摘要
为掌握池塘圈养条件下大口黑鲈养殖周期的生长特征变化规律,测定体质量为(16.3±4.9)~(424.9±27.2) g生长周期内大口黑鲈的体长、全长、吻长、眼径、头长、尾柄长、头高、体高、尾柄高、体宽和体质量生长特征参数,分析其生长特征参数之间的相关性,分别建立基于支持向量回归(SVR)、径向基神经网络(RBF)和随机森林回归(RF)的体质量预测模型,将预测值与实测值拟合确定最佳模型;并运用模型拟合的方法建立各个生长特征参数的最佳生长模型。结果显示:体质量与生长特征参数均呈极显著相关性;基于支持向量回归(SVR)的体质量预测模型预测效果最佳,预测模型的决定系数
大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides),俗称加州鲈,原产于北美洲的密西西比河流域,在20世纪80年代被引入我国,并逐渐成为我国重要的水产养殖品种之
随着人工智能的不断发展,机器学习方法已在动物体质量预测中得到广泛应用。如支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法可用于构建羊的体尺参数与体质量的预测模
本研究以池塘圈养条件下的大口黑鲈为研究对象,测定其全长、体长、吻长、眼径、头长、尾柄长、头高、体高、尾柄高、体宽和体质量等生长特征参数,分析大口黑鲈从鱼种[(16.3±4.9) g]到商品鱼(400 g以上)的生长特征参数变化规律及各生长特征参数之间的相关性,通过模型拟合和机器学习的方法,分别建立池塘圈养条件下大口黑鲈生长模型和体质量预测模型,以期为掌握大口黑鲈动态生长过程提供基础数据和理论依据。
大口黑鲈样品采捕于华中农业大学水产养殖基地池塘中的1号和4号圈养桶。圈养桶上部分为直径4 m、高2 m的圆柱体,下部分为倒圆锥体。上部分为主要养殖区域,有效养殖水体为20
试验用饲料为大口黑鲈专用商业饲料(粗蛋白质≥50%,粗灰分≤18%,粗纤维≤6%,粗脂肪≥6%),每天投喂2~3次,日投喂量为养殖区域鱼总体质量的1%~3%,试验期间圈养桶平均水温为5.61~34.80 ℃。
2022年5月5日将大口黑鲈鱼苗放入圈养桶中进行苗种培育,设为试验鱼的养殖开始时间即第0天,养殖65 d进行第1次测定试验。每间隔15 d左右用抄网在1号和4号圈养桶各随机捕捞25尾鱼,根据气候条件适当调整捕捞时间间隔。用直尺(精确到0.01 cm)测量大口黑鲈全长、体长,用游标卡尺(精确到0.01 mm)测量眼径、吻长、头长、尾柄长、头高、体高、尾柄高、体宽(鱼体左右侧最大距离),用电子天平(精确到0.1 g)测量体质量。大口黑鲈生长特征参数如

图1 大口黑鲈生长特征参数测量示意图
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of measuring the growth characteristic parameters of largemouth bass
1.全长;2.体长;3.头长;4.尾柄长;5.吻长;6.眼径;7.头高;8.体高;9.尾柄高。下同。1.Total length;2.Body length;3.Head length;4.Caudal length;5.Snout length;6.Eye diameter;7.Head height;8.Body height;9.Caudal stalk height.The same as below.
1)大口黑鲈体质量预测模型构建。在MATLAB(MathWorks,美国)软件中进行分层抽样,将每次试验测得的50组数据,按照7∶3比例划分训练集与测试集,共获得700组试验数据,其中训练集490组数据,测试集210组数
为了消除数据的量纲影响,在MATLAB软件中根据
(1) |
其中,xnew为归一化后参数值,x为当前参数值,u为样本数据的均值,s为样本数据的标准差。
利用Origin(OriginLab,美国)软件分析大口黑鲈体质量与各生长特征参数之间的相关性,选择与体质量相关性较高的生长特征参数作为输入变量,在MATLAB软件中利用训练集的490组数据分别建立大口黑鲈体质量的支持向量回归(SVR)、径向基神经网络(radial basis function,RBF)和随机森林回归(random forest,RF)预测模型,并用测试集210组数据对大口黑鲈体质量进行预测,将预测值和实测值进行线性拟合,采用决定系数
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
其中,n为数据集样本个数;为体质量的平均值,g;yi为实测体质量,g;fi为预测体质量,g。
2)大口黑鲈生长模型构建及生长特征参数分析。分别用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy 3种生长模
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
(10) |
(11) |
其中,K0为生长系数;Wt为t时刻的体质量,g;t0为假设的理论生长起点年龄,d;L∞为渐进体长,mm;W∞为渐进体质量,g;t为养殖时间,d;RSS为残差平方和;k为参数数量;n为样本数量;K为肥满度,g/c
大口黑鲈不同阶段的生长特征参数如
项目 Item | 体质量/g Body weight (X1) | 全长/mm Total length (X2) | 体长/mm Body length (X3) | 吻长/mm Snout length (X4) | 眼径/mm Eye diameter (X5) | 头长/mm Head length (X6) | 尾柄长/mm Caudal length (X7) | 头高/mm Head height (X8) | 体高/mm Body height (X9) | 尾柄高/mm Caudal stalk height (X10) | 体宽/mm Body width (X11) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
养殖时间/d Days of cultivation | |||||||||||
65 | 16.30±4.90 | 107.10±10.40 | 89.50±9.10 | 8.24±1.38 | 6.62±0.94 | 29.48±3.35 | 18.96±2.91 | 22.42±2.36 | 26.81±3.25 | 13.57±1.75 | 13.56±1.75 |
80 | 38.10±9.60 | 133.20±12.30 | 114.60±11.90 | 10.75±1.28 | 7.82±0.84 | 36.85±3.79 | 23.95±3.16 | 28.36±3.20 | 35.97±3.05 | 20.13±2.04 | 20.13±2.04 |
95 | 60.30±16.70 | 153.20±12.20 | 132.30±11.60 | 11.41±1.53 | 8.37±0.71 | 42.23±4.02 | 29.26±3.29 | 33.83±3.36 | 41.02±3.80 | 23.44±2.98 | 23.43±2.98 |
110 | 86.70±20.60 | 168.20±11.90 | 145.30±11.40 | 13.77±2.31 | 8.86±0.76 | 47.16±4.38 | 33.10±3.61 | 37.60±3.18 | 46.49±4.16 | 26.65±2.96 | 26.65±2.95 |
125 | 100.50±20.00 | 182.00±11.10 | 159.30±10.50 | 14.78±1.61 | 9.09±0.60 | 51.34±4.33 | 37.38±3.26 | 40.14±3.02 | 48.84±4.03 | 28.69±2.60 | 28.68±2.59 |
140 | 143.90±35.10 | 205.50±14.00 | 180.10±13.40 | 16.75±2.15 | 9.24±0.71 | 57.74±6.06 | 42.40±4.74 | 44.04±4.14 | 54.22±5.29 | 31.57±4.05 | 31.57±4.05 |
155 | 174.90±29.30 | 220.70±10.50 | 194.40±9.70 | 18.10±1.80 | 9.77±0.74 | 61.31±3.70 | 45.45±3.16 | 46.59±2.80 | 64.34±4.71 | 32.61±2.64 | 32.51±2.64 |
170 | 235.60±37.20 | 238.10±10.70 | 210.10±10.00 | 20.22±1.52 | 10.24±0.49 | 67.76±3.78 | 51.08±4.30 | 51.10±3.68 | 64.34±4.70 | 36.82±3.03 | 36.82±3.03 |
200 | 286.00±34.50 | 252.80±10.00 | 221.90±10.30 | 22.41±1.47 | 10.74±0.57 | 73.10±3.36 | 53.09±3.30 | 55.94±3.32 | 69.67±3.74 | 41.26±3.27 | 41.25±3.26 |
230 | 335.80±27.20 | 262.50±6.10 | 230.10±7.30 | 23.12±1.33 | 10.81±0.63 | 75.79±2.50 | 55.85±3.45 | 58.45±2.20 | 73.14±2.59 | 41.57±1.77 | 41.57±1.77 |
270 | 387.10±27.80 | 267.90±6.60 | 236.10±6.30 | 23.31±1.39 | 10.83±0.53 | 77.45±3.01 | 58.35±2.55 | 60.43±2.71 | 77.90±3.62 | 46.87±2.20 | 46.87±2.20 |
290 | 392.10±22.90 | 272.10±7.00 | 239.70±6.00 | 23.40±1.24 | 10.63±0.49 | 77.61±3.08 | 58.16±2.50 | 61.07±1.82 | 79.50±2.22 | 46.91±1.82 | 46.91±1.82 |
319 | 403.90±25.40 | 273.00±5.30 | 241.60±5.20 | 23.47±1.30 | 10.96±0.41 | 78.31±2.31 | 60.16±2.92 | 63.16±2.90 | 80.93±3.04 | 46.96±1.84 | 46.96±1.84 |
350 | 424.90±27.20 | 281.50±6.20 | 248.50±7.10 | 24.33±1.16 | 11.45±0.48 | 80.67±2.44 | 61.65±2.54 | 61.38±2.45 | 82.83±3.19 | 48.42±2.28 | 48.42±2.28 |
日均增长量 Daily increment | 1.40 | 0.61 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
相对增长率/% Relative growth rate | 2 506.74 | 162.83 | 177.65 | 195.26 | 72.96 | 173.64 | 225.15 | 173.77 | 280.95 | 256.81 | 254.72 |
大口黑鲈鱼生长特征参数之间的相关性分析结果如
参数Parameter | 体质量 X1 | 全长 X2 | 体长 X3 | 吻长 X4 | 眼径 X5 | 头长 X6 | 尾柄长 X7 | 头高 X8 | 体高 X9 | 尾柄高 X10 | 体宽 X11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
体质量X1 | |||||||||||
全长X2 |
0.95 | ||||||||||
体长X3 |
0.95 |
0.99 | |||||||||
吻长X4 |
0.93 |
0.97 |
0.97 | ||||||||
眼径X5 |
0.85 |
0.90 |
0.90 |
0.87 | |||||||
头长X6 |
0.95 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.97 |
0.90 | ||||||
尾柄长X7 |
0.94 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.95 |
0.88 |
0.97 | |||||
头高X8 |
0.64 |
0.67 |
0.67 |
0.65 |
0.61 |
0.66 |
0.66 | ||||
体高X9 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.97 |
0.95 |
0.89 |
0.97 |
0.97 |
0.66 | |||
尾柄高X10 |
0.95 |
0.97 |
0.97 |
0.95 |
0.89 |
0.97 |
0.96 |
0.65 |
0.98 | ||
体宽X11 |
0.96 |
0.97 |
0.97 |
0.94 |
0.88 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.66 |
0.98 |
0.97 |
注: ** 表示极显著(P<0.01)。Note: ** means extremely significant.
1)生长特征参数变化规律。大口黑鲈生长特征参数累计生长曲线如

图2 大口黑鲈生长特征参数累计生长曲线
Fig.2 Cumulative growth curve of largemouth bass growth characteristic parameters
对测得的大口黑鲈的体长、体质量用幂函数W=a

图3 大口黑鲈体长与体质量的关系
Fig.3 Relationship between body length and body weight of largemouth bass
2)生长模型的构建。分别用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz 3种生长模型拟合各生长特征参数累计生长曲线,拟合得到的生长模型参数结果如
生长特征参数 Growth characteristic parameter | 模型 Model | L∞ | K0 | t0 | AIC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
体质量X1 | Logistic | 415.56 | 0.025 2 | 166.36 | 0.996 | 65.82 |
Gompertz | 443.60 | 0.014 9 | 145.56 | 0.997 | 62.75 | |
Bertalanffy | 466.09 | 0.011 5 | 37.84 | 0.995 | 69.97 | |
全长X2 | Logistic | 278.56 | 0.019 6 | 87.14 | 0.996 | 39.10 |
Gompertz | 282.83 | 0.015 1 | 63.46 | 0.995 | 42.99 | |
Bertalanffy | 284.88 | 0.013 5 | -28.21 | 0.994 | 45.18 | |
体长X3 | Logistic | 245.23 | 0.020 2 | 89.66 | 0.996 | 37.34 |
Gompertz | 249.08 | 0.015 4 | 66.35 | 0.994 | 39.71 | |
Bertalanffy | 256.16 | 0.010 8 | 26.82 | 0.992 | 46.70 | |
吻长X4 | Logistic | 24.22 | 0.020 4 | 97.46 | 0.992 | -15.33 |
Gompertz | 24.67 | 0.015 1 | 73.27 | 0.988 | -9.61 | |
Bertalanffy | 24.90 | 0.013 4 | -19.91 | 0.986 | -7.49 | |
眼径X5 | Logistic | 11.11 | 0.017 6 | 36.80 | 0.973 | -36.45 |
Gompertz | 11.15 | 0.015 3 | 18.06 | 0.974 | -37.41 | |
Bertalanffy | 11.17 | 0.014 6 | -64.50 | 0.975 | -37.52 | |
头长X6 | Logistic | 80.14 | 0.019 8 | 91.15 | 0.996 | 5.65 |
Gompertz | 81.47 | 0.015 0 | 67.09 | 0.994 | 11.50 | |
Bertalanffy | 82.13 | 0.013 4 | -25.95 | 0.993 | 14.04 | |
尾柄长X7 | Logistic | 60.38 | 0.021 1 | 100.12 | 0.996 | 2.12 |
Gompertz | 61.60 | 0.015 5 | 76.67 | 0.996 | 1.69 | |
Bertalanffy | 62.22 | 0.013 7 | -14.67 | 0.995 | 3.56 | |
头高X8 | Logistic | 63.97 | 0.071 5 | 93.69 | 0.995 | 2.59 |
Gompertz | 65.30 | 0.013 2 | 67.30 | 0.996 | -2.12 | |
Bertalanffy | 65.96 | 0.011 8 | -38.02 | 0.996 | -2.75 | |
体高X9 | Logistic | 83.22 | 0.016 4 | 100.81 | 0.994 | 13.27 |
Gompertz | 85.49 | 0.012 0 | 72.28 | 0.996 | 9.31 | |
Bertalanffy | 86.65 | 0.010 6 | -44.94 | 0.996 | 8.69 | |
尾柄高X10 | Logistic | 30.26 | 0.018 3 | 92.51 | 0.994 | -16.23 |
Gompertz | 30.83 | 0.013 8 | 67.05 | 0.994 | -16.88 | |
Bertalanffy | 31.11 | 0.012 4 | -33.18 | 0.994 | -16.13 | |
体宽X11 | Logistic | 48.59 | 0.017 2 | 104.92 | 0.987 | 10.90 |
Gompertz | 49.84 | 0.012 7 | 77.32 | 0.990 | 7.35 | |
Bertalanffy | 50.48 | 0.011 2 | -34.35 | 0.991 | 6.29 |
注: L∞表示理论渐进生长值;K0表示生长系数;t0表示假设的理论生长起点年龄。Note: L∞ represents the theoretical asymptotic growth value; K0 represents the growth coefficient; t0 represents t assumed theoretical age at the start of growth.
为更直观地比较3种生长模型的拟合效果,将养殖时间代入生长模型方程式算出模型拟合值,将拟合值与实测值进行比较,采用平均绝对误差MAE和平均相对误差MRE进行评价。结果如
生长特征参数 Growth characteristic parameter | 平均绝对误差MAE | 平均相对误差 MRE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic | Gompertz | Bertalanffy | Logistic | Gompertz | Bertalanffy | |
体质量X1 | 6.731 3 g | 6.293 4 g | 8.745 1 g | 0.095 5 | 0.053 9 | 0.100 8 |
全长X2 | 2.648 9 mm | 3.028 4 mm | 3.253 4 mm | 0.013 7 | 0.014 8 | 0.016 1 |
体长X3 | 2.552 5 mm | 2.624 3 mm | 3.398 1 mm | 0.015 6 | 0.014 9 | 0.020 0 |
吻长X4 | 0.409 1 mm | 0.492 6 mm | 0.533 8 mm | 0.024 0 | 0.030 3 | 0.033 2 |
眼径X5 | 0.191 2 mm | 0.187 9 mm | 0.186 5 mm | 0.020 5 | 0.019 9 | 0.019 7 |
头长X6 | 0.882 8 mm | 1.022 9 mm | 1.109 1 mm | 0.015 3 | 0.017 4 | 0.019 2 |
尾柄长X7 | 0.702 5 mm | 0.581 8 mm | 0.598 2 mm | 0.015 5 | 0.013 4 | 0.014 5 |
头高X8 | 0.753 7 mm | 0.684 3 mm | 0.657 6 mm | 0.019 0 | 0.016 3 | 0.015 2 |
体高X9 | 1.033 7 mm | 0.929 9 mm | 0.902 4 mm | 0.023 5 | 0.020 6 | 0.019 5 |
尾柄高X10 | 0.941 7 mm | 0.865 3 mm | 0.851 4 mm | 0.037 5 | 0.032 7 | 0.031 2 |
体宽X11 | 0.370 6 mm | 0.338 6 mm | 0.336 1 mm | 0.019 6 | 0.016 8 | 0.016 0 |
生长模型方程都是积分曲线,仅反映生长过程的总和,为进一步探究鱼类生长过程变化特征,分别对生长模型方程进行一次微分得到生长速度,分别如

图4 大口黑鲈体质量、体长和全长的生长速度与养殖时间的关系
Fig.4 Relationship between the growth rate of largemouth bass body weight, body length and total length and cultivation time

图5 大口黑鲈除体质量、全长和体长外其他生长特征参数的生长速度与养殖时间的关系
Fig.5 Relationship between the growth rate of largemouth bass except body weight, total length and body length and cultivation time
大口黑鲈肥满度随养殖时间的变化曲线如

图6 大口黑鲈肥满度与养殖时间的关系
Fig.6 Relationship between fertility and cultivation time of largemouth bass
各生长特征参数均与体质量有较高的相关性,均作为输入变量,分别建立基于支持向量回归(SVR)、径向基神经网络(RBF)和随机森林回归(RF)的体质量预测模型,3种预测模型预测结果如
模型 Model | 决定系数 | 均方根误差RMSE | 平均绝对误差/g MAE | 平均相对误差MRE |
---|---|---|---|---|
支持向量回归SVR | 0.996 | 9.004 | 6.598 | 0.039 |
径向基神经网络RBF | 0.993 | 11.885 | 8.206 | 0.062 |
随机森林回归RF | 0.995 | 10.171 | 7.042 | 0.041 |
为直观比较3种模型的预测结果,分别以实测值为横坐标,模型预测值为纵坐标绘制了散点图,建立预测值与实测值一元线性回归方程(

图7 大口黑鲈体质量实测值与各模型预测值比较
Fig.7 Comparison between the measured body mass of largemouth bass and the predicted value of each model
A: SVM模型 SVM model;B: RBF模型 RBF model;C: RF模型Random forest model.
在鱼类研究中鱼类体长与体质量的关系常用幂函数方程来表达:W=a
鱼类的生长发育受到遗传、环境和营养水平等多种因素的影响,在同一个地区鱼类养殖方式基本固定,并且来自遗传和环境的影响相对稳定,生长规律也会相对稳
肥满度又称为条件系数,是反映鱼类营养状况和生理健康的重要指标,可用于分析鱼体型肥瘦程度与饲养条件下个体营养吸收状
本研究生长特征参数与体质量相关性分析结果表明,大口黑鲈各生长特征参数与体质量均呈极显著相关性。何小燕
在鱼体质量预测研究中,主要通过建立各生长参数与体质量的一元或多元回归模型,实现对体质量的预
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