摘要
土壤碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其碳循环过程在气候调节中发挥着重要作用,而微生物是土壤碳循环的关键驱动力。土壤微生物能与植物共生间接促进植物光合作用与土壤碳的输入,可直接参与土壤碳的固定与转化。微生物残体及其分泌物在矿物质结合态有机质和土壤团聚体的形成中发挥关键作用,有利于土壤有机碳的长期稳定。微生物介导的激发效应对土壤有机质分解具有调控作用,可影响土壤CO2和CH4等温室气体的排放。通过微生物作用提升土壤的固碳潜力或碳汇功能,可助力我国实现 “碳达峰、碳中和”的重大战略目标。本文综述了微生物在土壤有机碳输入、有机质形成与稳定、有机质分解矿化等过程中的作用与机制,以及土壤性质、气候条件、植物因素与人类活动对微生物介导的土壤碳循环的影响,尤其是相关研究的最新进展与理论更新。未来可加强微生物介导的土壤有机碳稳定化与碳储过程的作用机制研究,关注土壤微生物群落结构功能与碳循环之间的复杂关系及其对全球变化的响应。
土壤是陆地上最大的碳储存库,土壤碳库主要以有机质形式赋存。据统计,全球土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)的总碳量约为1.5万亿t
微生物作为土壤重要组成部分,既是土壤有机碳转化的驱动者,又是土壤有机碳的活性

图1 微生物驱动的土壤碳循环过程及其影响因素
Fig.1 Microbial driven soil carbon cycling and its influencing factors
土壤中存在着地球上种类最丰富的微生物群落,如细菌、古生菌、真菌、病毒、藻类以及一些原生生物
1)微生物对CO2的固定。作为土壤有机碳输入重要来源,自养微生物每年对CO2的固定达到700亿 t
土壤中自养微生物固定有机碳的主要途径包括卡尔文循环、还原三羧酸循
分子生物学技术是当前研究微生物固碳机制的重要手段,其中应用宏基因组学研究固碳微生物功能基因的报道较多。有研究
2)微生物介导的植物有机碳输入。植物光合作用是土壤碳输入的起点,微生物可通过直接影响植物生长,或者间接影响植物群落组成,调控植物的光合作用,从而介导植物有机碳输入。有研究表明,植物根际接种植物促生细菌可提高根系对营养物质的吸收效率,刺激植物体内抗氧化酶的活性,增强植物的耐受
土壤真菌与大多数植物能形成共生关系,真菌通过共生体参与植物的光合作用,间接影响土壤碳的输入过
1) 微生物在腐殖化过程中的作用。动植物残体是SOM的主要初始来源之一,在土壤微生物的介导下,经由复杂的腐殖化过程转化为SOM而稳定存
2)微生物在土壤有机碳稳定化过程中的作用。微生物通过多种途径影响土壤有机碳的稳定与积累。微生物通过其分泌物与残体分解,参与矿物结合态有机质和土壤团聚体形成等途径来影响SOM的形成和稳定。矿物结合态有机质和土壤团聚体中的有机质约有47.5%和38.6%来源于微生物残
SOM与矿物颗粒等可在植物根系和微生物的共同作用下形成团聚体,为SOM提供物理保护而不被微生物分
1)土壤有机质的分解矿化。微生物对SOM的矿化作用主要是改变其官能团或分子结构,将其转变为简单的小分子物质,直至形成CO2、H2O和能量,以获取有机质中的氮、磷等营养物质供植物生长。在厌氧条件下,微生物利用有机物质作为电子供体,通过胞外电子传递机制将电子传递给硫酸盐等作为电子受体,从而使有机质分
新鲜有机物添加到土壤中可影响原有SOM分解速率的激发效应,对SOM分解矿化起着重要调节作
2)土壤含碳温室气体的产生与释放。在微生物的介导下,SOM最终转化为CO2和CH4等含碳温室气体。其中,土壤呼吸,即通过根系(自养)和微生物(异养)呼吸排放的CO2,是土壤碳循环的关键生态过程。土壤呼吸过程产生的CO2可导致大气CO2增加。有研究表明,土壤呼吸每年释放的CO2大约是人为排放CO2量的5
CH4对气候变暖的潜在影响比CO2要强,其全球变暖潜势为CO2的34
土壤理化性质会影响微生物群落结构与代谢活动,进而影响其参与土壤有机碳的转化与积
土壤质地、水分等物理性质也是影响微生物介导SOM转化的环境因子之一。土壤质地影响SOM聚集,对SOM形成物理保护而不易被微生物分
温度、降水等气候变化可改变土壤微生物群落的丰度及其残体碳比例而影响SOM的稳定性。比较2种土壤在输入玉米叶时的激发效应,相对稳定SOM的激发效应较活性SOM对升温更为敏感,这是因为不同类型土壤微生物生长对升温的响应存在差
地上植被类型种类和多样性影响有机碳在土壤各层的分
不同植物的根系分泌物与凋落物的组成与分解速率均存在差异,可影响或调控土壤的微生物群落结构和功
施肥、耕作、种植等人为活动深刻影响着土壤碳循环过程。长期施肥影响土壤碳储量及不同形态碳在各粒径土壤中的分
耕作扰动也是土壤有机碳损失的主要因素之一。据统计,平均每年约有30万 ~100万 t土壤有机碳因耕作而损
轮作模式可通过根系分泌物数量和组成的差异影响土壤理化性
随着全球变化进程的加剧,如何通过管理措施增强土壤的碳汇功能,缓解气候变化的生态效应,已成为当前环境土壤学研究的重要任
考虑到土壤环境、植物因素和人为活动对微生物介导的土壤碳循环过程的影响,未来的研究,须进一步探索微生物群落结构功能与土壤碳循环之间的复杂关系,量化各类微生物在土壤碳循环中的作用;加强微生物对土壤碳循环影响及其对全球变化的响应研究;深入挖掘土壤固碳微生物资源,最终构建以微生物为核心的土壤生态调控技术体系。这将有助于我们更准确地预测和管理土壤碳库,助力我国“碳达峰、碳中和”重大战略目标的实现。
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