摘要
黑水虻为一种腐食性昆虫,其幼虫具有食性广、繁殖力强以及营养物质丰富且均衡等特点,被认为是极具潜力的新型饲料蛋白质源,在水产动物生产中具有广阔的应用前景。本文概述了黑水虻幼虫的主要营养成分和生物活性成分,及其在草食性、杂食性、 肉食性、甲壳动物和两栖爬行动物等不同水产养殖品种饲料中的应用研究进展,总结了不同水产动物饲料中黑水虻幼虫的最适用量,探讨了黑水虻幼虫作为水产饲料中可持续蛋白源的可行性及在实际应用过程中存在的问题及挑战,以期为黑水虻的开发利用及其在水产动物中的机制性研究提供依据和参考。
水产养殖为人类提供了重要的食物来源。随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展,水产饲料的市场需求量逐步提升。科学合理地配制水产饲料,对于提高养殖效益、保障养殖动物健康、保护环境等方面都具有重要意义。从营养学角度来看,鱼粉已被公认为是水产饲料中的最佳蛋白质来源,尤其是肉食性水产动物需要大量的鱼粉。然而,随着过度捕捞、人为活动以及极端天气等原因,全球范围内提供鱼粉的主要鱼类产量逐年降低,导致鱼粉短缺,价格上涨,因此水产养殖业的可持续发展亟需寻求可替代鱼粉的优质蛋白源。
昆虫作为一种新型蛋白源备受关注。目前全球已报道约有100万种昆虫。常用作饲料原料的昆虫主要有黑水虻、黄粉虫、大麦虫、蚕蛹、蝇蛆和蝗虫等,其粗蛋白含量与畜禽和水生动物相当,多数在21%~65%,且具有氨基酸较平衡、维生素和矿物质丰富以及含有多种生物活性成分等优
黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)属双翅目水虻科扁角水虻属,为一种完全变态昆虫。整个生命周期分别经历卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫期,约35 d,发育周期根据温度和湿度有所变
黑水虻幼虫粉及水产饲料中主要蛋白源的营养成分对比见表
指标Indicators | 黑水虻幼 Black soldier fly larvae | 鱼粉(CP 67% Fish meal | 肉骨 Meat and bone meal | 豆 Soybean meal |
---|---|---|---|---|
粗蛋白质Crude protein | 23.80~62.70 | 67.10 | 50.00 | 47.90 |
粗脂肪Crude fat | 4.70~38.60 | 7.50 | 8.50 | 1.50 |
粗灰分Crude ash | 6.40~19.70 | 12.30 | 31.70 | 4.90 |
钙Ca | 0.20~4.96 | 3.80 | 9.20 | 0.34 |
总磷P | 0.39~3.50 | 2.60 | 4.70 | 0.65 |
氨基酸 Amino acid | 黑水虻幼 Black soldier fly larvae | 鱼粉(CP 67% Fish meal | 肉骨 Meat and bone meal | 豆 Soybean meal |
---|---|---|---|---|
赖氨酸 Lys | 1.22~6.45 | 4.97 | 2.60 | 2.99 |
蛋氨酸 Met | 0.54~6.10 | 1.86 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
苏氨酸 Thr | 1.42~3.92 | 2.74 | 1.63 | 1.85 |
精氨酸 Arg | 1.10~5.22 | 3.93 | 3.35 | 3.43 |
缬氨酸 Val | 1.87~7.20 | 3.11 | 2.25 | 2.26 |
异亮氨酸 Ile | 1.12~5.08 | 2.61 | 1.70 | 2.10 |
组氨酸 His | 1.19~1.94 | 2.01 | 0.96 | 1.22 |
亮氨酸 Leu | 2.73~5.48 | 4.94 | 3.20 | 3.57 |
苯丙氨酸 Phe | 1.65~2.85 | 2.61 | 1.70 | 2.33 |
色氨酸 Try | 0.68~0.94 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.65 |
脂肪酸 Fatty acid | 黑水虻幼 Black soldier fly larvae | 鱼粉(CP 67% Fish meal | 肉骨 Meat and bone meal | 豆 Soybean meal |
---|---|---|---|---|
月桂酸C12:0 Cinuric acid C12:0 | 7.50~49.34 | - | 0.20 | - |
豆蔻酸C14:0 Cardamic acid C14:0 | 1.90~10.20 | 6.00 | 2.70 | 0.10 |
棕榈酸C16:0 Palmitic acid C16:0 | 5.30~19.20 | 17.80 | 27.50 | 10.50 |
棕榈油酸C16:1 Palmitic acid C16:1 | 0.80~5.82 | 7.20 | 3.70 | 0.20 |
硬脂酸C18:0 Stearic acid C18:0 | 2.78~25.10 | 3.60 | 19.20 | 3.80 |
油酸C18:1 Oleic acid C18:1 | 7.30~26.60 | 12.30 | 40.70 | 21.70 |
亚油酸C18:2 Linoleic acid C18:2 | 2.70~57.25 | 2.10 | 3.60 | 53.10 |
亚麻酸C18:3 Linolenic acid C18:3 | 0.20~24.30 | 1.90 | 0.90 | 7.40 |
矿物质Minerals | 黑水虻幼 Black soldier fly larvae | 鱼粉(CP 67% Fish meal | 肉骨 Meat and bone meal | 豆 Soybean meal |
---|---|---|---|---|
钠/% Na | 0.24~2.25 | 1.04 | 0.73 | 0.03 |
镁/% Mg | 0.26~0.40 | 0.23 | 1.13 | 0.28 |
钾/% K | 0.49~1.58 | 0.74 | 1.40 | 1.72 |
铁/(mg/kg) Fe | 80~20 000 | 337 | 500 | 185 |
铜/(mg/kg) Cu | 6.0~4 000 | 8.4 | 1.5 | 24 |
锰/(mg/kg) Mn | 246~2 600 | 11 | 12.3 | 28 |
锌/(mg/kg) Zn | 108~3 000 | 102 | 90 | 46.4 |
甲壳素(chitin),又称几丁质或壳多糖,为N-乙酰葡糖胺通过β连接聚合而成的结构同多糖,广泛存在于昆虫的甲壳以及甲壳类动物的外壳中,其理化性质和产量因昆虫种类而不
抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)是昆虫在受到感染或伤害时,产生的一类具有抗菌活性的碱性多肽物质,是昆虫宿主天然免疫系统的主要构成成分。这类活性多肽因具有良好的广谱抗菌、热稳定性以及安全性等生物活性特点,尤其是对某些耐药性病原菌也有一定的杀灭作用,故具有较大的“替抗”潜
黑水虻作为自然界食物链中的分解者,长期生活于含有较多有害细菌和病毒的有机废弃物中,逐渐形成了较强的免疫机制。目前,黑水虻是具有较多抗菌肽基因的昆虫之一,从中分离出包括天蚕素类和防御素类等多种抗菌肽物质,并验证了其抗菌活
月桂酸是黑水虻中的主要饱和脂肪酸,最高可占总脂肪酸的50%,具有良好的抗病毒、抗炎和杀菌的作
目前,黑水虻在肉食性鱼类中的应用包括海水鱼和淡水鱼两大类。
在珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂)中,黑水虻替代鱼粉比例不宜超过10%,替代量过多对其生长性能、饲料效率和肝脏、肠道健康均有负面影响,同时也会降低肠道菌群的总丰度以及肌肉品
在淡水肉食性鱼中,Stejskal
黑水虻在杂食性鱼类的研究主要包括观赏鱼和食用鱼两大类。
斑马鱼(Danio rerio)是水产动物研究中主要的模式生物,同时也是一种常见的热带观赏鱼。Zarantoniello
在食用鱼方面,黑水虻在常见大宗淡水以及特种养殖品种中均有应用报道。肖扬波
上述研究表明,杂食性鱼类对黑水虻的替代鱼粉比例普遍高于肉食性鱼类。鱼的种类和肠道细菌的可利用性是鱼类利用几丁质酶降解和消化几丁质的决定因
黑水虻在草食性水产动物中的应用较少,这可能与草食性鱼类饲料中动物性蛋白源用量少有关。Lu
黑水虻在甲壳动物中的应用研究主要集中在凡纳滨对虾和青蟹。研究发现,凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)对黑水虻幼虫粉的主要营养素表观消化率均超过肉骨粉和鸡肉粉等常用饲料中动物蛋白源,说明黑水虻是甲壳类动物的优质蛋白
黑水虻在水产饲料中的应用研究主要集中在替代鱼粉、豆粕等主要蛋白源上。多数研究表明,黑水虻的适量替代对水产动物生长性能、营养品质、肠道健康以及免疫功能等无不利影响,部分还具有改善作用。此外,由于水产饲料行业主要依赖鱼粉和豆粕作为主要饲料原料,给土地和水资源带来了巨大的环境压力,而黑水虻的生产对生态环境的负面影响较小。因此,黑水虻已被公认为传统蛋白质饲料的潜在替代品之一。此外,黑水虻中含有丰富的脂质,也是替代豆油和鱼油的潜在原料,目前关于虫油替代的报道较少,今后应加强相关方面的研究。
黑水虻完全应用到水产养殖中还面临一些挑战,例如质量问题和生物安全许可(监管问题
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