摘要
蒸煮食味品质是消费者选择稻米的重要评价标准。淀粉、蛋白质和脂质作为稻米的三大主要物质成分,与其蒸煮食味品质关系密切。为进一步探索稻米蒸煮食味品质形成机制及水稻优质栽培技术,本文综述了稻米三大主要物质的组成与分布、合成代谢特点及其与蒸煮食味品质关系的研究进展,总结了干湿交替灌溉技术对稻米三大主要物质及其蒸煮食味品质的影响,并提出了研究存在三大主要物质互作与稻米蒸煮食味品质关系不清楚以及干湿交替灌溉对蒸煮食味品质的调控机制不明确等问题。建议今后基于淀粉、蛋白质和脂质累积与合成代谢的关系深入研究稻米蒸煮食味品质形成机制以及轻-干湿交替灌溉对稻米蒸煮食味品质的调优机制。
随着人们生活水平的日益提高,消费者对稻米品质提出了更高要
淀粉、蛋白质和脂质是稻米的三大主要物质成分,与稻米蒸煮食味品质形成密切相
水稻精米的物质组分包括淀粉、蛋白质、脂质、维生素以及矿物质
淀粉由直链淀粉(amylose)和支链淀粉(amylopectin)2种不同的聚合物构
稻米的蛋白质含量和成分因品种、产地、生长发育条件以及加工精度等因素而
脂质,又称为脂类,在稻米中分布不均匀,一半分布在米胚部位,30%左右分布在表层,20%左右在胚乳
水稻的籽粒灌浆实质上就是淀粉的生物合成与积累过程。水稻叶片产生的光合同化物以蔗糖形式卸载进入籽粒中,随后在胚乳细胞的淀粉体中经过一系列的酶促反应生成淀粉(

图1 淀粉合成主要途径
Fig.1 Main pathways of starch synthesis
高等植物在氮代谢过程中,其叶片、叶鞘和茎秆等器官中的无机氮(NH

图2 主要氨基酸合成代谢途径
Fig. 2 Anabolic pathways of main amino acids
脂肪的合成代谢途径也较为复杂,体现在脂肪酸的生物合成和磷酸甘油的生物合成,主要途径见

图3 脂肪合成主要途径
Fig. 3 Main pathways of fat synthesis
水稻籽粒中的淀粉、氨基酸和脂质合成代谢并不是彼此孤立存在的,而是同时进行、相互依存

图4 乙酰辅酶A、丙酮酸、草酰乙酸和α-酮戊二酸在糖类、氨基酸和脂质合成过程中发挥的作用
Fig. 4 Roles of acetyl-CoA, pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid in the synthesis of sugars, amino acids and lipids
国际上,通常以直链淀粉含量作为稻米蒸煮食味品质的重要评价指
稻米蛋白质是影响其蒸煮食味品质的重要因素之一。关于蛋白质与稻米蒸煮食味品质的关系,目前报道不一、存在分歧。大部分学者认为,蛋白质含量与稻米胶稠
相对于淀粉和蛋白质,稻米脂质含量比较低,但其与稻米蒸煮食味品质的关系也相当密
关于稻米淀粉、蛋白质和脂质互作与蒸煮食味品质关系的报道中,淀粉和蛋白质与蒸煮食味品质的关系研究相对较多。研究表明,稻米中直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量与食味品质之间的关系会受到直链淀粉和蛋白质含量变异幅度的影响,并指出低直链淀粉、低蛋白的水稻品种应为食味优良品
干湿交替灌溉(AWD)技术以在水稻生长发育进程中保有土壤水层与自然落干的循环往复为特
AWD技术对稻米淀粉特性的调控效应因土壤落干程度的不同存在差异。研究表明,AWMD技术较常规灌溉(CI)降低了稻米直链淀粉含
AWD技术对稻米蛋白质特性的研究相对较少。Chen
关于AWD技术对稻米脂质特性的影响研究较为少见。近来,笔者所在课题组以扬稻6号(YD6)和南粳9108(NJ9108)为供试材料,发现全生育期AWMD处理较常规灌溉(CI)显著增加了2个供试水稻品种精米中脂肪含量,而AWSD则降低了脂肪含量(

图5 不同干湿交替灌溉对2个水稻品种精米中脂肪含量的影响(笔者所在课题组,待发表)
Fig. 5 Effects of different alternating wet and dry irrigation regimes on fat content in milled rice of two rice varieties(Results of the author’s research group to be published)
组别 Comparison groups | 上调差异数 The number of up-regulated lipid molecules | 下调差异数 The number of down-regulated lipid molecules | 差异总数 Total number of differential lipid molecules |
---|---|---|---|
AWMD vs CI | 296 | 87 | 383 |
AWSD vs CI | 211 | 258 | 469 |
AWMD vs AWSD | 354 | 154 | 508 |
注: 数据为笔者所在课题组待发表研究结果。Note:The data were results of the author’s research group to be published.
淀粉、蛋白质和脂质的结构与生化特性共同决定着稻米的蒸煮食味品质。但是,前人多侧重于单个稻米成分与其蒸煮食味品质关系的研究,关于三大主要物质成分的含量比例、合成代谢关系及组成结构对稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响研究较为少见。因此,建议今后开展以下相关研究:①水稻灌浆进程中籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和脂质的含量变化特性及相互关系与蒸煮食味品质的关系;②水稻灌浆进程中籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和脂质的合成代谢特点及其互作机制与蒸煮食味品质的关系;③稻米淀粉、蛋白质和脂质的组成结构及相互关系与蒸煮食味品质的关系。
以往研究局限在基于水稻灌浆期籽粒淀粉合成代谢特点解析不同AWD方式对稻米品质形成的调控机制,对籽粒的其他两大重要物质成分(蛋白质和脂质)累积特征及其合成代谢变化特点缺乏全面而深入的探究。在不同AWD条件下,水稻灌浆进程中籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和脂质三大物质成分的含量动态变化及其组成比例与稻米蒸煮食味品质形成具有何种关系?水稻灌浆籽粒中淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪合成代谢关键酶活性及其相关编码基因表达的变化特点对不同AWD方式的响应机制是什么?在主要依赖增施氮肥来稳产增产的大背景下,AWMD对氮肥增施条件下的稻米蒸煮食味品质是否具有调优作用?作用机制是什么?目前都尚不清楚。通过对上述问题的探究,可望进一步揭示AWD技术对稻米蒸煮食味品质形成的调控机制,开发改善稻米品质的新途径,为稻米优质改良和高产节水优质栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。
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