摘要
为评估壳聚糖-苯二酚(chitosan-catechol,Chic)修饰的灭活猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)疫苗的口服免疫效果,通过控制Chic的量制备出由不同质量浓度Chic(0.2、0.4 mg/mL)包裹的灭活PEDV(0.5 mg/mL),命名为C1+P和C2+P,建立小鼠模型进行免疫试验。采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测小鼠黏膜sIgA和血清IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体水平,并通过流式细胞术和CCK-8试验检测脾细胞的分型和增殖活化情况。结果显示,经2次口服免疫后,C2+P组诱导的免疫效果与昂贵的霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)佐剂组效果相当;与未经Chic修饰的PEDV组相比,C1+P、C2+P组诱导的鼻黏膜、肺泡、小肠黏膜特异性sIgA的抗体效价分别提高了6.09、6.37倍,5.35、5.65倍和5.64、5.89倍,血清特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a分别提高了8.83、9.65倍,13.54、15.07倍和4.27、5.07倍;CD
猪流行性腹泻(porcine epidemic diarrhea,PED)是由猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)引起的一种高传染性、高致死率的急性肠道传染
壳聚糖具有很良好的黏膜黏附性和佐剂活性,但低水溶性限制了其生物学应用。参考贻贝黏附蛋白的强黏附力的相关研
PBS缓冲液、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、红细胞裂解液、磷钨酸负染液、吐温-20(Tween-20)均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒购自白鲨生物科技有限公司;RPMI-1640培养基、胎牛血清、100×青-链霉素抗生素、0.25%胰酶购自GIBCO(Grand Island Biological Company)公司;霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)购自爱必信(上海)生物科技有限公司;用于流式细胞术的抗体包括:PE-仓鼠抗小鼠CD3抗体、FITC-大鼠抗小鼠CD4抗体、FITC-大鼠抗小鼠CD8抗体、FITC-大鼠抗小鼠CD69抗体,用于ELISA检测的抗体包括:HRP-山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体、HRP-山羊抗小鼠IgG1抗体、HRP-山羊抗小鼠IgG2a抗体、HRP-山羊抗小鼠IgA抗体,均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;无水乙醇、碳酸钠(Na2CO3)、碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)、浓硫酸(H2SO4)等化学试剂均购自成都市科隆化学品有限公司。
非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)、PEDV ZJ-08毒株由动物疫病与人类健康四川省重点实验室中的动物传染病控制课题组保存;SPF级6~8周龄Balb/c雌性小鼠购自成都达硕生物科技有限公司,本研究所有涉及动物的实验操作均经过四川农业大学动物伦理委员会的审查和批准,所有相关试验动物的所有程序严格按照“四川农业大学动物伦理委员会实验动物护理指南”(SYXK 2019-187,中国成都)实施。
将PEDV ZJ-08毒株以0.01 MOI感染Vero细胞并扩增,待细胞病变达到90%时,收集病毒并使用Reed-Muench
Chic参照Wan
选取30只6~8周龄雌性SPF级Balb/c小鼠,随机分为5组(n=6),即PBS(空白对照)组、PEDV组、C1+P组、C2+P组以及添加黏膜免疫佐剂CTB的CTB+P组(CTB与PEDV质量比为1∶3)。在第1天对小鼠进行首次免疫,在第15天对小鼠进行加强免疫,免疫组各组每只每次灌胃200 μL蛋白含量为100 μg的PEDV溶液,对照组小鼠灌胃相同体积的PBS溶液,整个免疫周期为28 d。
免疫周期结束后,采集各组小鼠血液收集血清、鼻腔灌洗液、肺泡灌洗液和小肠灌洗液并储存于-80 ℃冰箱中。随后将小鼠于75%乙醇中浸泡8 min消毒后采集脾脏,并利用孔径0.074 mm细胞筛网研磨后以1 000 r/min的转速离心收集脾细胞,加入红细胞裂解液,37 ℃孵育5 min,1 000 r/min的转速离心,收集细胞沉淀并重悬于RPMI-1640培养基并用细胞计数板进行计数。
采用间接ELISA的方法检测小鼠黏膜特异性sIgA抗体效价。先用碳酸氢盐缓冲液将灭活PEDV稀释至50 μg/mL,100 μL/孔加入酶标板并于4 ℃包被12 h;弃去包被液后,洗涤缓冲液(PBST)洗涤酶标板并拍干;再加入3% BSA溶液37 ℃封闭1 h;PBST洗涤酶标板后,加入稀释一定倍数的鼻腔灌洗液、肺泡灌洗液和小肠灌洗液,37 ℃恒温孵育1 h;弃去样品稀释液,PBST洗涤并拍干,加入稀释比例为1∶1 000的辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的山羊抗小鼠IgA作为二抗,37 ℃恒温孵育1 h;弃去二抗,PBST洗涤酶标板并拍干;随后加入TMB显色液,37 ℃恒温避光孵育15 min;最后加入2 mol/L H2SO4溶液终止显色,在波长450 nm处测量吸光度(OD)值。判读标准为以样品OD值大于阴性OD值的2倍为有效抗体效价,最高的稀释倍数即为该样品中最终的抗体效价。每个样本均进行5次独立重复检测。
采用间接ELISA方法对小鼠血清特异性IgG、IgG1和IgG2a进行抗体效价检测。将稀释一定比例的HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG(1∶20 000)、IgG1(1∶10 000)和IgG2a(1∶10 000)作为二抗,其余步骤同本文“1.4”。每个样本均进行5次独立重复检测。
将本文“1.3”中采集到的脾细胞调整到细胞浓度为1
将本文“1.3”中采集到的脾细胞以1
根据Reed-Muench法检测到所收集PEDV病毒滴度为7.25 log10TCID50/mL。利用蔗糖梯度密度离心分离纯化PEDV后,在40%和60%蔗糖溶液之间观察到明显的白色条带,如

图 1 PEDV的分离纯化及PEDV、C1+P、C2+P透射电镜图
Fig.1 Purification of PEDV and TEM images of PEDV,C1+P and C2+P
A:蔗糖密度梯度离心分离纯化PEDV;B: PEDV透射电镜图;C:C1+P透射电镜图;D:C2+P透射电镜图。A. Purification of PEDV by sucrose density gradient centrifugation; B:TEM image of PEDV; C:TEM image of C1+P; D:TEM image of C2+P.
样品 Samples | 粒径/nm Diameters | 电位/mV Zeta potentials |
---|---|---|
PEDV | 179.8±23.7 | -12.2±1.06 |
C1+P | 234.0±69.2 | 2.18±1.04 |
C2+P | 269.8±47.9 | 3.95±0.61 |
通过间接ELISA的方法检测免疫后小鼠鼻腔灌洗液、肺泡灌洗液、小肠灌洗液中黏膜特异性sIgA抗体效价,检测结果如

图2 黏膜sIgA抗体效价
Fig. 2 Mucosa sIgA titers
A:鼻黏膜; B:肺黏膜; C:小肠黏膜。A: Nasal mucosa sIgA titers; B: Lung mucosa sIgA titers; C: Intestinal mucosa sIgA titers.“ns”表示差异不显著(P>0.05),“*”“**”“***”“****”分别表示P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.001、P<0.000 1,下同。“ns”indicates no significant differences(P>0.05),“*”“**”“***”“****” indicates P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.000 1,respectively.The same as below.
利用间接ELISA的方法检测小鼠血液IgG、IgG1和IgG2a抗体效价,并计算IgG1/IgG2a值。如

图3 血清IgG抗体效价
Fig. 3 Serum IgG titers
A:IgG;B:IgG1;C:IgG2a;D:IgG1/IgG2.
为探讨口服免疫灭活PEDV对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群的影响,使用流式细胞仪检测CD

图 4 流式细胞术检测脾脏T淋巴细胞分型
Fig. 4 Spleen T lymphocyte typing test by FCM
A:脾脏T淋巴细胞流式图;B:脾脏CD
使用10 μg/mL的灭活PEDV对免疫小鼠脾细胞进行刺激,72 h后使用流式细胞仪检测脾细胞表面CD69活化情况。如

图5 脾细胞增殖活化情况
Fig. 5 Splenocyte proliferation
A:CD6
猪流行性腹泻病毒途经黏膜入侵可感染所有年龄段的猪,对养猪业发展存在严重的威胁,防控PED成为养猪业的重中之
Wilson
目前,针对PEDV口服疫苗主要集中PEDV S基因的重组载体菌如干酪乳酸
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