摘要
为探究茭白种养模式的施肥策略,设置茭虾共作(ZC)、茭白单作(Z) 2个处理,研究茭虾共作对土壤氮磷含量、茭白产量和茭白干物质积累及氮磷钾吸收分配的影响。2021-2022年的研究结果显示,茭虾共作模式较茭白单作模式采茭期土壤中全氮、全磷、速效磷的含量分别提高了10.85%~38.89%、5.45%~13.79%、6.19%~61.79%,净茭产量提高了5.10%~19.54%,采茭期茭白茎、叶、净茭的干物质积累量分别增加14.41%~16.58%、10.28%~15.15%、10.57%~21.45%。2021年茭虾共作处理较茭白单作处理在采茭期叶的氮含量显著增加了25.74%,但在孕茭期茎中磷含量显著减少了16.76%;2022年氮肥减量、减量投喂下,茭虾共作处理较茭白单作处理在孕茭期茎的氮含量显著减少了23.75%,在分蘖期叶中磷含量显著减少了12.08%,2 a全生育期同一器官的钾含量在2个处理间差异不显著。对于养分积累,2021年茭虾共作处理在分蘖期叶的氮、磷、钾积累量较茭白单作处理分别减少26.04%、27.27%、30.11%,但在采茭期茎的氮、钾积累量和叶的氮、磷积累量较茭白单作处理分别增加18.80%、38.41%和44.77%、35.71%;2022年在氮肥减量、饲料减量投喂下,茭虾共作处理在采茭期叶的磷积累量和茎的钾积累量较茭白单作处理显著增加30.0%和30.77%。关于养分分配,2种处理的茭白在孕茭期和采茭期氮素的分配均以茎、叶为主,而磷、钾元素的分配均以茎为主,茎分配比例在42%~66%。对于养分转运,2021年2种处理茭白的根、茎、叶在氮、磷转运上大多为表现为“库”器官,而在钾转运上大多表现为“源”器官;2022年氮肥减量、减量投喂下,茭白的根、茎、叶在氮、磷、钾转运量上大多表现为“源”器官。因此,在茭虾共作模式中适当减少肥料、饲料的投入,能促进形成合理的源库关系,有利于茭白产量的形成。
生态循环农业是一种综合运用自然生态科学、社会经济学和其他农业相关的科学原理的新发展模
土壤是作物生存的基础,土壤养分作为影响土壤肥力的重要因素,能够为作物生长提供氮、磷、钾等必要的物质营养条
试验于2021年6月—2022年7月在湖南省望城区乌山街道试验基地进行。试验田0~20 cm耕层土壤的本底值为:有机质含量28.07 g/kg、全氮含量0.96 g/kg、全磷含量0.49 g/kg、全钾含量6.20 g/kg、碱解氮含量124.6 mg/kg、速效磷含量23.2 mg/kg、速效钾含量70.0 mg/kg。供试茭白品种为双季茭白浙茭7号,供试虾为克氏原螯虾(小龙虾)。
试验设置茭虾共作(Zizania latifolia co cropping and crayfish,ZC)、茭白单作(Zizania latifolia monoculture,Z)2个处理,共2个大区,每大区面积216
2021年茭田于6月20日整地施基肥,6月21日移栽茭白,株行距为0.9 m×0.4 m,10月下旬至11月中上旬采收。茭虾共作处理和茭白单作处理所有施肥措施一致,N、P2O5、K2O施用量均分别为297、90、270 kg/h
ZC处理分别于2021年6月下旬和2022年4月下旬投放体质量9 g的虾苗416.67 kg/h
1)土壤氮、磷含量测定。在茭白的分蘖期、孕茭期、采茭期取样,采用5点采样法,用内径20 mm的土钻采集0~20 cm耕层土,自然阴干后混匀研磨,过筛后装入自封袋用于后续测定。全氮、全磷采用浓硫酸消煮-流动分析仪法测定;碱解氮采用碱解扩散法测定;速效磷采用0.05 mol/L HCl-0.025 mol/L(1/2 H2SO4)提取-可见分光光度计法测定。
2)茭白产量测定。茭白成熟后,各大区随机选取30根茭白,测定壳茭质量、净茭质量、净茭长和净茭粗。同时,各大区随机选取9个2 m×2 m区域作为测产区,人工采收后测定壳茭、净茭产量。
3)干物质测定。在茭白生长的分蘖期、孕茭期、采茭期,ZC、Z处理各大区随机选取9株完整的茭白。将植株样品根、茎、叶、净茭(不包含叶鞘部分的裸茭白)分开,于105 ℃下杀青30 min后80 ℃烘至恒质量,测定干质量。
4)N、P、K含量与养分积累量、养分转运量转运养分的贡献率测定。将上述茭白各器官样品粉碎过筛后,采用H2SO4-H2O2法进行消化,用荷兰Skalar公司的连续流动分析仪(SAN++)测定茭白植株各器官全氮、全磷含量,用火焰光度计测定茭白植株各器官全钾含量。
养分积累量=干物质积累量×养分含量
养分转运量=孕茭期某一器官养分积累量-采茭期该器官养分积累量
转运养分的贡献率=养分转运量/净茭养分积累量×100%。
1)土壤全氮。由
处理 Treatment | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全氮 Total nitrogen | 全磷 Total phosphorus | 全氮 Total nitrogen | 全磷 Total phosphorus | 全氮 Total nitrogen | 全磷 Total phosphorus | |||||||
2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | |
茭虾共作 ZC |
0.87± 0.32a |
1.08± 0.12a |
0.61± 0.07a |
0.69± 0.04a |
0.67± 0.11a |
1.23± 0.33a |
0.61± 0.04a |
0.65± 0.04a |
0.75± 0.06a |
1.43± 0.24a |
0.58± 0.08a |
0.66± 0.06a |
茭白单作 Z |
0.81± 0.11a |
1.21± 0.14a |
0.55± 0.04a |
0.58± 0.02b |
0.77± 0.09a |
1.4± 0.14a |
0.63± 0.05a |
0.63± 0.06a |
0.54± 0.11b |
1.29± 0.25a |
0.55± 0.08a |
0.58± 0.02b |
注: 同年同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。Note:Different lowercase letters after the same data in the same year and column indicate significant differences(P<0.05).
2)土壤全磷。由
3)土壤碱解氮。从

图1 2021(A)和2022年(B)不同处理的土壤碱解氮含量
Fig.1 Available nitrogen content of soil under different treatments in 2021(A) and 2022(B)
不同小写字母表示同一时期的2个处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between the two treatments in the same period (P<0.05). The same as below.
4)土壤速效磷。由

图2 2021(A)和2022年(B)不同处理的土壤速效磷含量
Fig.2 Available phosphorus content of soil under different treatments in 2021(A) and 2022(B)
对茭白产量及产量性状进行分析(
处理 Treatment | 净茭长/cm Length of naked water bamboo | 净茭粗/cm Width of naked water bamboo | 净茭质量/g Weight of naked water bamboo | 壳茭质量/g Weight of water bamboo with leaf sheath | 净茭产量/(kg/h Yield of naked water bamboo | 壳茭产量/(kg/h Yield of water bamboo with leaf sheath | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | |
茭虾共作 ZC |
18.58± 1.77a |
18.79± 2.06a |
4.52± 0.54a |
4.37± 0.21a |
110.70± 2.73a |
98.43± 6.50a |
137.43± 7.31a |
125.10± 4.75a |
14 650.23± 1 162.69a |
20 721.76± 1 368.08a |
181 63.67± 1 274.77a |
26 336.59± 1 000.24a |
茭白单作 Z |
18.40± 1.95a |
18.49± 3.30a |
4.09± 0.47b |
4.03± 0.40a |
97.10± 8.08a |
90.98± 2.00a |
117.82± 11.07a |
112.06± 3.63b |
12 255.97± 1 676.34a |
19 716.46± 434.05a |
14 820.94± 1 533.33b |
24 284.92± 786.55b |
由
年份 Year | 处理Treatment | 根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 净茭 Naked water bamboo | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | ||
2021 |
茭虾共作 ZC |
19.05± 8.29a |
104.16± 20.71a |
84.08± 18.43a |
27.01± 6.11a |
201.63± 47.36a |
215.41± 26.31a |
25.97± 5.92a |
110.00± 18.54a |
130.39± 11.90a |
24.74± 9.69a |
2021 |
茭白单作 Z |
20.86± 7.02a |
83.80± 27.32a |
87.30± 16.15a |
29.14± 8.30a |
191.25± 24.66a |
184.78± 25.11b |
32.26± 7.81a |
100.78± 19.83a |
113.23± 20.34a |
20.37± 8.19a |
2022 |
茭虾共作 ZC |
34.72± 9.04a |
99.72± 10.84a |
88.92± 4.77a |
38.39± 4.51a |
159.62± 25.61a |
149.64± 14.12a |
40.10± 4.92a |
112.10± 10.19a |
109.21± 10.73a |
29.4± 4.68a |
2022 |
茭白单作 Z |
31.21± 2.47a |
89.97± 12.83a |
86.33± 10.12a |
28.07± 7.75b |
159.01± 24.94a |
130.79± 18.12a |
34.49± 7.81a |
100.21± 23.51a |
99.03± 13.02a |
26.59± 3.72a |
从
年份 Year | 养分 Nutrient | 处理 Treatment | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 净茭 Naked water bamboo | |||
2021 | N | ZC | 9.85±2.63a | 11.82±2.84a | 25.18±4.48a | 8.49±1.01a | 8.15±0.95a | 19.27±0.78a | 17.85±5.23a | 12.92±0.33a | 19.10±1.51a | 21.45±4.36a |
Z | 11.87±0.85a | 14.50±1.21a | 28.93±1.74a | 10.14±1.09a | 12.61±3.15a | 22.36±1.86a | 16.6±3.80a | 12.68±2.49a | 15.19±0.27b | 19.50±2.33a | ||
P | ZC | 2.54±0.79a | 4.04±0.57a | 3.08±0.32a | 1.84±0.18a | 3.13±0.17b | 2.40±0.09a | 2.57±0.22a | 3.25±0.32a | 2.92±0.46a | 3.65±0.26a | |
Z | 2.74±0.40a | 4.48±0.24a | 3.31±0.13a | 2.15±0.32a | 3.76±0.30a | 2.39±0.09a | 2.62±0.05a | 3.74±0.18a | 2.44±0.19a | 3.53±0.31a | ||
K | ZC | 6.87±1.10a | 19.80±1.70a | 14.33±1.75a | 6.90±0.71a | 19.13±1.33a | 15.80±0.60a | 5.60±0.53a | 21.07±1.10a | 12.07±0.81a | 16.13±1.53a | |
Z | 6.47±0.83a | 20.73±2.19a | 15.40±1.44a | 6.07±1.22a | 20.80±1.39a | 15.20±0.40a | 5.00±0.87a | 17.73±1.81a | 13.27±1.8a | 14.80±0.28a | ||
2022 | N | ZC | 8.74±0.97a | 12.45±2.21a | 22.77±1.36a | 8.72±2.47a | 13.26±0.47b | 23.38±0.93a | 16.49±5.23a | 13.56±0.33a | 17.07±1.54a | 20.09±4.36a |
Z | 11.72±2.34a | 15.07±0.45a | 26.28±1.16a | 8.59±3.24a | 17.39±1.16a | 25.84±1.70a | 15.24±3.80a | 13.32±2.49a | 15.49±1.27a | 18.13±2.32a | ||
P | ZC | 2.07±0.34a | 3.92±0.02a | 3.42±0.07b | 2.19±0.63a | 3.86±0.38a | 3.21±0.17a | 2.38±0.20a | 3.50±0.34a | 3.59±0.57a | 3.37±0.24a | |
Z | 2.23±0.54a | 4.32±0.50a | 3.89±0.10a | 1.95±0.19a | 4.49±0.64a | 3.53±0.37a | 2.42±0.05a | 4.04±0.19a | 3.00±0.23a | 3.27±0.29a | ||
K | ZC | 7.01±0.18a | 18.81±2.18a | 16.94±0.58a | 6.11±0.72a | 19.36±0.54a | 13.55±1.35a | 5.71±0.48a | 22.75±1.19a | 11.23±0.75a | 17.09±1.12a | |
Z | 7.35±0.72a | 20.93±1.03a | 17.54±0.70a | 6.20±0.90a | 21.64±1.72a | 15.67±0.88a | 5.40±0.94a | 19.87±2.14a | 12.35±1.68a | 15.98±0.31a |
注: 同年同一养分同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Note:ZC represents Zizania latifolia co cropping and crayfish mode,Z represents Zizania latifolia monoculture mode.Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences after the same nutrient data in the same year and column (P<0.05).The same as below.
由
从
由
年份Year | 养分 Nutrient | 处理 Treatment | 分蘖期 Tillering stage | 孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 根 Root | 茎 Stem | 叶 Leaf | 净茭Naked water bamboo | |||
N | ZC | 0.19±0.08a | 0.32±0.07b | 0.65±0.15b | 0.89±0.18a | 1.64±0.39b | 2.12±0.36a | 1.50±0.33a | 2.78±0.34a | 2.49±0.23a | 0.53±0.21a | |
Z | 0.25±0.08a | 0.42±0.12a | 0.93±0.23a | 0.85±0.28a | 2.41±0.31a | 2.25±0.44a | 1.45±0.27a | 2.34±0.32b | 1.72±0.31b | 0.40±0.16a | ||
2021 | P | ZC | 0.05±0.02a | 0.11±0.03a | 0.08±0.02b | 0.19±0.04a | 0.63±0.15a | 0.27±0.04a | 0.22±0.05a | 0.70±0.09a | 0.38±0.03a | 0.09±0.03a |
Z | 0.06±0.02a | 0.13±0.04a | 0.11±0.03a | 0.18±0.06a | 0.72±0.09a | 0.24±0.05a | 0.23±0.04a | 0.69±0.09a | 0.28±0.05b | 0.07±0.03a | ||
K | ZC | 0.13±0.06a | 0.53±0.12a | 0.37±0.09b | 0.72±0.14a | 3.86±0.91a | 1.74±0.29a | 0.47±0.10a | 4.54±0.55a | 1.57±0.14a | 0.40±0.16a | |
Z | 0.13±0.05a | 0.60±0.17a | 0.50±0.12a | 0.51±0.16b | 3.98±0.51a | 1.53±0.30a | 0.44±0.08a | 3.28±0.45b | 1.50±0.27a | 0.30±0.12a | ||
N | ZC | 0.30±0.08a | 0.48±0.06a | 0.86±0.11a | 0.87±0.09a | 2.12±0.34a | 2.62±0.24a | 1.47±0.08a | 2.03±0.19a | 1.86±0.18a | 0.59±0.09a | |
Z | 0.37±0.03a | 0.42±0.12a | 0.91±0.21a | 0.77±0.11a | 2.77±0.43a | 2.59±0.61a | 1.32±0.15a | 1.74±0.24a | 1.53±0.20a | 0.48±0.07a | ||
2022 | P | ZC | 0.07±0.02a | 0.15±0.02a | 0.14±0.02a | 0.22±0.02a | 0.62±0.10a | 0.36±0.03a | 0.21±0.01a | 0.52±0.05a | 0.39±0.04a | 0.10±0.02a |
Z | 0.07±0.01a | 0.12±0.03a | 0.13±0.03a | 0.18±0.02a | 0.71±0.11a | 0.35±0.08a | 0.21±0.02a | 0.53±0.07a | 0.30±0.04b | 0.09±0.01a | ||
K | ZC | 0.24±0.06a | 0.72±0.08a | 0.68±0.08a | 0.61±0.07a | 3.09±0.50a | 1.52±0.14a | 0.51±0.03a | 3.40±0.32a | 1.23±0.12a | 0.50±0.08a | |
Z | 0.23±0.02a | 0.59±0.16a | 0.60±0.14a | 0.56±0.08a | 3.44±0.54a | 1.57±0.37a | 0.47±0.05a | 2.60±0.36b | 1.22±0.16a | 0.43±0.06a |
由
由
不同生育期,ZC处理和Z处理的养分分配较为相似(
养分 Nutrient | 部位 Part | 处理 Treatment | 养分分配比例/% Propotion of nutrient distribution | 转运量/(g/株) Amount of translocation | 贡献率/% Contribution rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
孕茭期 Zizania breeding stage | 采茭期 Zizania harvest stage | |||||||||
2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | |||
N | 根 Root | ZC | 19.68±4.65a | 15.48±0.90a | 20.46±3.03b | 24.66±1.37a | -0.61±0.18a | -0.60±0.09a | -115.75±33.02a | -101.81±16.02a |
Z | 15.13±3.19b | 12.86±3.20a | 24.91±3.35a | 25.93±2.93a | -0.60±0.28a | -0.55±0.11a | -150.82±69.78a | -114.03±22.95a | ||
茎 Stem | ZC | 35.13±5.08b | 37.63±4.41a | 38.19±2.16a | 34.07±2.28a | -1.14±0.39b | 0.24±0.22b | -213.71±72.56b | 40.19±37.190b | |
Z | 44.09±4.37a | 45.12±4.25a | 38.64±2.06a | 34.24±3.18a | -0.18±0.08a | 0.82±0.26a | -45.19±18.6a | 171.21±53.15a | ||
叶 Leaf | ZC | 45.19±3.85a | 46.89±5.30a | 34.32±2.40a | 31.33±2.45a | -0.44±0.30b | 0.76±0.24a | -83.59±56.72b | 129.03±40.40a | |
Z | 40.78±2.58b | 42.02±5.96a | 29.55±2.56b | 30.30±4.41a | 0.53±0.44a | 0.71±0.16a | 134.56±111.62a | 148.79±32.43a | ||
净茭 Naked water bamboo | ZC | — | — | 7.04±2.61a | 9.95±1.67a | — | — | — | — | |
Z | — | — | 6.90±2.80a | 9.53±1.53a | — | — | — | — | ||
P | 根 Root | ZC | 18.37±4.88a | 18.28±0.41a | 15.53±2.41a | 17.24±1.08a | -0.05±0.02a | 0.02±0.01a | -58.30±26.18a | 21.18±14.58a |
Z | 15.55±3.54a | 14.33±3.34a | 18.44±2.68a | 18.66±2.26a | -0.06±0.05a | -0.03±0.02a | -86.50±62.57a | -38.53±27.77a | ||
茎 Stem | ZC | 57.48±5.83b | 51.41±4.06a | 50.56±2.25b | 42.72±2.54a | -0.12±0.13a | 0.10±0.10a | -137.86±135.37a | 96.83±98.98a | |
Z | 63.34±4.56a | 57.28±3.76a | 53.47±2.08a | 47.01±3.58a | -0.05±0.02a | 0.18±0.11a | -63.90±30.22a | 146.01±103.46a | ||
叶 Leaf | ZC | 24.15±2.85a | 30.31±4.44a | 27.62±2.11a | 31.94±2.65a | -0.12±0.04b | -0.03±0.03a | -131.66±49.45b | -30.42±32.69a | |
Z | 21.10±1.85b | 28.39±4.97a | 22.25±2.03b | 26.54±3.98a | -0.06±0.02a | 0.09±0.09a | -75.36±24.29a | 94.48±99.29a | ||
净茭 Naked water bamboo | ZC | — | — | 6.29±2.31a | 8.10±1.34a | — | — | — | — | |
Z | — | — | 5.84±2.33a | 7.79±1.35a | — | — | — | — | ||
K | 根 Root | ZC | 11.95±3.49a | 11.67±0.20a | 6.74±1.14a | 9.03±0.77a | 0.25±0.14a | 0.10±0.07a | 62.39±36.02a | 19.95±13.26a |
Z | 8.32±2.02b | 10.20±2.48a | 8.14±1.28a | 9.92±1.29a | 0.17±0.11a | 0.09±0.08a | 54.11±36.05a | 31.06±1.91a | ||
茎 Stem | ZC | 60.58±5.29b | 58.99±4.29a | 65.07±2.03a | 60.27±2.12a | -1.02±0.74b | -0.58±0.24b | -257.62±187.53b | -115.74±47.40b | |
Z | 66.28±3.83a | 61.68±3.86a | 58.33±1.64b | 54.97±3.82a | 0.70±0.51a | 0.84±0.54a | 231.42±169.33a | 195.52±125.52a | ||
叶 Leaf | ZC | 27.48±3.23a | 29.34±4.45a | 22.68±1.91b | 21.79±2.31a | 0.33±0.19a | 0.29±0.14a | 83.15±47.31a | 57.70±27.61a | |
Z | 25.39±2.36a | 28.13±4.80a | 27.90±2.52a | 26.03±3.87a | -0.13±0.10b | 0.35±0.37a | -42.41±32.11b | 81.42±85.65a | ||
净茭 Naked water bamboo | ZC | — | — | 5.51±2.00a | 8.91±1.33a | — | — | — | — | |
Z | — | — | 5.64±2.24a | 9.08±1.67a | — | — | — | — |
注: 正值表示养分净输出,负值表示养分净输入。Note:ZC represents Zizania latifolia co cropping and crayfish mode,Z represents Zizania latifolia monoculture mode. Positive value represents the net nutrient output, negative value represents the net nutrient input.
在采茭期内,2021、2022年ZC、Z处理氮、磷、钾的分配表现一致,均表现为茎>叶>根>净茭。2021年,ZC处理茭白根的氮素分配比例显著低于Z处理,其叶的氮素分配比例显著高于Z处理;关于磷素分配,ZC处理茭白茎的磷素分配比例显著低于Z处理,其叶的磷素分配比例显著高于Z处理;关于钾素分配,ZC处理茭白茎的钾素分配比例显著高于Z处理,其叶的钾素分配比例显著低于Z处理。2022年茭白同一器官的同一养分的分配比例在2个处理间差异均不显著。
从
土壤养分含量能影响作物的生长发育。厉宝仙
茭鸭共
作物产量的形成与干物质的积累和分配的关系十分密切。本研究发现,2021年茭白从孕茭期到采茭期,肉质茎膨大的这段时间内茭虾共作模式茭白的茎、叶干物质积累量仍在增加,且茭虾共作模式显著提高了采茭期茭白茎的干物质积累量;2022年试验氮肥减量、减量投喂下,茭白从孕茭期到采茭期,茭虾共作模式和茭白单作模式茭白茎、叶的干物质积累量均减小,且茭虾共作模式减小幅度更小。这可能是因为茭虾共作模式新引入了小龙虾,残留的饲料、小龙虾在田间的蜕壳和排泄物等增加了养分的来源,同时小龙虾在田间的一系列活动加快了土壤养分的释
氮、磷、钾作为植物生长发育的三大营养元素,对于碳水化合物、产量的形成至关重要。陈贵
本研究发现,2021年茭虾共作模式茭白的叶在分蘖期的氮、磷、钾积累量均显著低于茭白单作模式,而2022年2个处理间茭白的叶在分蘖期的氮、磷、钾积累量无显著差异。这可能是由于虾苗投放时间不同所导致,2021年虾苗投放较早,分蘖期小龙虾取食部分茭白新生长的幼嫩分蘖,直接影响了茭白的生长发育;2022年茭白生长一段时间后再投放的虾苗,故受影响较小。
关于养分分配,本研究发现,茭虾共作模式和茭白单作模式的茭白在孕茭期和采茭期氮素的分配均以茎、叶为主;2个处理茭白植株磷、钾元素的分配均以茎为主,分配比例在42%~66%。这表明从孕茭期到采茭期,茭白的茎是养分分配的中心。转运量的正值表示养分净输出,负值则表示养分净输入。2021年本试验中,从孕茭期到采茭期,除茭白单作模式叶的氮转运量外,茭虾共作模式和茭白单作模式的根、茎、叶的氮、磷转运量均为负值,这表明在茭白肉质茎膨大过程中根、茎、叶在作为氮、磷转运的“源”器官转运养分的同时也在作为“库”器官吸收养分,这可能是由于2021年本试验中肥料施用较多导致。2022年在氮肥减量、饲料减量投喂下,2个处理根的氮转运量均为负值,茎、叶的氮转运量均为正值,这可能是因为氮肥的大量减施导致茭白生长发育的氮素营养不够,茭白加强了根系对土壤氮素的吸收所导致。同时,2 a中2个处理的根、茎、叶的钾转运量大多为正值,表明在茭白肉质茎膨大过程中根、茎、叶主要作为钾转运的“源”器官转运养分。
综上可知,茭虾共作模式能提高土壤中全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷的含量,增加茭白的净茭产量和采茭期茭白根、茎、叶、净茭的干物质积累量。茭虾共作模式对茭白不同器官的养分含量和养分积累量的影响各有差异。在养分分配方面,2种模式的茭白在孕茭期和采茭期氮素的分配均以茎、叶为主,而磷、钾元素的分配均以茎为主,茎分配比例在42%~66%。对于养分转运,茭虾共作、茭白单作模式茭白的根、茎、叶在氮、磷转运上大多为表现为“库”器官,而在钾转运上大多表现为“源”器官;氮肥减量、减量投喂下,2个处理茭白的根、茎、叶在氮、磷、钾转运量上大多表现为“源”器官。因此,在茭虾共作模式中适当减少肥料、饲料的投入,能促进形成合理的源库关系,有利茭白产量的形成。
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