摘要
为探究辽宁省5座水源地水库—观音阁、白石、柴河、清河和汤河水库底栖动物的群落结构特征,并根据底栖动物的现存量估算鱼产潜力,为这5座水库保水渔业的放养捕捞提供科学依据,于2019-2020年开展季节性调查,共检出底栖动物67种,其中,节肢动物52种,以摇蚊幼虫为主,有39种;寡毛类12种,主要为颤蚓和仙女虫;软体动物3种,分别为观音阁和汤河水库检出的椭圆萝卜螺,以及观音阁和白石水库的梨形环棱螺和褶纹冠蚌。检出种类以汤河水库最多,39种,其次为观音阁水库34种,白石水库最少,仅23种。密度以白石水库最高,1 546.89 ind/
观音阁水库坐落于辽宁省本溪市,属于太子河流域,水库控制流域面积为2 795 k
底栖动物是指大部分或者全部生活史栖息于水体底部的水生动物类群,主要以藻类和有机碎屑为食,是鲤、鲫等底层鱼类的天然饵
采样时间为2019年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2020年8月(夏季)、12月(冬季)。根据水库水域的面积、形状、来水、大坝位置等方面综合考虑,观音阁水库和白石水库设置9个采样位点,柴河水库和清河水库设置8个采样位点,汤河水库设置10个采样位点。根据水库的形态结构,吞吐流特征,自水库入水口至大坝可以分为河流区、过渡区和静水

图1 辽宁省5座水库采样点分布图
Fig.1 Distribution of the sampling sites of the five reservoirs in Liaoning Province
水库区域 Reservoir zone | 观音阁水库 Guanyinge Reservoir | 白石水库 Baishi Reservoir | 柴河水库 Chaihe Reservoir | 清河水库 Qinghe Reservoir | 汤河水库 Tanghe Reservoir |
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河流区 River zone |
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过渡区 Transition zone |
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静水区 Still water zone |
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注: 下划线“—”表示坝前;下划线“=”表示水库入水口。Note: Underline "—" indicates in front of dam, underline "=" indicates the reservoir entrance.
定量采样时使用1/16
在解剖镜和显微镜下对底栖动物样品的种类进行鉴定,每个种类分别计数,用吸水纸吸去表面水分后,使用精确度为0.000 1 g的电子天平称质量,结果换算为每平方米的生物量。种类鉴定参照文献[
本次调查测定的理化指标:水温(WT)、水深(WD)、酸碱度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH
1) 优势度。使用优势度指数(Y
式中:ni为第种的个体数,N为样品中所有个体总数,fi为第i种在各采样位点出现的频率,Y≥0.02为优势种,Y≥0.10为绝对优势种。
2)群落结构相似性。采用非参数多变量群落结构分析方法对各水库底栖动物群落结构进行分析,使用Bray-Curtis相似性系数构建群落矩阵,基于矩阵进行群落相似性聚类分析和非参数多变量排序(multidimensional scaling,MDS)对底栖动物群落结构进行分
3)与环境因子之间的关系。使用典范对应分析法(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)分析大型底栖动物群落与环境因子之间的关系,CCA 分析在 Canoco 5.0软件中完成。分析之前进行除趋势对应分析(detrended correspon-dence analysis,DCA),发现5座水库最大梯度长度值均大于3,故选择单峰模型(CCA)排序,通过蒙特卡罗检验(Monte Carlo test)验证显著性(P<0.05),使用向前选择法(forward selection)筛选贡献率高的环境因子,CCA 分析前,将物种的密度数据进行平方根转换,环境因子进行 lg(x+1)转换,以使数据呈正态分
4)鱼产潜力估算。底栖动物每年可提供的鱼产潜力计算公
式中:F为每年水库底栖动物可以提供的鱼产潜力,B0为寡毛类生物量,BI为水生昆虫生物量,BM为软体动物生物量。
2019-2020年调查的这5座水库中,共采集到底栖动物67种,包括节肢动物52种,寡毛类12种以及软体动物3种。节肢动物中水生昆虫种类最多,有50种,以摇蚊幼虫为主,为39种;寡毛类主要为仙女虫和颤蚓类;3种软体动物分别为观音阁和汤河水库检出的椭圆萝卜螺,以及观音阁和白石水库的梨形环棱螺和褶纹冠蚌。汤河水库种类数最高,有39种,节肢动物31种,寡毛类7种,软体动物1种;其次为观音阁水库35种,节肢动物24种,寡毛类9种,软体动物2种;清河水库29种,节肢动物22种,寡毛类7种;柴河水库25种,节肢动物16种,寡毛类9种;白石水库23种,节肢动物14种,寡毛类8种,软体动物1种(
种类组成 Species composition | 观音阁水库 Guanyinge Reservoir | 白石水库 Baishi Reservoir | 柴河水库 Chaihe Reservoir | 清河水库 Qinghe Reservoir | 汤河水库 Tanghe Reservoir |
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节肢动物门 Arthropoda | |||||
软甲纲Malacostraca | |||||
端足目Amphipoda | |||||
异钩虾Anisogammarus sp. | + | + | - | - | - |
十足目Decapoda | |||||
白虾属一种 Exopalaemon sp. | + | - | - | + | + |
昆虫纲Insecta | |||||
蜻蜓目 Odonata | |||||
蟌 Caenagrionidae spp. | - | - | - | + | - |
鞘翅目Coleoptera | |||||
龙虱Dytiscidae spp. | - | + | - | - | + |
青步甲Chlaenius sp. | - | - | - | - | + |
毛翅目Trichoptera | |||||
沼石蛾 Hydrotophylax sp. | - | - | + | - | - |
蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera | |||||
东方蜉Ephemera orientalis | + | - | - | - | - |
半翅目Hemiptera | |||||
横纹划蝽 Sigara substriata | + | - | + | + | + |
斑点小划蝽Micronecta guttata | - | - | - | + | + |
中华螳螂蝽 Ranattra chinensis | + | - | - | - | - |
铜锈负子蝽Diplonychus rusticus | + | - | - | - | - |
双翅目Diptera | |||||
库蠓Culicoides sp. | - | + | - | - | - |
雅大蚊 Tipula sp. | - | - | - | - | + |
三带环足摇蚊Cricotopus tnifasciatus | - | - | - | - | + |
伊尔克真开氏摇蚊Eukieffeeriella ilkleyensis | - | - | - | - | + |
红裸须摇蚊 Propsilocerus akamusi | + | + | + | + | ++ |
软异三突摇蚊Heterotrissocladius marcidus | + | - | - | - | + |
海滨摇蚊Clunio sp. | + | + | - | + | + |
平铗枝角摇蚊 Cladopelma edwardsi | - | - | - | - | + |
墨墨摇蚊Chironomus anthracinus | + | - | - | - | - |
三段二叉摇蚊 Dicrotendipus tritomus | + | - | - | - | - |
亮黑弯铗摇蚊 Crytochironomus nigronitens | - | + | - | - | + |
凹铗隐摇蚊 Crytochironomus defectus | - | + | - | - | - |
小云多足摇蚊Polypedilum nubeculosm | + | - | + | + | - |
俊才齿斑摇蚊Stictochironomus juncai | + | - | - | - | - |
梯形多足摇蚊群A种 Polypedilum scalaenumgroup sp. A | + | - | - | + | + |
猛摇蚊Chironomus acerbiphilus | - | - | + | + | - |
黄色羽摇蚊 Chironomus flaviplumus | + | + | + | + | ++ |
隐摇蚊属一种 Crytochironomus sp. | - | - | - | - | + |
柔嫩雕翅摇蚊Glyptotendipes cauliginellus | - | - | - | - | + |
德永雕翅摇蚊Glyptotendipes tokunagai | + | - | - | - | + |
拟踵突多足摇蚊Polypedilum paraviceps | ++ | - | + | + | + |
多齿斑摇蚊Stictochironomus multannulatus | - | - | - | + | - |
喙隐摇蚊Cryptochironomus rostratus | - | - | - | + | - |
云集多足摇蚊 Polypedilum nubifer | - | - | - | - | + |
弯铗摇蚊属A种 Cryptotendipes sp. A | + | + | + | ++ | + |
喜盐摇蚊Chironomus salinarius | - | + | - | - | + |
苍白摇蚊Chironomus palidivittatus | + | + | + | + | + |
溪流摇蚊Chironomus riparius | - | - | - | + | + |
尼提达单寡角摇蚊Monodiamesa nitida | - | - | - | + | - |
博尔拉普摇蚊Lappodiamesa boltoni | - | - | + | + | - |
大粗腹摇蚊属一种Macropelopia thienemann sp. | - | - | - | - | + |
花翅前突摇蚊Procladius choreus | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ |
红前突摇蚊Procladius rufovittaus | - | - | - | - | + |
长足摇蚊属一种Tanypus sp. | - | - | + | - | + |
合铗特突摇蚊Thienemannimyia fuscipes | - | - | - | - | + |
前突摇蚊属C种Procladius sp. C | - | - | + | + | - |
绒铗长足摇蚊Tanypus villipennis | - | + | + | + | - |
刺铗长足摇蚊Tanypus punctipennis | + | ++ | + | + | - |
斑点塔纳摇蚊Natarsia punctata | + | + | - | - | + |
拟杂色大粗腹摇蚊Macropelopia paranebulosa | + | - | + | - | + |
前突摇蚊属B种Procladius sp. B | + | - | - | - | - |
环节动物门Annelida | |||||
寡毛纲Oligochaeta | |||||
夹杂带丝蚓Lumbriculus variegstus | + | + | ++ | + | + |
参差仙女虫Nais variabilis | + | ++ | ++ | + | + |
肥满仙女虫Nais inflata | - | - | - | - | + |
克拉泊水丝蚓 Limnodrilus claparedeianus | - | + | - | - | - |
巨毛水丝蚓 Limnodrilus grandisetosus | - | + | + | - | - |
颤蚓属一种Tubifex sp. | + | - | + | - | - |
中华颤蚓 Tubifex sinicus | ++ | + | + | + | ++ |
正颤蚓 Tubifex tubifex | + | + | + | ++ | + |
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
厚唇嫩丝蚓 Teneridrilus mastix | + | - | + | - | - |
维窦夫盘丝蚓 Bothrioneurem vejdovskyanum | + | - | - | + | - |
苏氏尾鳃蚓 Branchiura sowerbyi | + | + | ++ | + | + |
软体动物门Mollusca | |||||
腹足纲Gastropoda | |||||
基眼目Basommatophora | |||||
椭圆萝卜螺Radix swinhoei | + | - | - | - | + |
中腹足目Mesogastropoda | |||||
梨形环棱螺Bellamya purificata | + | - | - | - | - |
瓣鳃纲Lamellibranchia | |||||
真瓣鳃目Eulamellibranchia | |||||
褶纹冠蚌Cristaria plicata | - | + | - | - | - |
总计Total | 35 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 39 |
注: “+”表示存在,“++”表示优势种,“-”表示未见。Note: "+" indicates presence, "++" indicates dominant species, and "-" indicates not seen.
汤河水库优势种数量最多,有5种,观音阁、柴河和清河水库次之,均为4种,白石水库优势种数量最少,仅3种(
密度以白石水库最高,1 546.89 ind/
1) 5座水库底栖动物密度与生物量水平分布。5座水库底栖动物密度和生物量总体表现为静水区最高,仅观音阁水库密度和生物量、白石水库生物量在过渡区最高(

图2 底栖动物密度(A)和生物量(B)的水平分布
Fig.2 Horizontal distribution of density(A) and biomass(B) of zoobenthos
2) 5座水库底栖动物密度与生物量季节变化。5座水库底栖动物密度和生物量季节变化不完全一致(

图3 底栖动物密度(A)、生物量(B)季节变化
Fig.3 Seasonal variation of density(A) and biomass(B) of zoobenthos
群落相似性聚类与MDS排序(2D Stress=0.01<0.05)结果一致(

图4 各水库底栖动物的系统聚类(A)与非参数多变量标序(B)
Fig.4 The dendrogram(A) and MDS ordination(B) of zoobenthos communities in each reservoir
本研究选用CCA分析(

图5 底栖动物密度与环境因子的CCA排序图
Fig.5 CCA ordination plots of zoobenthos density and environmental factors
图中数字为水库的采样点编号。The numbers in the figure are the numbers of the sampling points in the reservoirs.
环境因子 Environmental factors index | 观音阁水库 Guanyinge Reservoir | 白石水库 Baishi Reservoir | 柴河水库 Chaihe Reservoir | 清河水库 Qinghe Reservoir | 汤河水库 Tanghe Reservoir |
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TN /(mg/L) | 1.665 ± 0.173 | 2.306 ± 0.621 | 2.095 ± 0.470 | 2.061 ± 0.116 | 1.257 ± 0.313 |
TP/ (mg/L) | 0.055 ± 0.018 | 0.058 ± 0.012 | 0.054 ± 0.009 | 0.054 ± 0.008 | 0.036 ± 0.006 |
NO | 1.248 ± 0.097 | 1.677 ± 0.522 | 1.697 ± 0.362 | 1.544 ± 0.203 | 0.952 ± 0.164 5 |
NH | 0.153 ± 0.030 | 0.180 ± 0.042 | 0.106 ± 0.035 | 0.047 ± 0.018 | 0.038 ± 0.015 6 |
PO | 0.046 ± 0.009 | 0.035 ± 0.009 | 0.030 ± 0.006 | 0.042 ± 0.013 | 0.025 ± 0.005 |
pH | 8.547 ± 0.056 | 8.608 ± 0.180 | 8.412 ± 0.152 | 8.419 ± 0.134 | 8.439 ± 0.157 |
WD/m | 29.406 ± 12.904 | 8.572 ± 4.809 | 13.284 ± 4.249 | 10.852 ± 3.429 | 11.316 ± 3.997 |
Chl a/(μg/L) | 6.770 ± 3.914 | 15.167 ± 7.236 | 10.594 ± 1.744 | 14.253 ± 4.353 | 9.155 ± 2.826 |
WT/℃ | 17.002 ± 0.488 | 16.767 ± 3.464 | 16.788 ± 0.565 | 13.803 ± 2.700 | 17.363 ± 0.633 |
DO/(mg/L) | 9.480 ± 0.649 | 9.773 ± 1.329 | 8.296 ± 0.313 | 9.651 ± 1.024 | 9.325 ± 0.619 |
CODMn/(mg/L) | 1.801 ± 0.285 | 2.267 ± 0.348 | 2.608 ± 0.198 | 2.868 ± 0.387 | 2.028 ± 0.348 |
DOC/(mg/L) | 6.733 ± 0.582 | 8.807 ± 1.049 | 9.732 ± 1.025 | 8.079 ± 0.694 | 7.598 ± 0.478 |
5座水库底栖动物每年可提供的鱼产潜力估算如
种类 Species | 观音阁水库(占比/%) Guanyinge Reservoir (percentage) | 白石水库(占比/%) Baishi Reservoir (percentage) | 柴河水库(占比/%) Chaihe Reservoir (percentage) | 清河水库(占比/%) Qinghe Reservoir (percentage) | 汤河水库(占比/%) Tanghe Reservoir (percentage) |
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水生昆虫 Aquatic insects | 2.26(16.76%) | 20.61(57.65%) | 4.11(26.59%) | 7.29(62.42%) | 19.67(78.66%) |
寡毛类 Oligochaete | 11.13(82.57%) | 15.05(42.09%) | 11.35(73.42%) | 4.39(37.58%) | 5.34(21.34%) |
软体动物 Mollusca | 0.09(0.67%) | 0.09(0.25%) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
总计 Total | 13.48 | 35.75 | 15.47 | 11.68 | 25.01 |

图6 2019-2020年5座水库除鲢、鳙、大银鱼和池沼公鱼之外的其他鱼类总渔获量
Fig.6 Total catch of fish in the five reservoirs except Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Protosalanx hyalocranius and Hypomesus olidus from 2019 to 2020
底栖动物长期生活在水底,不同类型的水库环境不同,底栖动物种类组成也会有所差异。浅水型水库中光照充足,水生植物丰富,水生植物可为底栖动物提供栖息环境和食物来源,一些软体动物如田螺科、椎实螺科等对水生植物的依赖性较
在水库的不同生态区域中,底栖动物组成也有所差异。本研究对5座水库的河流区、过渡区和静水区底栖动物的分布进行分析发现,清河、汤河和白石水库的河流区和过渡区密度及生物量主要来自于摇蚊幼虫。原因在于河流区受水体流速影响,有机质无法大量沉积,底质粒径相对较大,这种底质适宜摇蚊幼虫的生长,寡毛类分布较
本研究中5座水库底栖动物密度和生物量季节变化不完全一致,密度最高值在春、夏、秋季均可出现,而最低值皆在夏季,生物量则表现为春、冬季高,夏、秋季低。国内其他水库底栖动物的研究也发现,密度和生物量最高值可以出现在春、夏
近年来,观音阁、白石、柴河、清河和汤河水库作为当地重要水源地水库管理,全方面实施水源地保护工作,网箱养殖被取缔转而实施保水渔业,网箱养殖被取缔后水体的营养负荷降低,对底栖动物的群落结构产生重要影响。对比历史研究发现,5座水库底栖动物种类均增多,主要是摇蚊幼虫种类增多,而密度和生物量变化趋势不
对比以往研究估算的鱼产潜力发现,白石鱼产潜力明显降低,柴河和清河水库鱼产潜力均有提高,汤河水库相较于2010-2011年有所提高,但仍低于2007-2008
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