摘要
为筛选对加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)有益生效果的芽孢杆菌,从加州鲈肠道分离芽孢杆菌,检测其溶血性、产酶能力、生物被膜形成能力、对多种常见抗生素的敏感性、耐受人工胃肠液及体外拮抗诺卡氏菌的能力等,并将菌株拌料饲喂加州鲈后测定加州鲈体质量增长和炎症因子的表达。结果显示,从鉴定到的94株芽孢杆菌中筛选出无溶血性且产酶能力广的4株枯草芽孢杆菌K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22,4株菌均是强生物被膜形成株,对多种常见抗生素敏感,其中K-3、K-13菌株能在体外拮抗诺卡氏菌。4株菌在人工胃液(pH 4)和人工肠液中2 h的存活率达到80%以上。K-13试验组的体质量增长率显著高于对照组,K-12、K-13试验组肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组。此外,与对照组相比,K-13试验组头肾、脾、后肠中的促炎因子表达水平下调,抑炎因子表达水平上调,表明K-13菌株具有减轻加州鲈肠道炎症发生的潜力。综合分析,本研究分离筛选的枯草芽孢杆菌K-13株具有安全性高、产酶能力强、拮抗诺卡氏菌、促进加州鲈生长的特性,可作为加州鲈饲料添加的益生菌制剂。
加州鲈,又名大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides),原产于北美,20世纪80年代初引进我国,因其肉质鲜嫩,深受消费者喜爱,需求量不断增加。根据2023年《中国渔业统计年鉴》,我国2022年加州鲈年产量达80.2万t。由于养殖规模和养殖密度的增加,以及养殖环境的恶化,养殖加州鲈病害频发,不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,也严重制约了加州鲈产业的可持续发
益生菌随食物或水进入胃肠道,通过调节胃肠道内部微生物平衡来促进机体健
用于筛选芽孢杆菌的加州鲈购自武汉市的农贸市场、养殖场等。用于菌株投喂试验的加州鲈购自武汉市黄陂区某水产养殖场,初始体质量(28.8±6.0) g。胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基(TSA)、胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(TSB)、普通营养琼脂、产蛋白酶培养基、产淀粉酶培养基和羧甲基纤维素钠培养基购自青岛海博生物技术公司。药敏片购自杭州微生物试剂有限公司。胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。胃蛋白酶测定试剂盒、α-淀粉酶检测试剂盒和脂肪酶检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程有限公司。定量PCR试剂2×TSINGKE Master qPCR Mix购自武汉擎科创新生物科技有限公司。
1)菌株分离。加州鲈用MS-222麻醉、75%乙醇消毒鱼体表后取出肠道,放入一次性培养皿中。用PBS缓冲液清洗肠壁的血液、脂肪及内容物并剪碎,加到离心管中,加入PBS缓冲液进行匀浆。将匀浆液置于水浴锅中80 ℃水浴20 min,涂布于TSA培养平板,置28 ℃培养箱中培养2 d。待菌落长出,根据菌落形态、大小和颜色,挑选单菌落并纯化。
2)分子生物学鉴定。挑取划线纯化2代后的单菌落到TSB液体培养基中,28 ℃摇菌8~16 h至浑浊。菌液PCR扩增16S rDNA,16S rDNA基因通用引物序列:27F(AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCA)和1492R(GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT)。在NCBI数据库中对序列进行同源性比较,确定待测菌的种属分类。
1)溶血性检测。根据《饲料添加剂品种目录》,将允许添加到饲料的芽孢杆菌进行溶血试验,用接种针挑取单菌落点种于哥伦比亚血平板上,并增加PBS阴性对照、Triton X-100和溶血菌株阳性对照,培养24 h后观察菌落周围是否出现溶血
2)产蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶能力测定。采用点种法筛选产酶菌株,用消毒牙签挑取单菌落,分别点接在酪蛋白琼脂培养基、淀粉水解培养基、羧甲基纤维素培养基、三丁酸甘油酯培养基上,28 ℃培养2 d,观察平板有无水解圈的产生并测量水解圈大小。以水解圈直径(Dh,cm)与菌落直径(Dc,cm)之比(Dh/Dc)判断各菌株产酶能
1)菌株形态。将筛选的芽孢杆菌接种到TSA固体平板上,37 ℃培养箱中倒置培养过夜,观察菌落形态特征。用革兰氏染液处理菌株,在光学显微镜下观察革兰氏染色后的菌株形态特征。
2)生理生化鉴定。使用青岛海博生物技术公司的枯草芽孢杆菌生理生化鉴定试剂,根据生化反应特征,通过《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》鉴定菌株。
采用纸片琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验,检测菌株对29种常见抗菌药物的敏感特性。用无菌PBS调节菌液浓度至1
将菌液接种在96孔板中,37 °C孵育36 h。吸出培养液,用无菌 PBS 缓冲液冲洗3次。添加100 μL 甲醇进行固定,持续15 min,然后吸出甲醇,使其自然风干。接着每孔加入100 μL 1%的结晶紫溶液,室温下染色5 min,吸出结晶紫染液并用无菌PBS 缓冲液冲洗干净。将培养板倒扣在滤纸上去除残余的水分,并放入37 ℃烘箱中烘干。每孔加入100 μL 33%的冰乙酸溶液,在37 °C培养箱中反应30 min,以溶解结晶紫。通过酶标仪测定培养孔中溶液在595 nm处的OD值(D595 nm)。每种菌株做3个孔的重复试验,试验数值取3次的平均数值(D值)。以未接种菌的培养液作为阴性对照,阴性值的2倍设定为界限
将诺卡氏菌接种于脑心浸液肉汤培养基中,28 ℃摇床培养4~7 d,用灭菌生理盐水调节至一定浓度,取0.1 mL菌悬液涂布于脑心浸液琼脂培养基上,然后用接种针挑取供试菌点种在培养基上。28 ℃条件下培养,观察48 h点种区菌落周围是否出现明显的抑菌环,并测量抑菌环直径与菌落直径,观察供试菌对诺卡氏菌的抑菌情况。
根据《中国药典》中的配制方法配制人工胃液、人工肠液,将芽孢杆菌按一定比例接种于人工胃液或人工肠液中,培养2 h后,将菌液稀释并将各稀释度涂布平板,计数菌落数,计算存活
将体质量为(28.8±6.0) g的加州鲈平均分为5组,分别为对照组、K-3组、K-12组、K-13组、K-22组,进行芽孢杆菌拌料饲喂试验。投喂饲料为商品化饲料,在饲料中分别添加芽孢杆菌的芽孢,使添加后饲料中芽孢杆菌芽孢的浓度为1×1
引物 Primers | 序列 Sequences |
---|---|
IL-8-Fw | CGTTGAACAGACTGGGAGAGATG |
IL-8-Rw | AGTGGGATGGCTTCATTATCTTGT |
IL-1β-Fw | CGTGACTGACAGCAAAAAGAGG |
IL-1β-Rw | GATGCCCAGAGCCACAGTTC |
IL-10-Fw | CGGCACAGAAATCCCAGAGC |
IL-10-Rw | AGCAGGCTCACAAAATAAACATCT |
TGF-β1-Fw | GCTCAAAGAGAGCGAGGATG |
TGF-β1-Rw | TCCTCTACCATTCGCAATCC |
TNF-α-Fw | CTTCGTCTACAGCCAGGCATCG |
TNF-α-Rw | TTTGGCACACCGACCTCACC |
Q-β-actin-FW | CACTGTGCCCATCTACGAG |
Q-β-actin-BW | CCATCTCCTGCTCGAAGTC |
根据分离菌的16S rDNA序列结果,从加州鲈肠道分离出94株芽孢杆菌,包括枯草芽孢杆菌22株、短小芽孢杆菌13株、高地芽孢杆菌15株、蜡样芽孢杆菌24株和芽孢杆菌属其他种20株。
将分离的35株芽孢杆菌(包括22株枯草芽孢杆菌和13株短小芽孢杆菌)点种在哥伦比亚血平板上,筛选出23株不产生溶血环的芽孢杆菌,包括枯草芽孢杆菌20株,分别为K-1、K-3、K-4、K-5、K-6、K-7、K-8、K-9、K-10、K-11、K-12、K-13、K-14、K-15、K-16、K-20、K-21、K-22、K-23、K-25。短小芽孢杆菌3株,分别为D-2、D-6、D-9(

图1 芽孢杆菌在哥伦比亚血平板上的溶血试验
Fig.1 Haemolysis of Bacillus on Columbia CNA blood agar plate
产酶能力试验结果显示菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22同时具备产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶的能力。由
菌株 Strain | 产蛋白酶能力 Ability to produce protease | 产淀粉酶酶能力 Ability to produce amylase | 产纤维素酶能力 Ability to produce cellulase | 产脂肪酶能力 Ability to produce lipase | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dc/cm | Dh/cm | Dh/Dc | Dc/cm | Dh/cm | Dh/Dc | Dc/cm | Dh/cm | Dh/Dc | Dc/cm | Dh/cm | Dh/Dc | |
K-1 | - | - | - | 0.98±0.04 | 1.35±0.07 | 1.4 | - | - | - | 0.88±0.11 | 1.5±0.14 | 1.71 |
K-3 | 0.73±0.32 | 1.55±0.14 | 2.14 | 0.98±0.04 | 1.40±0.00 | 1.47 | 1.08±0.18 | 1.25±0.21 | 2.96 | 1.50±0.42 | 2.00±0.57 | 1.33 |
K-4 | 0.48±0.04 | 1.05±0.14 | 2.21 | - | - | - | 0.68±0.18 | 2.00±0.28 | 3.52 | 1.70±0.14 | 2.30±0.42 | 1.35 |
K-5 | 0.48±0.04 | 0.93±0.25 | 1.95 | - | - | - | 0.53±0.11 | 1.85±0.21 | 3.52 | 1.38±0.04 | 1.70±0.07 | 1.24 |
K-8 | 0.45±0.14 | 1.30±0.21 | 2.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.53±0.18 | 2.18±0.25 | 1.43 |
K-9 | 2.40±0.57 | 2.95±0.71 | 1.23 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
K-10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.75±0.14 | 1.25±0.14 | 1.67 | - | - | - |
K-11 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.55±0.35 | 3.00±0.28 | 1.18 | - | - | - |
K-12 | 0.50±0.07 | 1.20±0.14 | 2.40 | 0.68±0.11 | 1.13±0.11 | 1.4 | 0.53±0.04 | 0.98±0.11 | 1.86 | 1.20±0.28 | 2.13±0.46 | 1.77 |
K-13 | 0.38±0.11 | 0.95±0.00 | 2.53 | 1.00±0.07 | 1.12±0.12 | 1.14 | 1.15±0.21 | 1.65±0.07 | 1.43 | 1.30±0.14 | 1.75±0.07 | 1.35 |
K-14 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.05±0.07 | 1.55±0.00 | 1.48 | - | - | - |
K-15 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.63±0.04 | 1.25±0.35 | 2.00 | 0.48±0.11 | 1.03±0.04 | 2.16 |
K-16 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.40±0.00 | 0.75±0.07 | 1.88 |
K-20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.33±0.18 | 0.58±0.04 | 1.77 | - | - | - |
K-21 | 0.43±0.11 | 1.68±0.39 | 3.94 | - | - | - | 1.13±0.11 | 1.40±0.00 | 1.24 | 1.15±0.07 | 1.58±0.04 | 1.37 |
K-22 | 0.63±0.04 | 1.1±0.14 | 1.76 | 0.78±0.11 | 0.90±0.14 | 1.14 | 0.85±0.00 | 1.40±0.07 | 1.65 | 1.03±0.04 | 1.68±0.04 | 1.63 |
K-23 | - | - | - | 0.73±0.04 | 1.07±0.12 | 1.64 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
K-25 | 0.18±0.04 | 0.58±0.04 | 3.29 | 0.42±0.05 | 1.32±0.16 | 3.76 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
D-2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.35±0.21 | 1.90±0.14 | 1.41 |
D-6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.80±0.00 | 1.80±0.00 | 2.25 | - | - | - |
D-9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.60±0.00 | 1.58±0.04 | 2.63 | - | - | - |
注: 菌株透明圈直径(cm)以平均值±标准差(means ± SD, n=3)表示;表格中的“-”符号代表菌株无产酶能力。Note: The transparent circle diameter(cm)of the strain was expressed as means±SD,n=3.The “-” symbol in the table represents that the strain has no enzyme-producing ability.
1)形态学鉴定。菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22在TSA固体培养基上37 ℃培养12 h,呈现为圆形或者椭圆形,略微隆起、不透明、有黏液的白色菌落(

图2 菌株的菌落形态特征 (A) 、革兰氏染色 (B) 及生长曲线 (C)
Fig.2 Colony morphological characteristics of strains (A), gram stain (B) and growth curve (C)
2)生理生化特征鉴定。用枯草芽孢杆菌生理生化鉴定条对菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22进行鉴定,结果如
项目 Item | K-3 | K-12 | K-13 | K-22 |
---|---|---|---|---|
厌氧生长 Anaerobic condition | - | - | - | - |
V.P实验 V.P experiment | + | + | + | + |
柠檬酸盐 Citrate | - | - | - | - |
丙酸盐 Propionate | - | - | - | - |
D-木糖 D-xylose | + | + | + | + |
L-阿拉伯糖 L-Arabinose | + | + | + | + |
D-甘露醇 D-Mannitol | + | + | - | + |
明胶液化 Gelatin liquefaction | + | + | + | + |
7% 氯化钠生长 7% NaCl growth | - | - | - | - |
pH 5.7生长 pH 5.7 growth | + | + | + | + |
硝酸盐还原 Nitrate reduction | + | + | + | + |
淀粉水解 Starch hydrolysis | + | + | + | + |
注: “+”表示阳性或生长,“-”表示阴性或不生长。 Note:“+”showed positive or growth,“-” showed negative or no growth.
药敏试验是检测菌株安全性的重要指标。菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22对常见的29种抗生素敏感性试验结果如
抗生素及含量 Antibiotics and content | K-3 | K-12 | K-13 | K-22 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
抑菌圈/mm Inhibition zone | 敏感性 Sensitivity | 抑菌圈/mm Inhibition zone | 敏感性 Sensitivity | 抑菌圈/mm Inhibition zone | 敏感性 Sensitivity | 抑菌圈/mm Inhibition zone | 敏感性 Sensitivity | |
妥布霉素/(10 μg/片) Tobramycin | 27 | S | 27 | S | 23 | S | 29 | S |
卡那霉素/(30 μg/片) Kanamycin | 27 | S | 26 | S | 23 | S | 29 | S |
链霉素/(10 μg/片) Streptomycin | 19 | S | 8 | R | 17 | S | 11 | R |
头孢噻吩/(30 μg/片) Cephalothin | 33 | S | 46 | S | 35 | S | 50 | S |
多粘菌素B/(300 IU/片) Polymyxin B | 12 | S | 13 | S | 10 | I | 13 | S |
头孢呋辛/(30 μg/片) Cefuroxime | 31 | S | 30 | S | 23 | I | 38 | S |
头孢他啶/(30 μg/片) Ceftazidime | 29 | I | 22 | I | 20 | I | 20 | I |
呋喃妥因/(300 μg/片) Furantoin | 17 | S | 14 | I | 16 | I | 14 | I |
头孢曲松/(30 μg/片) Ceftriaxone | 29 | I | 41 | S | 27 | I | 39 | S |
左氧氟沙星/(5 μg/片) Levofloxacin | 28 | S | 15 | I | 25 | S | 18 | S |
丁胺卡那/(30 μg/片) Buprenorphine | 17 | S | 25 | S | 21 | S | 9.5 | R |
头孢哌酮/(75 μg/片) Cefoperazone | 26 | S | 35 | S | 25 | S | 31 | S |
庆大霉素/(10 μg/片) Gentamycin | 23 | S | 25 | S | 20 | S | 12 | S |
大观霉素/(100 μg/片) Spectinomycin | 20 | S | 21 | S | 22 | S | 9.5 | R |
克林霉素/(15 μg/片) Clindamycin | 25 | S | 16 | I | 19 | I | 16 | I |
环丙沙星/(5 μg/片) Ciprofloxacin | 28 | R | 15 | I | 26 | S | 10 | R |
氨曲南/(30 μg/片) Aztreonam | 12 | R | 10 | R | 8 | R | 11 | R |
麦迪霉素/(30 μg/片) Midecamycin | 24 | S | 21 | S | 22 | S | 21 | S |
头孢唑林/(30 μg/片) Cefazolin | 35 | S | 41 | S | 34 | S | 43 | S |
四环素/(30 μg/片) Tetracycline | 12 | I | 14 | I | 26 | S | 13 | I |
氯霉素/(30 μg/片) Chloramphenicol | 26 | S | 12 | R | 26 | S | 22 | S |
氨苄西林/(10 μg/片) Ampicillin | 13 | R | 9 | R | 14 | I | 9 | R |
复方新诺明/(23.75 μg/片) Bactrim | 27 | S | 11 | R | 28 | S | 27 | S |
青霉素/(10 U/片) Penicillin | 15 | S | 10 | R | 13.5 | R | 9 | R |
氧氟沙星/(5 μg/片) Ofloxacin | 28 | S | 14 | I | 22 | S | 17 | S |
红霉素/(1.5 μg/片) Erythromycin | 29 | S | 13 | R | 25 | S | 16 | I |
诺氟沙星/(1.5 μg/片) Norfloxacin | 29 | S | 15 | R | 25 | S | 15 | R |
诺氟沙星/(10 μg/片) Norfloxacin | 27 | S | 15 | I | 31 | S | 9 | R |
注: R:耐药;I:中度敏感;S:高度敏感。Note: R:Resistance; I: Intermediate susceptible; S: Highly susceptible.
菌株形成生物被膜可以保持菌株稳定以及耐受极端环境,利于菌株的生存。本研究中4株芽孢杆菌可形成肉眼可见的生物被膜(

图3 4株芽孢杆菌生物被膜形成(A)及形成能力检测(B)
Fig.3 Biofilm formation(A) and ormation capacity(B) of 4 strains of Bacillus
诺卡氏菌是加州鲈的重要病原菌,对病原菌的拮抗作用是评价益生菌株的一个重要方面。从

图4 4株芽孢杆菌对诺卡氏菌的拮抗作用
Fig.4 Antagonistic effect of four strains of Bacillus on Nocardia
为明确菌株在胃肠道的耐受能力,对4株菌在人工胃液(pH 2~4)和人工肠液处理下的生存情况进行检测。结果如
菌株 Strain | 人工胃液(pH 2)Artificial gastric juice | 人工胃液(pH 3) Artificial gastric juice | 人工胃液(pH 4) Artificial gastric juice | 人工肠液 Artificial intestinal fluid |
---|---|---|---|---|
K-3 | 7.78 | 34.79 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
K-12 | 54.62 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
K-13 | 9.86 | 98.60 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
K-22 | 15.00 | 25.86 | 82.76 | 100.00 |
1)芽孢杆菌对加州鲈体质量的影响。由

图5 饲喂芽孢杆菌后加州鲈体质量增长率(n=30)
Fig.5 Growth rate of body mass of largemouth bass after feeding Bacillus(n=30)
2)芽孢杆菌对加州鲈肠道消化酶的影响。将菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22的芽孢拌料饲喂加州鲈42 d,检测加州鲈肠道的酶活性。如

图6 饲喂芽孢杆菌后加州鲈肠道消化酶活性 (n=3)
Fig. 6 Intestinal digestive enzymes activity in largemouth bass after feeding Bacillus (n=3)
3)芽孢杆菌对加州鲈炎症因子的影响。将菌株K-3、K-12、K-13、K-22的芽孢拌料饲喂加州鲈42 d,检测加州鲈主要免疫器官的炎症因子表达水平。与对照组相比,K-3组的后肠、脾脏和头肾的抑炎因子IL-10、促炎因子IL-8表达水平显著上调,促炎因子TNF-α表达水平显著下调(P<0.05);K-12组后肠、脾脏和头肾的促炎因子IL-8、抑炎因子IL-10表达水平显著上调(P<0.05);K-13组的后肠、脾脏和头肾的促炎因子IL-8、IL-1β表达水平显著下调(P<0.05)。抑炎因子IL-10表达水平显著上调(P<0.05);K-22组脾脏和头肾促炎因子IL-8、TNF-α,抑炎因子IL-10表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)(

图7 饲喂芽孢杆菌后加州鲈细胞因子的mRNA表达水平
Fig.7 Levels of mRNA expression of cytokines in largemouth bass after feeding Bacillus
A.肠道炎症因子;B.脾脏炎症因子;C.头肾炎症因子。A. Inflammatory factors in intestine; B. Inflammatory factors in spleen; C. Inflammatory factors in head kidney.
益生菌作为饲料添加剂,可以调节动物肠道菌群,增强机体免疫力,提高动物对饲料的消化吸收能力及动物对疾病的抵抗
本研究从加州鲈肠道中分离到96株芽孢杆菌,根据农业农村部发布的《饲料添加剂品种目录》,我们将枯草芽孢杆菌和短小芽孢杆菌作为试验菌株添加到饲料中。溶血性测定被认为是益生菌筛选过程中的一个重要环节。溶血素是一种非常常见的毒力因子,经常引起宿主贫血和水肿,因此非溶血菌株更适合作为益生菌使
判定益生菌安全性的一个重要方面是是否具有耐药性。耐药细菌可以将耐药基因转移到其他细菌上,对人类和自然环境造成潜在的危害,因此,益生菌在投入生产使用前,必须确保菌株的安全性。在本研究中,4株芽孢杆菌对29种抗生素中的多种抗生素表现出敏感性。这表明菌株在作为添加剂时可以安全使用。若以菌株为载体表达病毒蛋白或者制备口服疫苗时,尽量避开敏感抗生素,有助于建立以该菌株为主的菌群环境。有研究表明芽孢杆菌能形成生物被膜,且生物被膜稳定、耐受能力强,有助于保护菌株在肠道极端环境中生
肠道消化酶活性是衡量饲料利用率和宿主消化率的一种被广泛接受的指
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