摘要
可食性保鲜膜因原料来源安全、可降解等特点被广泛应用,添加了活性抑菌成分的可食性抑菌保鲜膜能有效缓解产品的水分流失和氧化劣变,对有害微生物具有较好的抑制效果。水产品在我国居民食品消费中占有重要地位,但捕捞后高效保鲜是影响其食用安全性的首要因素。为推动可食性抑菌保鲜膜在食品保藏中的应用,同时为水产品保藏提供新的思路和理论依据,本文从成膜基质、抗菌活性成分的抑菌作用和物理阻隔三方面介绍可食性抑菌保鲜膜的抑菌机制,从湿法制膜和干法制膜2种成膜工艺及可食性抑菌保鲜膜在水产品保藏中的应用研究、市场现状等方面展开综述,指出可食性抑菌保鲜膜作为环境友好型包装材料,在商业化应用上具有较大的潜力,然而要实现其大规模应用仍面临诸多挑战。
保鲜是食品加工和贮藏过程中的重要环节,对于保证食品品质、安全和营养价值具有重要意义。传统保鲜膜通过隔绝食品与空气接触、减少食品氧化和水分流失起到保鲜作用,但也存在难以忽视的缺点。首先,传统保鲜膜通常由聚乙烯(PE)或聚氯乙烯(PVC)制成,难以降解,导致大量塑料垃圾堆积并对环境造成污
可食性保鲜膜通过添加防腐剂、抑菌剂等活性成分形成可食性抑菌保鲜膜,对各类食品腐败菌具有较好的抑制效果,同时可以减少水分流失和氧化反应,以保持食品口感和营养价值,延长产品保鲜期。制备可食性抑菌膜常用的多糖类材料有壳聚糖、纤维素衍生物、淀粉、果胶、三赞胶和卡拉胶
可食性抑菌保鲜膜的抑菌作用是通过多种机制共同实现的,包括成膜基质自身的抑菌作用、添加的抗菌活性成分以及通过物理手段阻隔水分和空气等。这些机制相互协同作用,能够有效抑制食品中微生物的生长,从而延长食品的保鲜期。
可食性抑菌保鲜膜的抑菌性能与成膜基质自身的抑菌作用有关。目前,可食性抑菌保鲜膜主要以多糖、蛋白质和脂质为成膜基质。其中,多糖类可食性抑菌膜的阻隔性能良
为增强抑菌效果,可食性膜中常常加入具有抗菌作用的活性成分——抗菌
可食性抑菌保鲜膜的制备方法主要分为湿法和干法2种类

图1 湿法制膜工艺流程图
Fig. 1 Flow chart of wet film process

图2 干法制膜工艺流程图
Fig. 2 Flow chart of dry film process
水产品是人类重要的食物来源之一。在全球范围内,鱼类和海产品构成了人类饮食中蛋白质的第三大来源,仅次于谷物和牛奶。此外,大量科学研究表明水产食品对人类健康有直接的益处,如能降低冠心病和中风的死亡风
可食性抑菌保鲜膜可以有效防止氧气渗透、水分损失,抑制脂质氧化和微生物生
可食性保鲜膜在延长水产品保质期方面表现出良好效果,可以有效减少水分损失、改善质地、防止变色、抑制氮化物积累、减缓核酸分解、降低脂质和蛋白质氧化以及抑制微生物生
水产品是全球食品行业中交易量最大的产品之一,对于保存和包装的需求较大,采用低成本加工材料和天然健康成分研制出的新型多功能可食用保鲜薄膜,在水产养殖包装方面展现出广阔的应用前景。据透明度市场研究公司(Transparency Market Research)1份关于可食性包装材料市场规模的调查数
在“限塑令”的背景下,可食性抑菌保鲜膜作为环境友好型包装材料,在商业化应用上具有较大的潜力,然而要实现其大规模应用仍面临诸多挑战。首先,传统石化塑料在生产和管理方面已形成一套成熟的技术体系,这在很大程度上制约了可食性抑菌保鲜膜的推广。其次,受现有技术水平制约,可食性抑菌保鲜膜功能较为单一,厚度、机械性能、阻隔性能与塑料保鲜膜仍存在一定差距,应用效果亦会受到食品自身特性的影响;加之高成本、缺乏成熟的配套生产机械和生产线等也是可食性抑菌保鲜膜步入市场的重要限制因素。未来,可食用抑菌保鲜膜的发展可聚焦于以下方面:开发和筛选新型成膜基质材料和安全稳定的增塑剂,结合食品工程的高新技术如微胶囊技术、纳米技术、高压加工等技术,提升膜材的基本性能;进一步研究可食性保鲜膜对不同种类食品保鲜的作用机理及应用,开发广谱性抑菌保鲜膜;设备开发与基础研究同步进行,加速科技成果的落地转化,鼓励更多的研发人员和科技企业联合助力产品的研发、工艺的标准化和市场推广,从而实现全产业链的共同发展,推进这项伟大的食品行业变革。
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