凯氏定氮法测定;粗脂肪含量依照GB 5009.6—2016《食品中脂肪的测定》中索氏抽提法测定;固形物含量参照Moisés
鱼头煲可溶性蛋白含量采用Lowry
参考陈周
由
温度/℃ Temperature | 油炸时间/s Time | W | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 55.91±0.79e | -0.45±0.17a | 2.12±0.76d | 55.85±0.80e | |
160 | 60 | 75.68±1.30b | -1.83±0.34d | 6.89±1.03bc | 74.63±1.27b |
90 | 78.15±1.33a | -1.25±0.20c | 7.48±0.51c | 76.86±1.28a | |
120 | 70.60±1.06c | -0.98±0.38b | 11.03±0.53a | 68.58±1.08d | |
150 | 75.00±1.70b | -1.63±0.43d | 9.59±0.97b | 73.14±1.48c | |
180 | 60 | 75.86±0.83a | -1.86±0.16b | 8.05±0.61c | 74.48±0.85a |
90 | 74.41±0.80b | -1.65±0.21b | 11.01±1.01ab | 72.08±0.91b | |
120 | 69.60±1.33c | -2.16±0.34c | 10.65±0.69b | 67.70±1.37c | |
150 | 68.08±0.58d | -1.76±0.26b | 11.62±0.89a | 65.97±0.67d | |
200 | 60 | 73.61±1.34a | -2.65±0.28d | 10.76±0.84d | 71.36±1.37a |
90 | 71.78±0.64b | -1.93±0.17c | 14.19±0.71c | 68.35±0.33b | |
120 | 69.56±0.73c | -1.16±0.33b | 15.98±0.43b | 65.59±0.58c | |
150 | 63.88±1.04d | -0.31±0.20a | 18.52±0.68a | 59.40±1.09d |
注: CK为未油炸组(对照组),下同。同一油炸温度下小写字母不同表示试验组与对照组(油炸0 s)不同油炸时间处理鱼头色泽有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Note: CK is the non fried group,the same as below. Different lowercase letters at the same frying temperature indicate significant differences in the color of fish heads between the experimental group and the control group (frying for 0 s) (P<0.05).

图1 不同油炸条件下预处理鱼头直观图
Fig. 1 Direct view of pretreated fish head under different frying conditions
A:对照组 Control group; B:处理组 Processing group.
蛋白溶解度一般用来反映肌肉蛋白质的变性程度。由

图2 不同油炸条件下预处理鱼头蛋白溶解度变化趋势
Fig. 2 Variation trend of protein solubility of pretreated fish head under different frying conditions
同一温度下不同小写字母表示试验组与对照组(油炸0 s)蛋白溶解度有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters at the same temperature indicate significant differences in protein solubility between the experimental group and the control group (frying for 0 s) (P<0.05).
TBARS是反映样品脂肪氧化程度的指标之一,常以丙二醛含量表征TBARS值,TBARS值越高,表明样品脂肪氧化程度越重。由

图3 不同油炸条件下预处理鱼头丙二醛含量变化趋势
Fig. 3 Variation trend of malondialdehyde content in pretreated fish head under different frying conditions
同一温度下不同小写字母表示试验组与对照组(油炸0 s)丙二醛含量有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters at the same temperature indicate a significant difference in the content of malondialdehyde between the experimental group and the control group (frying for 0 s) (P<0.05).
由
温度/℃ Temperature | 时间/s Time | 色泽 Color | 气味 Smell | 滋味 Taste | 总体可接受度Overall acceptability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.90±1.10c | 3.30±1.06d | 2.70±0.48d | 2.60±0.52d | |
160 | 60 | 4.60±1.07b | 4.80±1.03c | 4.50±0.85c | 4.10±0.74c |
90 | 4.90±0.88b | 5.60±1.17bc | 5.60±0.84b | 4.70±0.67c | |
120 | 6.40±1.35a | 5.80±0.63bc | 6.10±0.57ab | 6.20±0.63b | |
150 | 7.00±1.25a | 7.00±0.67a | 6.70±0.67a | 6.90±0.88a | |
180 | 60 | 4.90±0.57a | 5.00±0.82b | 4.50±1.08b | 4.40±0.97c |
90 | 4.90±0.74a | 5.50±0.71b | 4.80±0.92b | 4.80±0.79c | |
120 | 5.30±0.82a | 6.30±0.82a | 5.90±0.99a | 5.70±0.48b | |
150 | 5.40±0.70a | 6.90±0.88a | 6.50±0.85a | 6.50±0.71a | |
200 | 60 | 7.00±0.67a | 5.70±1.25b | 5.60±0.97b | 5.80±1.03a |
90 | 6.00±0.94b | 6.10±0.74ab | 6.00±0.67ab | 6.00±0.67a | |
120 | 5.70±0.82b | 6.60±0.70a | 6.30±0.95ab | 6.50±0.97a | |
150 | 5.70±1.06b | 6.90±0.88a | 6.50±0.85a | 6.60±1.17a |
注: 同列中小写字母不同表示试验组与对照组(油炸0 s)油炸时间有显著性差异(P<0.05),感官评价为9分制。Note:CK is the non fried group. Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences between the experimental group and the control group (frying for 0 s) (P <0.05), The sensory evaluation is based on a 9-point system.
温度/℃ Temperature | 时间/s Time | W | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 43.35±0.10e | 0.54±0.02a | 1.86±0.06a | 43.32±0.10e | |
160 | 60 | 50.30±0.45a | -0.73±0.03b | -2.55±0.01c | 50.23±0.45a |
90 | 49.25±0.11b | -0.85±0.02c | -2.47±0.11bc | 49.18±0.12b | |
120 | 45.88±0.08d | -0.76±0.05b | -2.69±0.04d | 45.81±0.08d | |
150 | 47.70±0.15c | -0.94±0.02d | -2.41±0.08b | 47.64±0.15c | |
180 | 60 | 49.50±0.15c | -0.91±0.06b | -2.60±0.10d | 49.42±0.15c |
90 | 49.63±0.16c | -1.02±0.02c | -1.94±0.20b | 49.58±0.16c | |
120 | 50.45±0.15b | -1.03±0.04c | -2.42±0.09c | 50.38±0.15b | |
150 | 53.42±0.01a | -1.13±0.04d | -2.05±0.03b | 53.36±0.01a | |
200 | 60 | 49.23±0.15a | -0.98±0.02b | -2.98±0.11d | 49.13±0.15a |
90 | 47.78±0.09d | -1.06±0.05c | -2.42±0.11c | 47.71±0.10d | |
120 | 48.89±0.03b | -1.12±0.03d | -2.28±0.03b | 48.83±0.03b | |
150 | 48.14±0.06c | -1.17±0.04e | -2.24±0.04b | 48.08±0.06c |
注: 同温度下小写字母不同表示试验组与对照组(油炸0s)油炸时间对鱼汤色泽有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Note:CK is the non fried group. Different lowercase letters at the same temperature indicate significant differences in the color of fish soup between the experimental group and the control group (frying for 0 s) due to frying time (P<0.05).

图4 不同油炸条件下鱼头煲的直观图
Fig. 4 Direct view of fish head pot (soup) under different frying conditions
A:160 ℃; B:180 ℃; C:200 ℃.

图5 预油炸处理下鱼头煲基本营养成分含量变化
Fig. 5 Effect of pre-frying on the content of essential nutrients in fish head soup
A:总蛋白; B:可溶性蛋白; C:总游离氨基酸; D:粗脂肪; E:固形物。 A: Protein; B: Soluble protein; C: Total free amino acids; D:Fat; E: Solids.
电子舌可以模拟人的味觉系统,能快速准确地鉴定样品的滋味特性。

图6 预油炸制得的鱼头煲滋味特征判别因子分析图(A)及传感器响应值雷达图(B)
Fig. 6 Discriminant factor analysis of taste characteristics of pre-frying fish head pot (A) and sensor response radar (B)
椭圆表示同组样本的置信区间,P<0.05。The ellipse represents the confidence interval for the same group of samples, P<0.05.
油炸作为鱼制品加工过程一道重要工序,对产品品质改良具有重要意义。高温短期炸制对样品定型、去腥增鲜有明显作用,翟嘉豪
本研究还发现油炸预处理制得的鱼头煲汤色乳白,滋味鲜甜,蛋白质、脂肪等营养成分含量显著增多,感官品质显著提升。鱼头煲白度随油炸温度升高先上升后下降,温度升高加速样品油脂吸
综上,本研究通过测定预处理鱼头及鱼头煲的色泽、蛋白溶解度、脂肪氧化程度、基本营养成分、滋味特性等指标,结合感官评价结果得出,油炸预处理可能通过影响预处理鱼头的色泽、蛋白变性及脂肪氧化程度来改善鱼头煲的品质。油炸温度越高,鱼头煲的营养物质溶出越多,但却不利于形成良好的色泽和滋味品质,故应选择180 ℃中温油炸预处理鱼头。而在此条件下,油炸120 s时鱼头煲蛋白溶出多、脂肪含量低,色泽、滋味及感官品质也最优,因此最终选取中温180 ℃、油炸120 s作为鱼头煲的预油炸条件。本研究可为探究预油炸过程影响鱼头煲品质的机制、选择合适的预油炸工艺提升鱼头煲品质等提供理论依据。
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