摘要
为确定酵母铬和二氢吡啶是否能缓解围产期奶牛热应激,将24头体质量和胎次相近的围产期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组,饲养于环境温湿指数(THI)高于68的热应激条件下,对照组饲喂基础日粮,酵母铬组和二氢吡啶组饲喂基础日粮的同时饲喂8 g/(头·d)铬含量为1‰的酵母铬和3 g/(头·d)的二氢吡啶,试验周期为40 d,观测酵母铬和二氢吡啶对围产期奶牛热应激反应的影响。结果显示:① 酵母铬组和二氢吡啶组奶牛与对照组奶牛在呼吸频率上无显著差异(P>0.05)。② 各组奶牛血清中血糖和胆固醇含量在产前第7天与产后第3天均无显著差异。二氢吡啶组奶牛产前第7天血清中甘油三酯含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③ 与对照组比较,酵母铬组和二氢吡啶组产前、产后血清中N
奶牛是对温度特别敏感的动物,尤其是处于泌乳阶段的奶牛,在高温高湿环境下很容易产生热应
在饲粮中添加铬等抗应激饲料添加剂是缓解奶牛热应激、提高生产性能的有效措施。例如饲粮中添加0.8 mg/kg酵母铬可提高热应激牛日增重、显著降低料肉比,并降低热应激标志物热休克蛋白的含
二氢吡啶在动物饲料中充当一种抗氧化添加剂,可以保护油脂、维生素A以及胡萝卜素免受氧
当前关于铬补充剂和二氢吡啶对热应激围产期奶牛的研究鲜有报道,围产期是奶牛泌乳周期中最为关键的阶段,缓解此阶段奶牛热应激对改善奶牛生产性能、延长奶牛利用年限等有重要意义。鉴于此,笔者探究饲粮中添加酵母铬或二氢吡啶对热应激围产期奶牛血液生化指标以及热应激标志物HSP70 mRNA表达量的影响,旨在确定酵母铬或二氢吡啶作为饲料添加剂是否具有缓解奶牛热应激作用,并为酵母铬和二氢吡啶在奶牛生产中的合理应用提供理论基础。
选择胎次相近[(2±0.3)胎],体况、产奶量以及预产期相似,处于围产期的荷斯坦奶牛24头,按照随机分配的原则分为3组,分别为对照组、酵母铬组和二氢吡啶组,每组8头牛。对照组饲喂基础日粮,酵母铬组和二氢吡啶组分别饲喂基础日粮的同时饲喂8 g/(头·d)铬含量为1‰的酵母铬和3 g/(头·d)的二氢吡啶,整个奶牛试验于8-9月完成,其中预试期为10 d,试验期为产前27 d到产后3 d,共40 d。
试验期间试验牛产前和产后基础日粮配方不变,日粮组成如
原料Ingredient of diets | 含量/% Content | 原料 Ingredient of diets | 含量/% Content |
---|---|---|---|
玉米青贮Corn silage | 40.33 | 棉籽粕Cottonseed meal | 2.56 |
燕麦草 Oat grass | 4.16 | 糖蜜 Molasses | 1.32 |
苜蓿 Alfalfa | 5.19 | 甜菜粕 Beet pulp | 1.14 |
豆粕 Soybean meal | 11.82 | 碳酸氢钙 Ca(HCO3)2 | 0.92 |
压片玉米 Flaked corn | 22.52 | 氯化钠 NaCl | 0.25 |
酒糟 Dry distillers grains | 3.87 | 氧化镁 MgO | 0.42 |
膨化大豆 Extruded full-fat soybean | 3.54 |
预混料 Premi | 1.96 |
注: 表中数据以干物质为基础。①预混料为每千克日粮提供VA 750 000 IU、VD 17 000 IU、VE 200 IU, Fe 950 mg、Cu 580 mg、Zn 2 000 mg、Mn 1 500 mg、I 40 mg、Se 30 mg、Co 25 mg。②泌乳净能为计算值,其余为实测值。Note:The data in the table are based on dry matter. ① The premix per kilogram diet contained 750 000 IU vitamin A, 17 000 IU vitamin D, 200 IU vitamin E, 950 mg iron, 580 mg copper, 2 000 mg zinc, 1 500 mg manganese, 40 mg iodine, 30 mg selenium, 25 mg cobalt;② NEL was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.
在试验后期连续3 d测定奶牛的采食量数据,每次饲喂时都给予奶牛充足的饲料,饲喂前称量饲料的新鲜质量并根据饲料水分含量计算出干物质含量,于第2天07:00再次饲喂前称量剩余饲料烘干后的质量,通过差值法计算得出奶牛每天的干物质采食量,最后根据3 d的干物质采食量计算出每组试验牛的平均日干物质采食量。
在试验奶牛产前1周左右,分别于06:00、08:00、10:00、12:00、14:00、16:00、18:00对每组试验牛用计数器和秒表进行呼吸频率测定。统计奶牛3 min内胸廓和腹部的起伏次数,奶牛的呼吸频率为1 d内记录数据的平均值。
干湿球温度计分别悬挂于2列牛舍的中部,距离地面1.5 m,保证干湿球温度计的有效通风,防止阳光直射和雨淋,以确保读数的准确性。在每日07:00、13:00、17:00这3个时间点记录干球温度(Td)与湿球温度(Tw),并通过温湿指数(temperature-humidity index,ITH)公式[ITH=0.72×(Td+Tw)+40.6]计算出温湿指
在奶牛产前第7天和产后第3天的07:00,对空腹奶牛进行尾静脉采血,部分血液置于10 mL灭菌离心管中,以3 000 r/min离心15 min,收集上层血清于1.5 mL离心管中,待测。血清中血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、电解离子浓度均参照试剂盒(购自南京建成)说明书进行。另一部分血液置于10 mL抗凝管中,用于测定血细胞中HSP70 mRNA表达量。
1)裂解红细胞,提取总RNA。①取1 mL全血,3 000 r/min离心10 min,吸除上清。加入1.5 mL红细胞裂解液,混匀,4 ℃放置15 min。3 000 r/min离心10 min,吸除上清。重复以上步骤2次,直至沉淀中无红细胞。②加入1 mL 4 ℃预冷的PBS溶液。3 000 r/min离心10 min,吸除PBS。加入1 mL Trizol Reagent,破碎细胞。③将液体转移到灭菌后的1.5 mL离心管,加入250 μL三氯甲烷,混匀后静置3 min。4 ℃下12 000 r/min离心8 min。④将上清移至离心管中,加入0.8倍体积的异丙醇混匀。-20 ℃放置15 min。4 ℃下12 000 r/min离心10 min,RNA沉淀于管底。⑤吸除液体,加入75%乙醇1.5 mL洗涤沉淀。4 ℃下12 000 r/min离心5 min。吸除液体,将离心管置于超净台上吹3 min。加入20 μL无RNA酶的水溶解RNA。
2)逆转录。在PCR管中加入含2 μL RNA的溶液,再加入1 μL oligo(dT)15,用无核糖核酸酶的去离子水补足至12 μL。于PCR仪上70 ℃保温5 min后迅速置冰上冷却。依次加入4 μL 5×buffer、2 μL10 mmol/L dNTPs、1 μL RNA inhibitor和1 μL 反转录酶,混匀。于PCR仪上42 ℃保温30 min,结束后80 ℃保温5 min灭活反转录酶。
3)PCR扩增。反应体系共25 μL,包括12.5 μL 2×qPCR预混液、2 μL反转录产物、8.5 μL双蒸水、2 μL 2.5 μmol/L基因引物。上游引物序列为5′-AGAAGAAGGTGCTGGACAAGTGC-3′,下游引物序列为5′-CAGTCTGCTGATGATGGGGTTAC-3′。扩增程序为:95 ℃预变性30 s,然后95 ℃变性5 s,在最佳退火温度下退火20 s,共40个循环。
4)结果处理。HSP70 mRNA相对表达量采用
在试验正式期的30 d内观测白天3个时间点07:00、13:00和17:00的THI指数,发现THI指数均超过72(

图1 牛舍每日07:00、13:00和17:00的温湿指数
Fig.1 Temperature humidity index of cowshed at 07:00, 13:00 and 17:00 every day
时刻 Time | 呼吸频率/(times /min) Respiratory rate | 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
对照组 Control | 酵母铬组 Cr-yeast | 二氢吡啶组 HP | 时间 Time | 分组 Groups | 互作 Interaction | ||
06:00 08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 |
59.44 51.00 64.11b 65.78 80.00 64.56 69.56 |
56.67 63.22 81.00a 80.00 87.56 79.33 90.00 |
57.22 56.22 66.67b 72.33 83.11 74.89 81.56 | 4.08 | 0.03 | 0.296 | 0.531 |
6.75 | |||||||
3.89 | |||||||
5.05 | |||||||
10.84 | |||||||
9.19 | |||||||
8.14 |
注: 同行标记不同小写字母表示相同时刻不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。Note:Different capital letters within the same row indicate significant differences between different treatments at the same time (P<0.05).The same as below.
由
指标Index | 阶段Stage | 对照组Control | 酵母铬组Cr-yeast | 二氢吡啶组DHP |
---|---|---|---|---|
葡萄糖Glucose | 产前 Antepartum | 3.72±0.27 | 3.77±0.29 | 3.72±0.27 |
产后 Postpartum | 3.05±0.47 | 3.15±0.29 | 3.05±0.47 | |
总胆固醇Total cholesterol | 产前 Antepartum | 2.12±0.28 | 1.90±0.47 | 2.25±0.53 |
产后 Postpartum | 1.83±0.18 | 1.86±0.37 | 1.42±0.52 | |
甘油三酯Triglyceride | 产前 Antepartum | 0.32±0.06a | 0.26±0.10ab | 0.19±0.08b |
产后 Postpartum | 0.06±0.01 | 0.07±0.05 | 0.06±0.02 |
由
指标 Index | 阶段 Stage | 对照组 Control | 酵母铬组 Cr-yeast | 二氢吡啶组 DHP |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 产前 Antepartum | 137.23±1.48 | 135.70±1.27 | 136.80±2.38 |
产后 Postpartum | 136.10±2.55 | 135.08±2.36 | 135.75±0.95 | |
| 产前 Antepartum | 4.22±0.14 | 4.24±0.24 | 4.38±0.17 |
产后 Postpartum | 5.24±1.09 | 5.18±0.45 | 4.83±0.35 | |
C | 产前 Antepartum | 104.68±1.68 | 106.50±1.78 | 105.70±3.32 |
产后 Postpartum | 100.50±4.11 | 101.80±1.76 | 102.28±3.49 | |
血清阴阳离子差 Blood cation-anion difference | 产前 Antepartum | 36.77±0.43a | 33.44±0.53b | 35.48±2.01ab |
产后 Postpartum | 40.84±2.21 | 38.45±1.80 | 38.30±3.20 |
由
指标 Index | 阶段 Stage | 对照组 Control | 酵母铬组 Cr-yeast | 二氢吡啶组 DHP |
---|---|---|---|---|
碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase | 产前Antepartum | 42.00±8.04 | 43.75±15.06 | 40.75±14.24 |
产后Postpartum | 56.50±21.63 | 35.75±26.23 | 46.75±14.24 | |
肌酸激酶 Creatine kinase | 产前Antepartum | 352.00±385.38 | 178.25±76.47 | 143.50±41.15 |
产后Postpartum | 164.25±56.24 | 173.25±82.54 | 177.50±97.69 |
由

图2 酵母铬或二氢吡啶处理下热应激围产期奶牛血液HSP70 mRNA表达量
Fig.2 Expression of HSP70 mRNA in blood of perinatal cows treated with yeast chromium or dihydropyridine under heat stress
热应激会导致奶牛采食量降
呼吸频率是反刍动物重要的生理指标,当机体处于热应激环境下时,反刍动物首先通过提高自身呼吸频率来增加机体的散热量,进而缓解热应激。廖晓霞
血糖含量是机体糖代谢的重要体现,也能反映能量代谢水平。当奶牛发生热应激时,其采食量和营养物质消化率均低于非热应激时期,机体摄入的营养物质不足,为满足正常能量需要机体分泌大量糖皮质激素,葡萄糖分解速率加快,血糖浓度下
甘油三脂和胆固醇是机体血脂的组成成分,奶牛在发生热应激后随着采食量下降导致营养物质摄入减少,此时机体加速脂肪分解来保持能量的供应。本研究结果中酵母铬组奶牛在产前和产后血清中甘油三脂和胆固醇浓度均呈现下降趋势。研究表明在热应激奶牛日粮中添加0.4、0.8、1.2 mg/kg富铬酵母可降低血清中胆固醇的含
N
碱性磷酸酶可以促使磷酸根离子与钙离子结合,促进体内矿物元素的沉积。敖日格乐
热休克蛋白70是最保守和重要的一类热休克蛋白,具有调节细胞周期和维持细胞稳定的作
总之,本研究中在热应激围产期奶牛日粮中添加剂量为8 g/(头·d)铬含量为1‰的酵母铬或3 g/(头·d)二氢吡啶时,对采食量、呼吸频率、血清代谢物浓度、血清生理生化指标以及HSP70 mRNA表达量影响不显著。说明饲喂8 g/(头·d)铬含量为1‰的酵母铬或3 g/(头·d)二氢吡啶对于缓解围产期荷斯坦奶牛热应激效果不明显。
参考文献References
GANTNER V,BOBIC T,GANTNER R,et al.Differences in response to heat stress due to production level and breed of dairy cows[J].International journal of biometeorology,2017,61(9):1675-1685. [百度学术]
FOURNEL S,OUELLET V,CHARBONNEAU É.Practices for alleviating heat stress of dairy cows in humid continental climates:a literature review[J/OL].Animals:an open access journal from MDPI,2017,7(5):37[2022-11-24]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani7050037. [百度学术]
GAO S T,GUO J,QUAN S Y,et al.The effects of heat stress on protein metabolism in lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of dairy science,2017,100(6):5040-5049. [百度学术]
DAHL G E,TAO S,LAPORTA J.Heat stress impacts immune status in cows across the life cycle[J/OL].Frontiers in veterinary science,2020,7:116[2022-11-24]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00116. [百度学术]
贾亚伟.甜菜碱和酵母铬对牛抗热应激效应的研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2011.JIA Y W.A study on the effects of betaine and chromium-yeast on heat stress resistance in cattle[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2011 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
HAYIRLI A,BREMMER D R,BERTICS S J,et al.Effect of chromium supplementation on production and metabolic parameters in periparturient dairy cows[J].Journal of dairy science,2001,84(5):1218-1230. [百度学术]
DOS SANTOS RIBEIRO L,BRANDÃO F Z,DE REZENDE CARVALHEIRA L,et al.Chromium supplementation improves glucose metabolism and vaginal temperature regulation in Girolando cows under heat stress conditions in a climatic chamber[J].Tropical animal health and production,2020,52(4):1661-1668. [百度学术]
WU G Y.Important roles of dietary taurine,creatine,carnosine,anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health[J].Amino acids,2020,52(3):329-360. [百度学术]
YU M F,ZHAO X M,CAI H,et al.Dihydropyridine enhances the antioxidant capacities of lactating dairy cows under heat stress condition[J/OL].Animals:an open access journal from MDPI,2020,10(10):1812[2022-11-24].https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101812. [百度学术]
高景,赵传超,李晗,等.酵母铬和二氢吡啶对热应激奶牛营养物质消化率及血液生理生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2019,31(12):5719-5729.GAO J,ZHAO C C,LI H,et al.Effects of yeast chromium and diludin on nutrient digestibility and blood physiological and biochemical indicators of heat stressed dairy cows[J].Chinese journal of animal nutrition,2019,31(12):5719-5729 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
赵新茂,隋晨,王肆玖,等.不同热应激条件下添加二氢吡啶对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响[J].中国牛业科学,2012,38(3):27-32.ZHAO X M,SUI C,WANG S J,et al.Influence of DHP on the rumen fermentation of dairy cows in different heat stress levels[J].China cattle science,2012,38(3):27-32 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
MAUST L E,MCDOWELL R E,HOOVEN N W.Effect of summer weather on performance of Holstein cows in three stages of lactation[J].Journal of dairy science,1972,55(8):1133-1139. [百度学术]
WHEELOCK J B,RHOADS R P,VANBAALE M J,et al.Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows 1[J].Journal of dairy science,2010,93(2):644-655. [百度学术]
张会会,李孟伟,唐振华,等. 夏季补饲半胱胺和烟酸铬对水牛泌乳性能、抗氧化性能、瘤胃发酵参数和微生物多样性的影响[J]. 动物营养学报,2020,32(12):5760-5777. ZHANG H H, LI M W, TANG Z H, et al. Effects of supplemental feeding of cysteamine and chromium nicotinate on lactation performance, antioxidant performance, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial diversity of buffalo in summer[J]. Chinese journal of animal nutrition, 2020, 32(12):5760-5777 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
KUMAR M,KAUR H,DEKA R S,et al.Dietary inorganic chromium in summer-exposed buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis):effects on biomarkers of heat stress,immune status,and endocrine variables[J].Biological trace element research,2015,167(1):18-27. [百度学术]
廖晓霞,叶均安. 泌乳奶牛热应激研究进展[J]. 中国饲料,2005(19):21-23. LIAO X X, YE J A.Recent advances of heat stress in lactating cow[J].China feed,2005(19):21-23 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
张峰,吴占军,张新同,等. 二氢吡啶对热应激奶牛产奶量以及奶牛体温、呼吸频率的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2010, 25(S1):270-273. ZHANG F, WU Z J, ZHANG X T, et al. Effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine on milk yield,body temperature and respiration of lactating dairy cows in heat stress[J]. Acta agriculturae boreali-sinica, 2010, 25(S1):270-273 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
刘嘉莉,窦金焕,胡丽蓉,等.热应激对奶牛生理和免疫功能的影响及其机理[J].中国畜牧兽医,2018,45(1):263-270.LIU J L,DOU J H,HU L R,et al.Effects and mechanism of heat stress on physiological and immune system in dariy cows[J].China animal husbandry & veterinary medicine,2018,45(1):263-270 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
李娜.添加烟酸铬对干奶期和泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和代谢参数的影响[D].保定:河北农业大学,2007.LI N.Effects of adding chromium nicotinate on performance and metabolic parameters of dairy cows in dry milk period and early lactation period[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University,2007 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
傅传鞭. 丙酸铬对围产期井岗奶牛繁殖性能和血液生化指标的影响及相关研究[D]. 南昌:江西农业大学,2020. FU C B. Effects of chromium propionate on reproductive performance and blood biochemical indexes of jinggang cows (perinatal cows) and related research[D]. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2020 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
BELL A W.Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of animal science,1995,73(9):2804-2819. [百度学术]
FENG W W,DING Y Y,ZHANG W J,et al.Chromium malate alleviates high-glucose and insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle cells by regulating glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity signaling pathways[J].Biometals,2018,31(5):891-908. [百度学术]
郑晓中,李克驴,刘桂林,等. 日粮中添加不同抗氧化剂对奶牛血液生化指标的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 1997, 33(1):7-9. ZHENG X Z, LI K L, LIU G L, et al. Effect of adding different antioxidants in diets on the blood biochemical profiles of dairy cows[J]. Chinese journal of animal science, 1997, 33(1):7-9 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
曹杰.日粮中添加二氢吡啶对奶牛生产性能、抗氧化和抗热应激能力的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2010.CAO J.Effects of dietary dihydropyridine on performance,antioxidant and thermal stress of dairy cows[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2010 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
单强,马峰涛,金宇航,等. 富铬酵母对热应激奶牛生产性能、血清指标及血浆和牛奶中微量元素含量的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2020, 32(5):2198-2208. SHAN Q, MA F T, JIN Y H, et al. Effects of chromium yeast on performance, serum indexes and plasma and milk trace element contents of heat-stressed dairy cows[J]. Chinese journal of animal nutrition, 2020, 32(5):2198-2208 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
刘影.添加丙酸铬对奶牛产奶性能和血液指标及免疫功能的影响[D].银川:宁夏大学,2019.LIU Y.Effects of adding chromium propionate on milk production performance,blood indexes and immune function of dairy cows[D].Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2019 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
DRACKLEY J K.Biology of dairy cows during the transition period:the final frontier?[J].Journal of dairy science,1999,82(11):2259-2273. [百度学术]
赵程禹,邓清华,刘婷.奶牛围产期脂肪肝的研究进展[J].中国奶牛,2022(2):23-27.ZHAO C Y,DENG Q H,LIU T.Domestic research progress of perinatal fatty liver disease in dairy cows[J].China dairy cattle,2022(2):23-27 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
隋晨.黄冈市围产期奶牛添加锌锰硒和二氢吡啶的研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.SUI C.Study on adding zinc,manganese,selenium and dihydropyridine to perinatal cows in Huanggang City[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2013 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
刘庆华,王根林.热应激对奶牛血液流变学指标及血清无机离子浓度和酶活性的影响[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2007,36(3):284-287.LIU Q H,WANG G L.Effects of heat stress on hemorheology status and plasma inorganic ion concentration and plasma enzyme levels in dairy cows[J].Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (natural science edition),2007,36(3):284-287 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
敖日格乐,王纯洁,吕晓伟,等.热应激对荷斯坦奶牛血清酶活力及其行为的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2008,40(9):62-64.Aorigele,WANG C J,LÜ X W,et al.Effect of heat stress on serum enzyme activity and behavior of Holstein dairy cows[J].Animal husbandry & veterinary medicine,2008,40(9):62-64 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
何钦.热应激对不同泌乳阶段奶牛生产性能及其营养代谢的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.HE Q.Effects of heat stress on production performance and nutritional metabolism of dairy cows at different lactation stages[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2012 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
MAYER M P,BUKAU B.Hsp70 chaperones:cellular functions and molecular mechanism[J].Cellular and molecular life sciences,2005,62(6):670-684. [百度学术]
王学清,石少轻,吴占军,等.二氢吡啶对中国荷斯坦牛表达的影响[J].湖北畜牧兽医,2014,35(10):21-24.WANG X Q,SHI S Q,WU Z J,et al.Effect of dihydropyridine on the expression of China Holstein cattle[J].Hubei journal of animal and veterinary sciences,2014,35(10):21-24 (in Chinese). [百度学术]