摘要
为进一步挖掘控制水稻抗倒伏的基因,以524份水稻种质资源为材料,采用GWAS(genome-wide association analysis)鉴定与抗倒伏性状显著关联的位点qRLG7,通过基因表达水平分析和候选基因关联分析确定调控水稻抗倒伏性的候选基因,在分析候选基因的表达特征和启动子区自然变异基础上利用CRISPR-Cas9技术构建2个候选基因的突变体家系,考察转基因材料的抗倒伏性状。结果显示,编码肌醇-1-单磷酸酶的2个串联排列基因LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230在离茎秆基部5 cm节间中的表达量显著高于其余候选基因,而且这2个候选基因的表达量在极端抗倒伏和易倒伏2组材料中存在极显著差异;通过候选基因关联分析发现这2个基因启动子区的SNP与离基部5 cm茎秆直径(CD5)的表型值显著关联,且基于显著关联SNP的2种单倍型的CD5表型值存在显著差异,这2个候选基因的2种单倍型启动子活性检测结果也表明2种单倍型之间存在极显著差异;2个基因的功能缺失突变体植株在基部节间抗折力、茎秆厚度、茎秆直径以及株高和穗质量等性状方面与野生型对照存在显著差异。结果表明,候选基因LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230具有一定的抗倒伏功能。
关键词
水稻作为禾本科作物之一,是我国60%以上人口的主粮,也是全世界最主要的粮食作物之一,在粮食安全中占据重要的地位。在谷类作物中倒伏一直是限制作物高产稳产的最主要障碍之一,倒伏在很大程度上不仅影响粮食的产量和质量并且大大增加了成熟后收获的困难程度。20世纪60年代,育种家在水稻中引入半矮秆基因sd-1,使用sd-1基因降低植株高度从而降低了倒伏风
作物倒伏通常是由于外力作用使植株直立性失去平衡造成植物茎基部节间弯曲或断
本研究对全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association analysis,GWAS)鉴定得到的与抗倒伏性状显著关联的位点qRLG7,通过基因表达水平分析和候选基因关联分析确定调控水稻抗倒伏GWAS鉴定到与水稻抗倒伏相关位点的候选基因进一步分析并确定候选基因的功能。在分析候选基因的表达特征和启动子区自然变异基础上利用CRISPR-Cas9技术构建2个候选基因的突变体家系,进行抗倒伏相关性状的表型考察,旨在为进一步挖掘和利用水稻抗倒伏候选基因用于水稻遗传改良提供参考。
本研究使用的524份水稻自然种质资源群体来自华中农业大学作物遗传改良全国重点实验室,具体品种信息参见RiceVarMap2网站(http://ricevarmap.ncpgr.cn/),遗传转化的受体水稻品种为中花11(Zhonghua 11, ZH11)。
本研究通过利用因子变换的混合线性模型(FaST-LMM)进行全基因组关联分析,其中覆盖水稻全基因组的SNP(single nucleotide polymorphisms)数量为2 863 169个[去除次要等位基因频率(minor allele frequency,MAF)< 0.05的位点]。根据GEC工具计算的有效SNP,将全基因组阈值设置为P = 1.66×1
利用524份水稻种质资源对17个倒伏相关性状进行GWAS并在第7号染色体鉴定到1个与水稻抗倒伏相关的显著关联位点(sf0722312558
用于候选基因关联分析的524份水稻种质资源的基因型数据从RiceVarMap2数据库(http://ricevarmap.ncpgr.cn/
启动子活性差异分析利用双荧光素酶报告基因来完成。将构建好的载体转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,挑选阳性菌落,扩大培养后使用QIAGEN Plasmid Midi Kit抽提高质量的质粒用于转化水稻原生质
水稻组织总RNA的抽提采用TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen) 法。参照CooK Gene公司提供的反转录试剂盒 (OneStep gDNA Removal)反转录合成20 μL cDNA,并将cDNA模板用去RNA酶水稀释5~10倍后取2 μL用于Real-time PCR反应的模板,加入0.2 mol/L基因特异性引物,5 μL SYBR Green Master (Roche),总反应体系为10 μL,每个样品设置4次重复,以水稻Ubiquitin基因为内参基因,使用Step One Plus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosytems) 仪器运行PCR程序并进行结果分析,具体方法参照使用说明书。
1)CRISPR-Cas9载体构建。按照CRISPR-PLANT 指南设计候选基因LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230的向导RNA,选择2条位置适合的向导RNA,在RNAfol Weds server网站中分析向导RNA的茎环结构。将包括两端向导RNA片段的重叠延伸PCR产物链接到稳定转化载体中,测序正确的载体用于后续的农杆菌转化。
2)启动子活性检测与载体构建。通过全基因组关联分析得到lead SNP 结合水稻524份核心种质资源的CD5表型数据,在Ricevarmap2网站(http://ricevarmap.ncpgr.cn/) 中查询水稻524份种质资源的基因型,进行基因型分型,从中选择2个不同单倍型的代表品种金枝糯(Jinzhinuo)和珍汕97B(Zhenshan 97B),以LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230基因的起始密码子的第1个碱基为起始,截取上游1.5 kb的序列作为基因的启动子分别扩增1 487 bp和1 351 bp启动子片段,设计含相关酶切位点的特异性引物将不同单倍型的启动子连接到被 KpnⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切的pGreenII 0800-LUC载体上。
3)遗传转化。本研究中的粳稻遗传转化采用Hiei
水稻抽穗后25 d进行水稻抗倒伏相关性状的测定,每重复抽穗数达到总穗数的 80% 定义为全抽穗。每个重复选取 5 株,选取3个重复共15 株测定相关表型数据,共采集 9个倒伏相关性状的数据,表型测定参照Guo
选取主茎从地上部到穗顶端(不带芒)长度记为株高,同时计算各节间长度。重心高是将测量株高的主茎找到一个平衡支点,测量茎秆基部到平衡支点的长度记为重心高度。截取主茎基部各节间,茎秆去除叶鞘,并保持新鲜不失水,用游标卡尺测量椭圆形中空茎秆的长短轴的外径记为茎秆直径,将测完茎秆直径后剪掉的各节间,再用游标卡尺的尖端测对应节间茎秆壁厚,茎秆抗折力用 YYD-1 测定仪测定。将剪掉的各节间茎秆中部放置于茎秆测定仪凹槽内,固定基部节间两支点的距离 5 cm,在节间中点施力使其折断,力的大小即为该节间抗折力。
基于已发表的524份水稻种质资源全基因组关联分析结果,使用混合线性模型(P =1.66×1

图1 qRLG7位点关联分析及候选基因表达量检测
Fig.1 Association and expression analyses of candidate genes in the locus qRLG7
A-B: CD5(离基部5 cm处茎秆直径)的全基因组关联分析;C: 候选基因在离基部5 cm处茎秆中的表达水平;D: sf0722312558的SNP的分型及CD5性状差异(G型:强秆品种,491份种质资源;T型:弱秆品种,33份种质资源)。***代表在0.001水平显著,下同。A-B: Association analysis of CD5 (diameter of culm at 5 cm from the bottom); C: Expression levels of candidate genes in the culm at 5 cm from the bottom; D: Differences in CD5 between the two genotypes of lead SNP at qRLG7 locus (G type: Strong-culm varieties,491 germplasm; T type:Weak-culm varieties,33 germplasm).***: Significance at 0.001 level,the same as below.
性状 Traits | LOC | 染色体 Chrosome | 起始位置 Start | 终止位置 End | 注释 Annotation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD5 | LOC_Os07g37210 | 7 | 22 292 742 | 22 294 316 | MYB 家族转录因子,推定、表达 MYB family transcription factor, putative, expressed |
LOC_Os07g37220 | 7 | 22 302 867 | 22 307 683 | 肌醇-1-单磷酸酶,推定、表达 Inositol-1-monophosphatase, putative,expressed | |
LOC_Os07g37230 | 7 | 22 308 421 | 22 312 598 | 肌醇-1-单磷酸酶,推定、表达Inositol-1-monophosphatase, putative,expressed | |
LOC_Os07g37240 | 7 | 22 315 275 | 22 316 943 | 叶绿素 A-B 结合蛋白,推定、表达 Chlorophyll A-B binding protein,putative, expressed | |
LOC_Os07g37250 | 7 | 22 318 014 | 22 322 198 | 类囊体 Formation1,叶绿体前体,推定,表达Thylakoid formation1,hloroplast precursor, putative, expressed | |
LOC_Os07g37260 | 7 | 22 330 350 | 22 331 871 | 假设的蛋白质 Hypothetical protein | |
LOC_Os07g37270 | 7 | 22 332 888 | 22 337 446 | 含有蛋白质的 MSP 结构域,推定,表达MSP domain containing protein, putative, expressed | |
LOC_Os07g37280 | 7 | 22 339 097 | 22 340 408 | 假设的蛋白质 Hypothetical protein | |
LOC_Os07g37300 | 7 | 22 344 503 | 22 344 976 | 假设的蛋白质 Hypothetical protein |
为进一步推定qRLG7位点的抗倒伏候选基因,利用已发表的524份水稻核心种质资源抗倒伏相关表型数据,选择极端抗倒伏和极端易倒伏种质资源各15份,通过qRT-PCR测定LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230在离基部5 cm茎秆中的表达水平(

图2 候选基因在极端抗倒伏和极端易倒伏品种基部5 cm茎秆中的表达量检测
Fig.2 Expression levels of candidate genes in the culm (5 cm from base) of extremely lodging-resistant and lodging-prone cultivars
A:LOC_Os07g37220 在离基部5 cm处茎秆中表达量;B:LOC_Os07g37230在离基部5 cm处茎秆中表达量。A: Expression levels of candidate gene LOC_Os07g37220 in culm at 5 cm from the base; B:LOC_Os07g37230 in culm at 5 cm from the base.
由于LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230在极端品种茎秆中的表达量存在显著差异,分析这2个基因与CD5之间的关联情况。从RiceVarMap2网站 (http://ricevarmap.ncpgr.cn/) 数据库中提取LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230基因2 kb的启动子及整个编码区的SNP,去除其中稀有变异(SNP频率小于0.05)后,分别剩下82个SNP和103个SNP用于候选基因关联分析。LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230分别有24个SNP和19个SNP超过了Bonferroni校正的阈值(分别为6.1×1

图3 候选基因关联分析及单倍型分析
Fig.3 Association and haplotype analyses of candidate genes
A: LOC_Os07g37220与性状CD5关联分析;B:LOC_Os07g37230与性状CD5关联分析;C:LOC_Os07g37220与性状CD5的单倍型分析;D:LOC_Os07g37230与性状CD5的单倍型分析。A: Association analysis of LOC_Os07g37220 with CD5;B:Association analysis of LOC_Os07g37230 with CD5;C: Haplotype analysis of LOC_Os07g37220 with CD5;D: Haplotype analysis of LOC_Os07g37230 with CD5.
考虑到2个候选基因在极端品种基部5 cm处茎秆中的表达量有显著差异,而且候选基因关联分析结果又显示启动子区与CD5表型值存在显著关联,推测LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230的启动子区的序列变异可能导致了基因表达量的变化,进而导致了CD5的表型差异。为验证这一推论,以qRLG7位点lead SNP的2种基因型(G/T)(

图4 候选基因的不同单倍型启动子活性比较
Fig.4 Comparison of promoter activity of different haplotypes of candidate genes
A、B: 候选基因LOC_Os07g37220(A)和 LOC_Os07g37230(B)的2种单倍型的启动子活性。A,B: Promoter activity of two haplotypes of candidate genes LOC_Os07g37220 (A) and LOC_Os07g37230 (B).
为了进一步验证候选基因LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230的功能,利用CRISPR-Cas9技术对这2个基因进行同时突变,产生了3个突变体家系(LR8、LR14、LR26),靶位点信息及编辑情况见

图5 突变体材料和对照ZH11的抗倒伏表型(2021年)
Fig.5 Lodging- resistance phenotypes of mutants and control in 2021
A: 候选基因LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230的双突变体材料靶位点信息及编辑情况;B: 抗折力;C: 株高;D:穗质量;E: 离基部5 cm处的茎秆厚度;F: 离基部第一节间的茎秆厚度;G: 离基部第二节间的茎秆厚度;H: 离基部5 cm处茎秆直径;I: 离基部第一节间的茎秆直径;J: 离基部第二节间的茎秆直径.*代表在0.05水平显著;**代表在0.01水平显著;ns 表示无显著差异。下同。A: Target site information and editing information of double mutant materials of candidate genes LOC_Os07g37220 and LOC_Os07g37230; B: Culm- breaking resistance(BS); C: Plant height(PH); D: Panicle weight(PW); E:Thickness of stem at 5 cm from the bottom(CT5);F: Thickness of culm at the first internode from the bottom(CT1); G: Thickness of culm at the second internode from the bottom(CT2); H: Diameter of culm at 5 cm from the bottom(CD5); I: Diameter of culm at the first internode from the bottom(CD1); J: Diameter of culm at the second internode from the bottom(CD2).*: Significance at 0.05 level;**: Significance at 0.01 level; ns: Not significant.The same as below.

图6 突变体材料和对照的抗倒伏表型及茎秆直径(2022年)
Fig.6 Lodging-resistance phenotypes of mutants control and culm diameter by stereomicroscope in 2022
A: 抗折力;B: 株高;C: 穗质量;D: 离基部5 cm的茎秆厚度;E: 离基部第一节间的茎秆厚度;F: 离基部第二节间的茎秆厚度;G: 离基部5 cm的茎秆直径;H: 离基部第一节间的茎秆直径;I: 离基部第二节间的茎秆直径;J-L: 体式显微镜观察的茎秆不同位置的内外壁厚度。A: BS; B: PH; C: PW; D: CT5; E:CT1 ; F: CT2; G:CD5; H:CD1; I: CD2.J-L: The thickness of between outer and inner culm surface.
抗倒伏是保证水稻高产稳产的重要性状之一,近几年来一些育种家开始开展水稻抗倒伏育种。 然而,水稻育种始终面临着高产和抗倒伏之间的权
为了揭示水稻茎秆强度的遗传背景,已经检测到一些数量性状位点(QTLs)和茎秆强度相关的基因,在大
本研究基于候选基因关联分析、单倍型分析和功能注释,逐步缩小候选区间,在qRLG7的22.292~22.345 Mb区间内鉴定到与水稻抗倒伏相关性状(CD5)的2个候选基因(LOC_Os07g37220和LOC_Os07g37230),这2个基因编码IMP。同时缺失这2个基因的突变体植株相比于对照其BS、PH、PL、CT5、CT1、CT2、CD5、CD1、CD2等抗倒性相关性状显著或极显著降低。表明这2个候选基因可能具有正调控水稻抗倒伏的功能,但该基因调控抗倒性的分子机制还需要进一步研究。IMP是一种可溶性L
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