摘要
为探究固原乌鸡黑色素分布沉积特征以及在不同日粮酪氨酸水平下黑色素相关基因表达量的变化,明确酪氨酸对固原乌鸡黑色素形成的影响,选取4周龄、体质量差异不显著的健康固原乌鸡150只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。日粮酪氨酸添加水平分别为0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%,饲养至12周龄末,利用电镜技术观察不同组织中黑色素的分布特征,利用免疫组织化学和荧光定量PCR方法检测不同组织中黑色素相关基因表达量的变化。试验结果显示:固原乌鸡皮肤、气管与小肠中存在黑色素细胞且大都已分化成熟。TYR在肺脏组织有阳性反应,TYRP1在肌肉与肝脏组织有阳性反应,MITF、CREB1在肺脏、肝脏、小肠、胸肌组织中均有阳性结果。在不同日粮酪氨酸水平下,MITF、TYR、TYRP1基因的表达量与黑色素含量成一定的线性相关。结果表明,固原乌鸡组织黑色素沉积特征与组织中黑色素颗粒合成量相关,而黑色素合成过程中TYR、MITF可能是其主要关键调控基因,日粮中添加酪氨酸能够促进其表达。
固原鸡又名静宁鸡、静原鸡,是宁夏唯一的地方优良肉蛋兼用型鸡种,已被纳入《国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录》,属于宁夏5个区级畜禽遗传资源保护品种之
黑色素是在黑色素细胞内以酪氨酸(tyrosine,Tyr)为底物,经过酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)的催化进而发生一系列的生物化学反应生成的。在成熟后的黑色素小体中,酪氨酸经过酪氨酸酶及酪氨酸相关蛋白的催化作用下生成多巴,进一步经过催化氧化生成多巴醌,逐渐形成多巴色素,在酪氨酸酶及相关蛋白和过氧化氢酶的作用下最终生成真黑色
目前,国内外学者对乌骨鸡黑色素的沉积规律、乌度特征以及黑色素的物理化学性质等方面进行了大量研
挑选体况良好、体质量相近的4周龄固原乌鸡150只(宁夏固原市彭阳县益斌园农畜综合开发有限公司),随机分为5个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的L-酪氨酸(河北华阳生物科技有限公司,纯度为99.9%),基础日粮组成见
日粮组成 Diet composition | 含量/% Content | 营养水平 Nutritional level | 成分 Composition |
---|---|---|---|
玉米 Corn | 69.05 |
代谢能/(MJ/kg) Metabolizable energy | 12.34 |
小麦麸 Wheat bran | 2.00 |
粗蛋白质/% Crude protein | 18.06 |
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal | 7.33 |
钙/% Calcium | 0.82 |
豆粕 Soybean meal | 18.00 |
有效磷/% Available phosphorus | 0.42 |
磷酸氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate | 1.57 |
赖氨酸/% Lysine | 0.80 |
石粉 Stone powder | 0.59 |
蛋氨酸/% Methionine | 0.36 |
食盐Table salt | 0.37 | ||
预混料 Premix mixture | 1.00 | ||
赖氨酸 Lysine | 0.07 | ||
蛋氨酸 Methionine | 0.04 | ||
合计 Total | 100.00 |
注: 预混料含维生素、微量元素,代谢能为计算值,其他为实测值。Note:The premix contains vitamins, trace elements. metabolizable energy is calculated, others are measured.
试验固原乌鸡均在同一鸡舍,采用3层阶梯式鸡笼饲养,试验前连续1周对鸡舍进行彻底清洗和熏蒸消毒,饲养过程中人工控制温度在18~20 ℃,湿度为50%~60%,保持舍内光照时间为20 h逐渐减少至自然光照(每周减少2 h)。每天自由采食和饮水。
选用10只12周龄的固原乌鸡,处死后采取小肠、胸部皮肤、胸肌、气管、肝脏、肺脏组织,剥去结缔组织,经生理盐水冲洗后放入4%多聚甲醛和3%戊二醛,用于固原乌鸡组织中黑色素细胞分布规律的研究。
样品经2.5%戊二醛固定24 h,再用1%锇酸后固定2 h,逐级梯度的丙酮脱水,Ep812包埋,用甲苯胺蓝染色做半薄切片定位,超薄切片(60~70 nm)经醋酸铀和枸橼酸铅染色后,用JEM-1400 FLASH透射电镜观察并拍照。
采用石蜡包埋与切片制作,切片二甲苯脱蜡入水,柠檬酸盐抗原修复,放入PBS缓冲液浸洗,在组织上滴加内源性过氧化酶阻断剂进行阻断,室温孵育,添加一抗(TYR、TYRP1、MITF多克隆抗体购自上海生工有限公司,CREB1多克隆抗体购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司),PBS冲洗3次,滴加二抗,PBS冲洗3次,DAB显色,使用苏木精复染,封片并进行显微镜观察。
1)提取组织中的总RNA。根据TaKaRa的RNA提取试剂盒使用说明书进行。
2)RNA浓度的测定。取1 μL总RNA样品用紫外-分光光度计分别测定OD260 nm/OD280 nm值和总RNA浓度,当比值在1.8~2.0时表示提取的RNA纯度较好,DNA和蛋白质等杂质较少,同时用凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性。
3)反转录反应。步骤严格按照TaKaRa的反转录试剂盒使用说明书进行操作。
4)荧光定量PCR反应。利用相对荧光定量PCR的方法研究TYR、TYRP1、CREB1和MITF基因mRNA的表达,荧光定量PCR引物见
基因 Genes | 引物序列(5´→3´) Primer sequences(5´→3´) | 产物长度/bp Product length | 退火温度/℃ Annealing temperature |
---|---|---|---|
GADPH | F:GGGTAGTGAAGGCTGCTGCTGAT | 114 | 60 |
R:CCGCATCAAAGGTGGAGGAAT | |||
TYR | F:CACTCTTAGGTGGCTCCAATGTG | 156 | 60 |
R:CAGTCCCAGTAGGGGATGGTGAA | |||
TYRP1 | F:GCAGTTCGAAGCCTTCACAA | 130 | 60 |
R:GCCACTCATCAAACACAGCA | |||
CREB1 | F:CAGACGACCCTCCTACA | 187 | 60 |
R:AATTGCTCCTCCTTGC | |||
MITF | F:GGTCAACAGGGTCATCAAACAAGAA | 135 | 60 |
R:CCGAGGTTGTCACTGAAGGTGAT |
由

图1 固原乌鸡皮肤黑色素细胞的超微结构
Fig.1 Ultrastructure of skin melanocytes of Guyuan silky fowl
A:皮肤的表皮;B、C、D:皮肤的真皮。F:成纤维细胞;f:胶原纤维;MC:黑色素细胞;MS:黑色素小体;DS:桥粒;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ为黑色素小体的4个发育时期; N:细胞核;SMC:平滑肌细胞。A:The epidermidis of skin; B,C and D:The dermis of skin. F:Fibroblast; f:Collagenous fiber; MC:Melanocyte; MS:Melanosomes; DS:Desmosome;Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ are the four phases of melanin bodies; N:Cell nucleus; SMC:Smooth muscle cell.
由

图2 固原乌鸡气管黑色素细胞的超微结构
Fig.2 Ultrastructure of trachea melanocytes of Guyuan silky fowl
A、C:气管的黏膜下层;B:A图的局部放大;D:C图的局部放大。MC:黑色素细胞;MS:黑色素小体;N:细胞核。A,C:Submucosa of trachea; B:Local amplification of A graph; D:Local amplification of C graph. MC:Melanocyte; MS:Melanosomes; N:Cell nucleus.
由

图3 固原乌鸡小肠黑色素细胞超微结构
Fig.3 Ultrastructure of small intestine melanocytes of Guyuan silky fowl
A:小肠黏膜层和黏膜下层;B:A图的局部放大。 MM:黏膜肌层;MS:黑色素小体。A:The mucosa and submucosa of small intestinal; B:Local amplification of A graph. MM:Muscularis mucosa; MS:Melanosomes.
在固原乌鸡各组织中,利用免疫组化方法对黑色素合成相关蛋白TYR进行定位,由

图4 固原乌鸡组织器官TYR免疫组化图(400×)
Fig.4 TYR immunohistochemistry of Guyuan silky fowl
A:小肠;B:肝脏;C:胸肌;D:肺脏;小写字母为其阴性对照;“→”表示阳性着色。下同。A:Small intestine; B:Liver; C:Chest muscle; D:Lung. Lowercase letters are the negative control; “→” indicates positive staining. The same as below.
在固原乌鸡各组织中,利用免疫组化方法对黑色素合成相关蛋白TYRP1进行定位,由

图5 固原乌鸡组织器官TYRP1免疫组化染色图(400×)
Fig.5 TYRP1 immunohistochemistry of Guyuan silky fowl
在固原乌鸡各组织中,利用免疫组化方法对黑色素合成相关蛋白MITF进行定位,由

图6 固原乌鸡组织器官MITF免疫组化染色图(400×)
Fig.6 MITF immunohistochemistry of Guyuan silky fowl
在固原乌鸡各组织中,利用免疫组化方法对黑色素合成相关蛋白CREB1进行定位,由

图7 固原乌鸡组织器官CREB1免疫组化染色图(400×)
Fig.7 CREB1 immunohistochemistry of Guyuan silky fowl
分组 Groups | 肝脏 Liver | 肌肉 Muscle | 皮肤 Skin | 小肠 Small intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|
对照组(TYR) The control group | - | - | - | ++ |
0.2%(TYR) | - | - | - | ++ |
0.4%(TYR) | - | - | - | ++ |
0.6%(TYR) | - | - | - | ++ |
0.8%(TYR) | - | - | - | +++ |
对照组(TYRP1)The control group | - | + | ++ | - |
0.2%(TYRP1) | - | + | ++ | - |
0.4%(TYRP1) | - | + | ++ | - |
0.6%(TYRP1) | - | + | ++ | - |
0.8%(TYRP1) | - | ++ | +++ | - |
对照组(MITF) The control group | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
0.2%(MITF) | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
0.4%(MITF) | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
0.6%(MITF) | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ |
0.8%(MITF) | ++ | +++ | +++ | ++ |
对照组(CREB1) The control group | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
0.2%(CREB1) | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
0.4%(CREB1) | +++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
0.6%(CREB1) | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
0.8%(CREB1) | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
注: “-”表示阴性反应,“+”表示阳性分布面积的多少。“+++”较多,“++”中等,“+”较少。Note:“-” means negative reaction. “+” represents the area of the positive distribution. “+++” for more. “++” for medium degree. “+” for less.
由
分组 Groups | 肝脏 Liver | 肌肉 Muscle | 皮肤 Skin | 小肠 Small intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|
对照组The control group | 1.05±0.38 | 1.06±0.46 | 1.11±0.53 | 1.03±0.30 |
0.2% | 0.94±0.16 | 1.11±0.34 | 0.94±0.57 | 1.06±1.03 |
0.4% | 0.88±0.38 | 1.22±0.54 | 1.21±0.4 | 1.33±0.66 |
0.6% | 1.01±0.42 | 1.32±0.33 | 0.98±0.23 | 0.89±0.49 |
0.8% | 1.13±0.40 | 1.38±0.27 | 1.13±0.44 | 1.01±0.26 |
注: 不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或者无字母标注表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下同。Note: Different lowercase letters indicate the difference is significant(P<0.05), and the same letter or no letter indicate the difference is not significant(P> 0.05).The same as below.
由
分组 Groups | 肝脏 Liver | 肌肉 Muscle | 皮肤 Skin | 小肠 Small intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|
对照组The control group | 1.29±0.35b | 1.46±0.50 | 2.09±1.12b | 1.80±0.83 |
0.2% | 1.23±0.33b | 1.59±0.44 | 4.29±2.14a | 2.08±0.99 |
0.4% | 1.27±0.26b | 1.60±0.81 | 4.73±1.88a | 2.21±0.96 |
0.6% | 1.88±1.1ab | 1.77±0.66 | 4.38±1.34a | 2.08±0.90 |
0.8% | 2.80±2.26a | 2.20±0.63 | 4.86±1.70a | 2.35±0.58 |
由
分组 Groups | 肝脏 Liver | 肌肉 Muscle | 皮肤 Skin | 小肠 Small intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|
对照组 The control group | 1.08±0.42 | 1.09±0.45 | 1.23±0.38b | 1.13±0.66 |
0.2% | 1.01±0.24 | 1.29±0.58 | 1.35±0.57b | 1.00±0.50 |
0.4% | 1.16±0.41 | 1.62±1.04 | 1.49±0.19b | 1.41±1.15 |
0.6% | 1.39±0.68 | 1.63±0.82 | 2.67±1.20a | 1.27±0.82 |
0.8% | 1.54±0.88 | 1.80±0.65 | 3.52±1.03a | 1.54±0.61 |
由
分组 groups | 肝脏 Liver | 肌肉 Muscle | 皮肤 Skin | 小肠 Small intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|
对照组 The control group | 1.06±0.43 | 1.05±0.39 | 1.01±0.14 | 1.03±0.33 |
0.2% | 0.97±0.20 | 1.21±0.29 | 0.95±0.36 | 0.95±0.35 |
0.4% | 0.95±0.46 | 1.30±0.66 | 1.31±0.60 | 1.18±0.54 |
0.6% | 0.94±0.21 | 1.34±0.17 | 1.13±0.48 | 1.13±0.38 |
0.8% | 1.43±0.60 | 1.41±0.61 | 1.23±0.40 | 1.11±0.19 |
由

图 8 CREB1、MITF、TYR、TYRP1基因表达量与黑色素含量间的相关性
Fig.8 Correlation analysis of gene expression levels of CREB1, MITF, TYR, TYRP1 and melanin content
黑色素细胞起源于胚胎神经嵴细胞。神经嵴细胞沿背外侧迁移,定位到交感神经节、背根神经节和生皮肌节和外胚层下形成黑色素母细胞,然后继续迁移到皮肤等部
黑色素合成是一个复杂的过程,是由多个基因共同参与和调控的结果。α-MSH/MC1R/cAMP信号通路在黑色素生成过程中起着重要作
祖盘
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