摘要
乳腺癌是全球3种最常见的癌症之一,对人类健康构成严重威胁。MicroRNA(miRNA)作为一种基因调控的小分子,可以介导细胞靶基因调控乳腺癌发生和发展进程。本文根据miRNA的来源进行分类并综述了当前已知内源性与外源性miRNA(植物元)的功能特性,并探讨这些miRNA在乳腺癌调控中的作用机制。同时,运用生物信息学预测乳腺癌相关的外源性miRNA潜在靶点,旨在为miRNA在乳腺癌治疗中的应用提供参考。
乳腺癌是全球女性发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之
内源性miRNA,是指存在于人类基因组内的短的非编码RNA,通常在转录后发挥关键调节作用。1个miRNA能够识别2~8个碱基的靶标,并通过直接与目的基因的mRNA结合即靶向mRNA控制靶基因的翻译过程或促进RNA降解,从而完成对一般生物机体内各种基因表达水平的控制,在细胞增殖、凋亡以及分化过程中起重要作
内源性miRNA调控作用的发生涉及3个主要步骤,如

图1 miRNA的调控过程
Fig.1 The regulation of miRNAs
植物中的外源性miRNA与人体内的内源性miRNA在结构、序列、功能等方面均有不同。通常,哺乳动物miRNA的结合位点位于靶mRNA的3′ UTR,从而阻断mRNA的翻译。与动物miRNA不同,完全或较低数量的错配使得植物miRNA的行为更像RNAi,这通常导致靶mRNA的直接裂解。因此,传统观点认为, miRNA在细胞外环境中是不能稳定存在的,非常容易被降解。但最新研究表明,外源性miRNA能够在哺乳动物的体液中能够稳定循环。Hou
传统中药中,以清热解毒、疏风散热为名的金银花常被用于抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等应
在哺乳动物血清和血浆中稳定表达的miRNA是由组织和细胞自身产生的,可以作为疾病的一类新的生物标志物,并在细胞间通讯时充当重要的信号分子。Zhang
乳腺癌是一种高度异质性疾病,分为激素受体阳性(HR+)、人表皮生长因子受体2阳性(HER2+)和三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer, TNBC)三大类。作为中国女性发病率最高的恶性肿
1)miRNA促进乳腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。miRNA通过与它们的3′ UTR结合,在转录后阶段调节目的基因表达。许多内源性miRNA也利用这种机制促进乳腺癌的出现和发展。Wu
2)miRNA抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭。miRNA 通过调节转录及转录后加工参与到表观遗传学中,使某些相关基因表达水平改变,进而参与到疾病或肿瘤的生物学过程中。在乳腺癌相关的病理过程中,miRNA可通过调节某些基因的表达和不同的细胞信号传导途径调节乳腺癌细胞的增殖、凋亡。Mansoori
序号 No. | miRNA名称 miRNA name | 靶基因 Target | 乳腺癌相关调控机制 Functions related to the formation of BACA | 细胞/小鼠模型 Cells/mouse model | 文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | miR-30b-5p | ASPP2 | miR-30b-5p↑→ASPP2↑→AKT↑→TNBC↑ |
MDA-MB-231, HCC 1937 cells |
[ |
2 | miR-142-3p | HMGA2,ERK/AKT/STAT3 |
miR-142-3p↑→HMGA2↓→ BC ↓ miRs-142-3p↑→ERK/AKT/STAT3↓→ BC ↓ | BC cells |
[ |
3 | miR-146a | NM23⁃H1 | miR-146a↑→NM23-H1↑→ BC ↓ | BC cells |
[ |
4 | miR-934 | PTEN | miR-934↑→PTEN↓→BC↑ | BC cells |
[ |
5 | miR-205 | VEGFA,FGF2 | miR-205↑→ VEGFA,FGF2↓→PI3K/AKT↓→ BC ↓ | BC cellss |
[ |
6 | miR182-5p | CMTM7,EGFR/AKT | miR182-5p↑→ CMTM7↓→EGFR/AKT↑→BC↑ | BC cells |
[ |
7 | miR-29/miR-30 | EZH2,LOXL4 | EZH2↓→miR-29/miR-30 ↑→LOXL4↓→ BC↑ | BC cells |
[ |
8 | miR-9 | FOXO1 | miR-9↑→ FOXO1↓→BC↑ | BC cells |
[ |
9 | miR-96-5p | CTNND1 | miR-96-5p↑→ CTNND1↓→BC↓ | BC cells |
[ |

图2 调控乳腺癌的关键miRNA
Fig.2 Key miRNAs in regulating breast cancer
绿色箭头表示对乳腺癌有负调控的通路,红色箭头表示对乳腺癌有正调控的通路。The green arrow indicates the pathway that negatively regulates breast cancer, the red arrow indicates the pathway that positively regulates breast cancer.
miRNA在植物和动物中的生物发生和作用的分子基础具有高度的相似性。最近的研究表明,通过饮食摄入,植物来源的miRNA在哺乳动物基因表达方面具有潜在的调控作用,主要的调控机制是植物中的外源性miRNA可以被人体吸收,并在人体内以内源性miRNA的形式起作用。
Haghi
序号 No. | miRNA名称 miRNA name | 靶基因 Target gene | 乳腺癌相关调控机制 Functions related to the formation of BACA | 细胞/小鼠模型 Cells/mouse model | 文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | miR-16,miR-34a | TGFBR2,SMAD2,SMAD3,BUB1,β- catenin | miR-16,miR-34a↑→TGFBR2,SMAD2,SMAD3,BUB1,β- catenin→BC↓ | MDA-MB-231,SK-BR-3 cells |
[ |
2 | miR-302/367簇,miR-16 | OCT4A,SOX2,NANOG | miR-302/367簇↑→ miR-16↑→ OCT4A,SOX2,NANOG↑→ BC↓ | MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3 cells |
[ |
3 | miR159 | TCF7, MYC | miR159 ↑→TCF7↓→MYC↓→ BC↓ | BC cells |
[ |
4 | miR168a | LDLRAP1 | miR168a↑→ LDLRAP1↓→LDL↓ | Caco-2, HepG2,rats |
[ |
5 | hvu-Mir168-3p | OXPHOS, SLC2A1 | hvu-Mir168-3p↑→ OXPHOS↓→SLC2A1↑→GLU↓ | rice |
[ |
中医药是中华文化的瑰宝。长期以来,传统中药在重大疾病的防治方面有着无法取代的地位,许多植物已在代代相传的治病经验中得到其有效性的验证。随着中医中药研究的不断深入,传统中药已经逐渐成为乳腺癌治疗方式之一,在术后或化疗过程中替代了一部分原有的治疗方案,其疗效亦有所保障,在国际上得到了广泛关注和认
MepmiRDB是一个药用植物miRNA数据库,容纳了29种药用植物的数千个新鉴定的miRNA,提供miRNA序列、表达信息、前体处理信号等信息。通过在MepmiRDB网站上比对金银花与丹参2味中药的miRNA数据库,发现了28个相同的miRNA序列,它们可能是具有治疗乳腺癌作用的miRNA。PsRNATarget(https://www.zhaolab.org/psRNATarget)是一个植物小RNA及对应靶点的数据库,将上述miRNA序列在psRNATarget网站上与人类靶基因进行匹配,并根据期望值进行筛选,得到18个外源性miRNA所对应的44个乳腺癌相关靶点(
序号 No. | miRNA名称 miRNA name | 序列 Sequence | 靶基因 Target gene | 期望评分 Expectation score |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | miR156 | UGACAGAAGAGAGAGAGCACA | NM_005737|ARL4C | 2.0 |
NM_014873|LPGAT1 | 2.0 | |||
NM_001031848|SERPINB8 | 2.5 | |||
NM_001128933|SYNPO2 | 2.5 | |||
NM_001199876|SERF2 | 2.5 | |||
NM_001199878|SERF2 | 2.5 | |||
NM_207645|C11orf87 | 2.5 | |||
NM_014048|MKL2 | 2.5 | |||
NM_006241|PPP1R2 | 2.5 | |||
2 | miR157 | GCUCUCUAUGCUUCUGUCAUC | NM_001011718|XKR7 | 2.5 |
3 | miR159 | UUUGGACUGAAGGGAGCUCUA | NM_014906|PPM1E | 2.0 |
4 | miR160 | UGCCUGGCUCCCUGUAUGCCA | NM_133454|SGSM1 | 2.5 |
NM_001080471|PEAR1 | 2.5 | |||
NM_031904|FRMD8 | 2.5 | |||
NM_001029883|C2orf71 | 2.5 | |||
5 | miR164 | UGGAGAAGCAGGGCACGUGCA | NM_022492|TTC31 | 2.5 |
NM_014982|PCNX | 2.5 | |||
NM_016257|HPCAL4 | 2.5 | |||
6 | miR168 | UCGCUUGGUGCAGGUCGGGA | NM_145166|ZBTB47 | 2.0 |
7 | miR172 | GUAGCAUCAUCAAGAUUCACA | NM_001201407|ZNF778 | 2.0 |
NM_020200|PRTFDC1 | 2.5 | |||
8 | miR390 | AAGCUCAGGAGGGAUAGCGCC | NM_005885|MARCH6 | 1.5 |
9 | miR393 | UCCAAAGGGAUCGCAUUGAUC | NM_007029|STMN2 | 2.5 |
NM_001199214|STMN2 | 2.5 | |||
NM_005099|ADAMTS4 | 2.5 | |||
10 | miR395 | UGAAGUGUUUGGGGGAACUC | NM_001135188|AGFG1 | 2.0 |
NM_144665|SESN3 | 2.5 | |||
NM_004252|SLC9A3R1 | 2.5 | |||
NM_001042573|ENGASE | 2.5 | |||
11 | miR396 | UUCCACAGCUUUCUUGAACUA | NM_199131|VAX1 | 2.0 |
12 | miR397 | UCAUUGAGUGCAGCGUUGAUG | NM_001203244|SEMA4G | 2.0 |
NM_017893|SEMA4G | 2.0 | |||
NM_000655|SELL | 2.5 | |||
13 | miR398 | UUGUGUUCUCAGGUCACCCCU | NM_001190708|MTRNR2L10 | 2.5 |
14 | miR399 | UGCCAAAGGAGAGUUGCCCUG | NM_016449|C22orf43 | 2.5 |
15 | miR408 | UGCACUGCCUCUUCCCUGGC | NM_001258374|EPS15L1 | 2.0 |
16 | miR482 | UUUCCAAUUCCACCCAUUCCUA | NM_015278|SASH1 | 2.5 |
NM_025142|TAOK1 | 2.5 | |||
17 | miR5139 | AAACCUGGCUCUGAUACCA | NM_006319|CDIPT | 2.5 |
18 | miR528 | UGGAAGGGGCAUGCAGAGGAG | NM_001135188|AGFG1 | 2.5 |
NM_001145204|SHISA9 | 2.5 | |||
NM_003468|FZD5 | 2.5 | |||
NM_020645|NRIP3 | 2.5 | |||
NM_032236|USP48 | 2.5 |
尽管乳腺癌相关的实验室研究与临床研究已经持续了数十年,但其国内外发病率仍在持续上升。近年来miRNA在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展过程中进行的调控作用为乳腺癌的实验以及临床工作开辟了新的途径。存在于机体内的内源性miRNA可通过调控下游靶基因mRNA的表达,进而影响蛋白表达,并参与各种信号通路。同时,存在于植物中的外源性miRNA也被发现能够进入机体内发挥类似内源性miRNA的调控作用,为乳腺癌的诊断及治疗提供了新的生物标志物与作用靶标。
随着新型科学技术的发展,miRNA相关的乳腺癌的防治手段也逐渐增多,但目前仍存在内源性miRNA体内代谢分布含量少、对外源性miRNA的提取与提纯没有较为完善的操作体系的问题,导致研究结果具有一定的局限性。因此使用内源性miRNA治疗乳腺癌的研究还需要进一步深入,需要通过大量样本实验验证miRNA与相应乳腺癌mRNA之间的关系。同时,因为中医药在肿瘤诊治中存在副作用小且少有复发的优势,外源性miRNA治疗乳腺癌的研究也尚有进一步提升的空间,比如通过生物信息学匹配预测的手段,以发现更多对乳腺癌具有潜在治疗作用的植物来源miRNA,为乳腺癌防治提供新视角。
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