摘要
为探究不同去糖预处理方法对热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片品质的影响,利用超声(US)、超声辅助酶法(US+EM)、超声辅助碱法(US+AM)、超声辅助热水法(US+WM)4种不同预处理方法处理红枣脆片,分析干燥后红枣脆片的色泽、质构、滋味和主要营养成分含量。结果显示,不同超声辅助去糖预处理方法对热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片品质均有较大的影响,对比不同去糖预处理组,超声(US)和超声辅助酶法(US+EM)处理下红枣鲜样固形物减少率分别为2.53%和3.36%,显著低于超声辅助碱法(US+AM)和超声辅助热水法(US+WM)处理;超声辅助热水法(US+WM)处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片多糖含量最低,去除多糖效果最佳,其次是超声辅助酶法(US+EM)处理;超声辅助酶法(US+EM)去糖处理下压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片黄酮保留量最高,VC损失量最小。电子舌结果显示超声辅助酶法处理下压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片口感最佳。结果表明,超声辅助酶法处理在减少糖分的同时最大程度地保留了红枣脆片的风味和营养成分。
红枣(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)属于鼠李科枣属,在我国广泛种植,是食品工业中的重要原
干燥是保持果蔬品质的有效方法,不同的干燥方法以防止微生物的滋生、提高食品保鲜、减少食品的质量和体
高糖脆片虽然风味好,但甜度相对较高,为了满足现代人对天然、营养、健康的休闲食品的追求,需要不断改善红枣脆片的品质和减少糖分。生产上枣片在干燥前需进行去糖预处理,但红枣含糖量高,高糖不利于水分扩散,导致干燥效率降低,干燥时间延长。同时,红枣中游离糖易发生美拉德等化学反应,虽然一定程度上增加了产品风味,但也会产生不良反应,影响产品品
本研究采用超声(ultrasound,US)、超声辅助碱法(ultrasound-assisted alkaline method,US+AM)、超声辅助热水法(ultrasound assisted hot-water method,US+WM)、超声辅助酶法(ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method,US+EM)4种不同去糖预处理,对处理后红枣脆片理化性质和品质进行分析,寻求超声辅助去糖处理的最佳工艺,以期为新鲜红枣选择合适的去糖干燥方法,改善红枣脆片口感,最大限度地利用红枣营养成分提供科学依据。
参照宋悦
采用多水分损失率(moisture loss rate,RML)、固形物减少率(solid reduction rate,RSR)评价预处理效率,分别按式(
(1) |
(2) |
式中m′0为原料初始鲜质量,g;m′为原料某时刻鲜质量,g;m0为原料初始干质量,g;m为原料某时刻干质量,g。
参照宋悦
DIC法的工艺条件参照文献[
参照杜茜茜
维生素C含量采用直接滴定法测定;黄酮含量采用Folin-Ciocalteu法测定;多糖含量采用苯酚-硫酸法测定,利用多糖含量(polysaccharide content,PC)评价预处理效
2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sul-fonic acid) diammonium salt,ABTS)自由基清除能力测定、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力的测定、Fe离子还原能力(ferric-reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)测定参照Hou
由
组别 Group | 鲜样多水分损失率 Moisture loss rate of fresh samples(RML) | 固形物减少率 Solid reduction rate (RSR) |
---|---|---|
US | 16.55±1.24d | 2.53±0.55c |
US+AM | 23.15±1.05a | 4.42±0.72a |
US+WM | 22.25±1.13b | 4.53±0.44a |
US+EM | 21.73±1.18c | 3.36±0.57b |
注: 同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Note:Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference in different treatments (P<0.05),the same as follows.
硬度和脆度是反映红枣脆片食用口感的主要参数之一。由

图1 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片的硬度及脆度比较
Fig. 1 Comparison of hardness and brittleness of red jujube slices dried by hot air drying and instant controlled pressure drop under different desugaring treatments
不同小写字母代表不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments (P<0.05),the same as follows.
由
干燥方法 Dring methods | 不同处理方式 Different desugaring treatments | 亮度值 | 红绿值 | 黄蓝值 | 总色差 ΔE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
鲜样 Fresh sample | 36.75±2.55b | 14.95±3.15d | 23.25±4.85d | 6.89±1.05c | |
热风干燥 Hot air drying (HAD) | US | 39.55±2.24a | 15.53±2.55c | 24.53±3.51c | 6.55±1.25c |
US+AM | 34.35±1.75d | 16.42±4.11b | 24.68±2.54c | 6.43±0.94c | |
US+WM | 36.25±1.81b | 16.53±3.58b | 25.29±4.15b | 6.72±1.35c | |
US+EM | 32.65±2.35e | 17.59±2.15a | 26.18±4.51ab | 6.37±1.12c | |
压差闪蒸干燥 Instant controlled pressure drop(DIC) | US | 36.32±2.88b | 14.61±4.19d | 24.65±4.27c | 7.51±1.54b |
US+AM | 35.82±2.12bc | 14.15±3.54e | 24.27±2.65c | 7.88±0.65b | |
US+WM | 36.02±1.15b | 14.31±2.25d | 23.65±3.45d | 7.72±1.11b | |
US+EM | 35.72±1.31bc | 14.01±2.78e | 26.65±4.56a | 8.05±2.08a |
由

图2 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥(A)及压差闪蒸干燥(B)红枣脆片的风味比较
Fig. 2 Comparison of flavor of red jujube slices dried by hot air drying (A) and instant controlled pressure drop (B) under different desugaring treatments
由
由

图3 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片多糖含量
Fig. 3 Polysaccharide content in red jujube slices dried by hot air drying and instant controlled pressure drop under different desugaring treatments
由

图4 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片中黄酮含量
Fig. 4 Flavonoids content in red jujube crisp dried by hot air and instant controlled pressure drop under different desugaring treatments
由

图5 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片VC含量
Fig. 5 VC content in red jujube crisp dried by hot air and instant controlled pressure drop under different desugaring treatments
由

图 6 不同去糖预处理下热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片的抗氧化能力
Fig. 6 Antioxidant capacity in red jujube crisp dried by hot air and instant controlled pressure drop under different desugaring treatments
A:ABTS自由基清除能力 ABTS free radical scavenging ability;B:铁离子还原抗氧化能力 Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power;C:DPPH自由基清除能力 DPPH free radical scavenging ability.
由
由
理化性质如色泽、硬度和脆度、风味等,是干制脆片的一项重要指标,直接影响产品的感官特性和商品特性。经过不同去糖预处理后的热风干燥红枣脆片
经过不同去糖预处理对后,热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片硬度均有所降低,这主要是由于经辅助处理后,多糖含量逐渐减少,造成孔隙度增加、组织结构变软,降低了产品的硬度,提高了产品的脆度。各营养物质在不同去糖预处理热风干燥和压差闪蒸干燥过程中均有较大的差异,虽然超声辅助热水法(US+WM)处理组多糖含量最低,去除多糖效果最佳,但超声辅助酶法(US+EM)去糖处理压差闪蒸干燥处理组黄酮含量、VC含量最高,营养成分损失均较低,ABTS自由基清除能力和DPPH自由基清除能力均下降最少,表明超声辅助酶法(US+EM)处理红枣脆片理化指标最佳,最大程度地保留了红枣脆片的品质。
本研究分析了不同预处理对热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片感官品质和营养品质的影响,明确了超声辅助去糖处理可以作为热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥红枣脆片的有效预处理手段,提高红枣脆片综合品质。但红枣脆片在干燥去糖处理过程中仍然会造成一定的营养物质的损失,后续需进一步研究2种干燥方式(热风干燥及压差闪蒸干燥)下红枣脆片不同处理阶段营养成分的变化及其与质构形成的关系,最大保留VC、黄酮等营养成分。
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