摘要
为优化贵州喀斯特山区直播冬油菜肥药模式,于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在贵州省11个冬油菜主产县(市、区)连续2 a开展田间试验,研究不同肥药模式(T1:传统肥药模式、T2:优化肥药模式、T3:优化肥药模式下不施用化肥和T4:优化肥药模式下不喷施农药)对直播冬油菜产量及经济效益的影响,探讨适合贵州喀斯特山区直播冬油菜生产的高产高效肥药技术。结果显示,与T1相比,T2总养分投入量减少19.9%,农药投入量减少69.5%。T2模式(直播冬油菜)株高、茎粗、一次有效分枝数、角果长度、角果密度、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重均低于T1处理,2018—2019年T2处理的株高、茎粗、一次有效分枝数、角果长度和角果密度分别比T1处理低9.8%、26.4%、10.9%、10.2%和24.2%,2019—2020年分别低9.5%、28.3%、12.8%、10.9%、23.9%;但T2处理有群体优势,2 a收获密度较T1处理分别显著增加199.0%、194.2%。2 a T2冬油菜产量分别为2 224.4 和2 103.3 kg/h
冬油菜是贵州省重要的油料作物,贵州省冬油菜常年种植面积在49.33万h
1)油菜品种。水旱轮作是贵州省重要的农作物种植模式,由于油菜-水稻轮作茬口紧,本研究供试冬油菜品种均为通过贵州区域登记的耐渍与养分高效、抗(耐)病性好、适宜机械化收获的中早熟油菜品种,包括黔油早2号(由贵州省农业科学院油料研究所选育)、阳光131(由中国农业科学院油料作物研究所选育)和油研早18(由贵州省农业科学院油菜研究所选育)等,各地区根据具体情况选择相应品种(
地区 Regions | 油菜品种 Winter rapeseed varieties | 前茬作物 Previous crops | 所属贵州油菜种植区 Winter rapeseed planting area of Guizhou |
---|---|---|---|
金沙 Jinsha | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice |
黔中黔东黔北油菜区黔中亚区 Central, eastern, and northern Guizhou winter rapeseed areas central subregion |
黔西 Qianxi | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice | |
播州 Bozhou | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice | |
西秀 Xixiu | 阳光131 Yangguang No.131 | 水稻 Rice | |
绥阳 Suiyang | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice | |
瓮安 Weng’an | 阳光131 Yangguang No.131 | 水稻 Rice | |
平坝 Pingba | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice | |
开阳 Kaiyang | 黔油早2号 Qianyouzao No.2 | 水稻 Rice | |
余庆 Yuqing | 油研早18 Youyanzao No.18 | 水稻 Rice | |
碧江 Bijiang | 油研早18 Youyanzao No.18 | 水稻 Rice |
黔中黔东黔北油菜区黔东亚区 Central, eastern, and northern Guizhou winter rapeseed areas eastern subregion |
黎平Liping | 阳光131 Yangguang No.131 | 水稻 Rice |
2)肥料。常规复合肥(14-16-15),由贵州西洋肥业有限公司生产;宜施壮油菜专用缓释肥(25-7-8),由湖北宜施壮农业科技有限公司生产;尿素(含N 46%),由贵州赤天化股份有限公司生产。
3)农药。高效氟吡甲禾灵(10.8%)、草除灵(30%)、高效氟氯氰菊酯(10%)、咪鲜胺(45%~50%)、草除灵(30%)、精喹禾灵乳油(8.8%)和多菌灵可湿性粉剂(25%~60%),市购。
田间试验于2018—2019年和2019—2020年分别在贵州省11个冬油菜主产县(市、区)进行,均位于黔中黔东黔北油菜区,其中贵州省贵阳市开阳县,遵义市播州区、绥阳县和余庆县,毕节市黔西市和金沙县,安顺市西秀区和平坝区,黔南州瓮安县,位于黔中黔东黔北油菜区黔中亚区;铜仁市碧江区和黔东南州黎平县,位于黔中黔东黔北油菜区黔东亚区。试验区土壤均为贵州喀斯特黄壤区。各试验点土壤基础理化性质见
地区 Regions | pH | 全氮/(g/kg) Total nitrogen | 有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter | 有效磷/(mg/kg) Available phosphorus | 速效钾/(mg/kg) Available potassium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
金沙 Jinsha | 5.9 | 1.20 | 22.39 | 13.62 | 122.8 |
黔西 Qianxi | 6.5 | 1.21 | 23.55 | 13.15 | 118.3 |
播州 Bozhou | 6.2 | 1.38 | 25.08 | 15.80 | 127.1 |
西秀 Xixiu | 6.0 | 1.04 | 16.37 | 10.69 | 100.2 |
绥阳 Suiyang | 6.1 | 1.25 | 26.56 | 12.96 | 115.9 |
瓮安 Weng'an | 6.2 | 1.02 | 15.41 | 9.89 | 95.4 |
平坝 Pingba | 6.3 | 1.46 | 26.33 | 16.04 | 125.7 |
开阳 Kaiyang | 5.9 | 0.97 | 15.11 | 9.94 | 98.3 |
余庆 Yuqing | 6.0 | 1.25 | 24.11 | 13.64 | 115.4 |
碧江 Bijiang | 6.1 | 1.23 | 23.15 | 14.21 | 120.4 |
黎平 Liping | 6.0 | 1.18 | 20.98 | 14.51 | 119.6 |
1)2018—2019年。采用大区无重复试验设计,每个大区面积为100
处理 Treatment | 化肥投入量 Fertilizer input | 农药投入量 Pesticide input | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | 除草剂 Herbicide | 杀虫剂 Pesticide | 杀菌剂 Fungicide | |
T1 | 222.0 | 96.0 | 90.0 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 4.500 |
T2 | 214.5 | 52.5 | 60.0 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.525 |
T3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.525 |
T4 | 214.5 | 52.5 | 60.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.000 |
2)2019—2020年。采用大区无重复试验设计,每个大区面积为100
由
处理 Treatment | 株高/cm Plant height | 茎粗/cm Rootstock diameter | 一次有效分枝数 1 st branch | 角果长度/cm Pod length | 角果密度/(个/cm) Pod density | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 2018— 2019 | 2019— 2020 | 2018— 2019 | 2019—2020 | 2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | |
T1 | 190.8a | 191.5a | 1.63a | 1.66a | 9.1a | 9.4a | 7.63a | 7.72a | 1.53a | 1.55a |
T2 | 172.1b | 173.3b | 1.20b | 1.19b | 8.1b | 8.2b | 6.85ab | 6.88b | 1.16b | 1.18b |
T3 | 138.6c | 137.3c | 0.79c | 0.77c | 5.3c | 5.2c | 5.43b | 5.41b | 0.90c | 0.87c |
T4 | 170.2b | 171.0b | 1.08b | 1.10b | 7.8b | 7.7b | 6.57ab | 6.55b | 1.11b | 1.08b |
注: 表中同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Note:Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05). The same as below.
由
试验点 Regions | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | |
金沙 Jinsha | 2 212.5 | 2 287.5 | 2 239.5 | 2 347.5 | 1 479.0 | 1 358.1 | 2 158.5 | 2 100.3 |
黔西 Qianxi | 2 248.5 | 2 352.0 | 2 307.0 | 2 413.5 | 1 720.5 | 1 708.3 | 2 112.0 | 2 085.4 |
播州 Bozhou | 2 373.0 | 2 365.5 | 2 457.0 | 2 424.0 | 1 516.5 | 1 482.7 | 2 238.0 | 2 158.9 |
西秀 Xixiu | 1 684.5 | 2 224.5 | 2 202.0 | 2 284.5 | 1 476.0 | 1 414.2 | 1 657.5 | 1 786.3 |
绥阳 Suiyang | 2 179.5 | 1 887.0 | 2 287.5 | 1 953.0 | 1 773.0 | 1 448.5 | 2 133.0 | 1 759.7 |
瓮安 Weng’an | 1 513.5 | 1 483.5 | 1 686.0 | 1 564.5 | 1 435.5 | 1 253.1 | 1 485.0 | 1 401.7 |
平坝 Pingba | 2 382.0 | 2 481.0 | 2 682.0 | 2 544.0 | 1 488.0 | 1 412.7 | 2 238.0 | 2 300.2 |
开阳 Kaiyang | 1 647.0 | 1 689.0 | 1 791.0 | 1 795.5 | 1 233.0 | 1 114.2 | 1 581.0 | 1 598.7 |
余庆 Yuqing | 2 038.5 | 1 852.5 | 2 373.0 | 1 929.0 | 1 627.5 | 1 571.4 | 1 965.0 | 1 911.4 |
碧江 Bijiang | 2 067.0 | 1 924.5 | 2 215.5 | 2 022.0 | 1 564.5 | 1 479.8 | 2 058.0 | 1 985.3 |
黎平 Liping | 1 878.0 | 1 771.5 | 2 227.5 | 1 858.5 | 1 257.0 | 1 188.9 | 1 917.0 | 1 857.2 |
平均 Mean | 2 020.4ab | 2 029.0a | 2 224.4a | 2 103.3a | 1 506.4c | 1 402.9b | 1 958.5b | 1 904.1a |
产量较T1增加 Increase compared with T1 | — | — | 204.0 | 74.3 | -514.0 | -626.1 | -61.9 | -124.9 |
收获指数 Harvest index | 0.328 | 0.331 | 0.339 | 0.342 | 0.322 | 0.319 | 0.325 | 0.323 |
注: 表中平均值后不同小写字母表示试验点产量差异显著(P<0.05)。下同。Note:Different lowercase letters after means indicate significant differences between regions(P<0.05).
直播冬油菜产量取决于种植密度、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重,而种植方式是直接影响种植密度、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重的重要因素。由
处理 Treatment | 密度/(万株/h Plant density | 单株角果数 Pods per plant | 每角粒数 Seeds per plant | 千粒重/g 1 000-seed weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | 2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | 2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | 2018—2019 | 2019—2020 | |
T1 | 10.5c | 10.5c | 271.3a | 273.9a | 25.8a | 26.1a | 3.33a | 3.35a |
T2 | 31.4a | 30.9a | 163.8b | 167.5b | 19.6b | 20.7b | 3.11b | 3.13b |
T3 | 21.2b | 20.8b | 76.0b | 75.1c | 15.3c | 14.7c | 3.01c | 2.98c |
T4 | 29.7a | 29.5b | 151.9b | 146.4b | 18.0b | 17.9b | 3.08b | 3.06b |
由
处理 Treatment | 化肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer | 农药防治效率 Pesticide control efficiency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | |
T1 | 1.26b | 1.53b | 10.07b | 20.30b |
T2 | 2.20a | 2.14a | 141.82a | 106.23a |
进一步分析冬油菜经济效益(
时间 Time | 处理 Treatment | 成本 Cost | 油菜籽 总产值 Total output value | 净收益 Net benefit | 节本增收 Income increase | 产投比 Output/ input ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
种子 Seed | 肥料 Fertilizer | 农药 Pesticide | 其他 Others | 合计 Total | ||||||
2018—2019 | T1 | 150 | 3 000 | 540 | 3 750 | 7 440 | 10 101.8 | 2 661.8 | — | 1.358 |
T2 | 600 | 2 625 | 360 | 2 250 | 5 835 | 11 121.8 | 5 286.8 | 2 625.0 | 1.906 | |
2019—2020 | T1 | 150 | 3 000 | 540 | 3 750 | 7 440 | 10 144.8 | 2 704.8 | — | 1.364 |
T2 | 600 | 2 625 | 360 | 2 250 | 5 835 | 10 516.4 | 4 681.4 | 1 976.6 | 1.802 |
注: 油菜籽总产值=籽粒产量×籽粒价格;净收益=油菜籽总产值-成本总投入。2018—2019年各区域平均油菜籽收购价格为5.0元/kg,14-16-15复合肥4.0元/kg,25-7-8油菜专用肥3.5元/kg,尿素2.0元/kg,种子100元/kg,其他成本主要包括机械整地和机械收获。2019—2020年各区域平均油菜籽收购价格为5.0元/kg,14-16-15复合肥4.0元/kg,25-7-8油菜专用肥3.5元/kg,尿素2.0元/kg,种子100元/kg,其他成本主要包括机械整地和机械收获。Note:Total output value of rapeseed=Grain yield×grain price; Net income=Total output value of rapeseed-total cost input. From 2018 to 2019,the average purchase price of rapeseed in each region was 5.0 yuan/kg,14-16-15 compound fertilizer was 4.0 yuan/kg,25-7-8 rape special fertilizer was 3.5 yuan/kg,urea was 2.0 yuan/kg,and seed was 100 yuan/kg. Other costs mainly included mechanical land preparation and mechanical harvesting. From 2019 to 2020,the average purchase price of rapeseed in each region is 5.0 yuan/kg,14-16-15 compound fertilizer is 4.0 yuan/kg,25-7-8 rape special fertilizer is 3.5 yuan/kg,urea is 2.0 yuan/kg,and seed is 100 yuan/kg. Other costs mainly include mechanical land preparation and mechanical harvesting.
增加1 020和371.6元/h
贵州省是我国唯一没有平原支撑的省份,大型机械推广较难,导致冬油菜种植仍然以人工为主,同时由于劳动力向城市转移,造成冬油菜栽培模式由传统育苗移栽向直播方向转变,因此如何使直播冬油菜获得高产成为贵州喀斯特山区冬油菜良性发展的关键;同时由于贵州省夏季作物秸秆资源丰
合理施用化肥和农药是冬油菜绿色高效、高产稳产的重要保障因
本试验通过集成“油菜缓控释肥专用肥应用及有机补充/替代+病虫绿色高效防控+优化栽培”贵州喀斯特山区冬油菜优化肥药模式,减少了化肥和农药施用量,提高了资源利用效率,具有减肥减药增效的效果,同时能保证直播冬油菜稳产增产,节本增效,实现贵州喀斯特山区冬油菜轻简化种植,具有较大的应用推广潜力。
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