摘要
为研发大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)优质配合饲料,以初始体质量(50.78±1.15) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼为研究对象,设置对照组鱼粉含量为30%,在对照组的基础上使用豆粕分别替代25%、50%和75%鱼粉记为D25、D50和D75处理组,并在3种豆粕替代基础上添加0.05%丁酸梭菌设计D25+C、D50+C和D75+C 3个处理组,共计7种试验饲料,进行为期8周的饲喂试验,研究豆粕替代鱼粉并添加益生菌后鱼体的生长和抗氧化能力差异。结果显示:豆粕替代25%鱼粉时大口黑鲈的生长性能、体组成和抗氧化能力均未出现显著差异。但替代比例达到50%后大口黑鲈的增重率和特定增长率均显著降低,饲料系数显著升高,肝脏和血清总抗氧化能力、活性氧和超氧化物歧化酶均发生显著变化。然而,在替代50%鱼粉的基础上添加丁酸梭菌组与对照相比,增重率、特定增长率、活性氧和超氧化物歧化酶均无显著差异。当替代水平达到75%时添加丁酸梭菌与未添加组相比大口黑鲈的生长性能和抗氧化性能得到改善,但仍显著低于对照组。结果表明添加0.05%的丁酸梭菌可改善豆粕替代鱼粉比例达到50%对大口黑鲈生长性能和抗氧化能力造成的负面影响。
随着水产养殖技术和经济效益的不断提升,我国对鱼粉的需求量也越来越高,已成为鱼粉进口量最大的国
大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)因具有生长速度快、适应低温、营养物质含量高等优点,在我国广泛养
以鱼粉、鸡肉粉和豆粕为蛋白源,高筋面粉作为碳水化合物设计饲料,试验饲料配方如
项目 Item | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
组成成分 Ingredients | |||||||
| 30.00 | 22.50 | 15.00 | 7.50 | 22.50 | 15.00 | 7.50 |
| 18.00 | 29.40 | 40.80 | 52.20 | 29.40 | 40.80 | 52.20 |
| 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 8.00 |
| 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 4.05 |
羧甲基纤维素 CMC | 17.45 | 11.65 | 5.85 | 0.05 | 11.60 | 5.80 | 0 |
豆油 Soybean oil | 4.50 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 6.00 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 6.00 |
| 10.00 | 11.40 | 12.80 | 14.20 | 11.40 | 12.80 | 14.20 |
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
三氧化二铬 Cr2O3 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum | — | — | — | — | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
抗氧化剂 Antioxidant | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
防霉剂 Antiseptic | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
甜菜碱 Betaine | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
海藻酸钠 Sodium alginate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
营养成分 Proximate analysis | |||||||
粗蛋白 Crude protein | 45.33 | 45.23 | 45.20 | 45.17 | 45.31 | 45.55 | 45.49 |
粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 13.08 | 13.12 | 13.04 | 13.20 | 13.31 | 13.17 | 13.26 |
粗灰分 Ash | 9.85 | 10.11 | 9.98 | 10.78 | 10.12 | 9.99 | 10.29 |
注: 自然贮存条件下
大口黑鲈购自湖北黄优源渔业发展有限公司,试验于华中农业大学水产基地的玻璃养殖缸(60 cm×80 cm×60 cm)中进行。玻璃缸清洗并用高锰酸钾浸泡消毒后,注入新水,每个养殖缸放置1个充气石,增气泵24 h持续增氧,采用静水养殖。养殖过程管理与同一课题组桂聪
8周试验结束后,将鱼禁食24 h,使用MS-222溶液进行麻醉处理,记录每个缸中鱼体终末体质量、存活数,并测量体长。每个玻璃缸随机选取3尾鱼作为全鱼样放入-80 ℃冰箱冷冻保存。再挑选3尾鱼无菌操作下尾静脉采血后分离出内脏和肝脏并称质量、计算形体学指标,其余供试鱼取肝脏及肌肉组织液氮速冻后放入-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于抗氧化酶活性和常规营养成分的检测。血液样品在37 ℃恒温水浴30 min,3 000 r/min离心15 min,分离出血清,-80 ℃冰箱保存用于检测抗氧化酶活性。
试验结束后对大口黑鲈末体质量(final weight, FBW)、增重率(weight gain rate, WGR)、特定生长率(special growth rate, SGR)、饲料系数(feed conversion ratio, FCR)、存活率(survival rate, SR)、脏体比(viscerosomatic index, VSI)、肝体比(hepatosomatic index, HSI)、肥满度(condition factor, CF)、摄食量(feed intake, FI)等指标参数进行测定,各指标具体的计算方法参考桂聪
将恒温烘箱设定在105 ℃测定饲料、全鱼和肌肉中的水分含量,样品酸化消煮后使用全自动凯氏定氮分析仪测定粗蛋白含量,粗脂肪使用索氏抽提法测定,马弗炉550 ℃高温灼烧测定粗灰分。选取一定量的肝脏组织加入预冷生理盐水以体积比1∶9制成匀浆,4 ℃下3 000 r/min离心10 min,取离心后上层清液,按一定比例稀释后用于后续抗氧化指标活性分析。血清和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(A001-3)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(A007-1-1)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(A015-2-1)、丙二醛(MDA)含量(A003-1)、活性氧(ROS)水平(E004-1)测定采用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒,具体测定方法见试剂盒说明书。
由
指标 Index | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
初体质量/g IBW | 50.91±0.81 | 50.56±0.39 | 50.78±1.72 | 50.87±0.31 | 50.69±2.09 | 50.89±1.90 | 50.80±1.90 |
末体质量/g FBW | 119.86±3.18a | 117.48±3.59ab | 114.32±1.28bc | 112.71±2.67c | 118.22±1.84ab | 117.96±0.64ab | 114.91±2.61bc |
增重率/% WGR | 135.41±1.29a | 130.03±3.71ab | 124.61±2.12bc | 122.89±2.44c | 130.45±4.73ab | 130.04±3.89ab | 124.61±2.63bc |
特定增长率/(%/d) SGR | 1.53±0.05a | 1.51±0.02a | 1.45±0.03bc | 1.42±0.04c | 1.50±0.03a | 1.48±0.03ab | 1.45±0.02bc |
饲料系数FCR | 1.60±0.07c | 1.68±0.02bc | 1.73±0.02ab | 1.82±0.03a | 1.66±0.04bc | 1.67±0.06bc | 1.76±0.06ab |
摄食量/(g/尾) FI | 109.97±1.58 | 112.86±1.14 | 112.59±6.07 | 112.59±6.07 | 111.98±3.61 | 112.13±0.63 | 112.78±4.81 |
存活率/% SR | 100.00±0.00 | 98.33±2.89 | 98.33±2.89 | 96.66±5.77 | 100.00±0.00 | 98.33±2.89 | 98.33±2.89 |
注: 每行数据后不同字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。下同。Note: Different letters after each row of data represent significantly different (P<0.05). The same as below. IBW:初体质量Initial weight;FBW:末体质量Final weight;WGR:增重率Weight gain rate;SGR:特定生长率Special growth rate;FCR:饲料系数Feed conversion ratio;FI:摄食量Feed intake;SR:存活率Survival rate.
由
项目 Item | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
全鱼 Whole fish | 水分 Moisture | 74.97±0.17 | 74.93±0.20 | 74.92±0.13 | 74.97±0.10 | 75.00±0.08 | 74.83±0.12 | 75.06±0.17 |
粗蛋白 Crude protein | 16.55±0.18 | 16.45±0.29 | 16.19±0.31 | 16.11±0.12 | 16.50±0.12 | 16.33±0.49 | 16.35±0.13 | |
粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 5.26±0.21 | 5.21±0.14 | 5.16±0.21 | 5.13±0.15 | 5.24±0.03 | 5.19±0.14 | 5.14±0.20 | |
粗灰分 Ash | 3.03±0.10 | 3.08±0.05 | 3.11±0.06 | 3.14±0.06 | 3.04±0.09 | 3.02±0.04 | 3.11±0.05 | |
肌肉 Muscle | 水分 Moisture | 78.76±0.41 | 78.75±0.29 | 79.12±1.68 | 79.01±0.82 | 78.84±0.51 | 78.82±0.51 | 78.45±0.33 |
粗蛋白 Crude protein | 18.49±0.33 | 18.36±0.12 | 18.12±1.20 | 18.01±0.23 | 18.40±0.25 | 18.31±0.18 | 18.28±0.20 | |
粗脂肪 Crude lipid | 1.25±0.01 | 1.27±0.01 | 1.23±0.10 | 1.26±0.06 | 1.27±0.02 | 1.26±0.03 | 1.29±0.01 | |
粗灰分 Ash | 1.24±0.04 | 1.25±0.03 | 1.26±0.09 | 1.27±0.07 | 1.25±0.03 | 1.26±0.03 | 1.30±0.03 |
由
指标 Index | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
肥满度/(g/c | 1.51±0.06 | 1.49±0.02 | 1.47±0.02 | 1.44±0.04 | 1.49±0.01 | 1.48±0.04 | 1.47±0.06 |
脏体比/% Viscerosomatic index | 6.54±0.58 | 6.05±0.21 | 5.91±0.97 | 5.89±0.23 | 6.09±0.29 | 6.03±0.26 | 5.99±0.27 |
肝体比/% Hepatosomatic index | 1.52±0.01 | 1.51±0.02 | 1.55±0.02 | 1.50±0.04 | 1.51±0.02 | 1.49±0.03 | 1.52±0.01 |
从
指标 Index | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
活性氧 ROS (of control) | 1.00±0.05b | 1.04±0.02b | 1.15±0.04a | 1.20±0.05a | 1.03±0.02b | 1.06±0.06b | 1.13±0.10a |
总抗氧化能力/(U/mg) T-AOC | 0.50±0.02a | 0. 48±0.01ab | 0.46±0.02b | 0.42±0.01c | 0.49±0.01a | 0.47±0.01ab | 0.43±0.01c |
过氧化氢酶/(U/mg) CAT | 10.95±0.19b | 11.28±0.47ab | 11.37±0.73ab | 12.18±0.86a | 11.25±0.32ab | 11.31±0.34ab | 12.03±0.51a |
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mg) SOD | 35.16±1.14a | 34.00±0.22a | 32.89±2.10ab | 31.13±0.91b | 34.24±0.81a | 33.35±1.55ab | 31.50±1.15b |
丙二醛/(nmol/mg) MDA | 2.13±0.46 | 2.22±0.15 | 2.23±0.09 | 2.29±0.15 | 2.18±0.01 | 2.21±0.11 | 2.24±0.12 |
由
指标 Index | 对照CK | D25 | D50 | D75 | D25+C | D50+C | D75+C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
活性氧ROS (of control) | 1.00±0.03c | 1.04±0.03bc | 1.13±0.06bc | 1.32±0.10a | 1.03±0.01c | 1.08±0.06bc | 1.14±0.10b |
总抗氧化能力/(U/mL) T-AOC | 0.65±0.02a | 0.63±0.01ab | 0.62±0.01b | 0.58±0.02c | 0.64±0.01ab | 0.63±0.01ab | 0.59±0.01c |
过氧化氢酶/(U/mL) CAT | 50.95±0.19b | 51.28±0.47ab | 51.37±0.73ab | 52.18±0.86a | 51.25±0.32ab | 51.31±0.34ab | 52.03±0.51a |
超氧化物歧化酶/(U/mL) SOD | 85.27±1.14a | 81.78±3.42ab | 77.33±0.87bc | 75.24±2.00c | 82.01±3.05ab | 80.80±3.82ab | 75.49±2.20c |
丙二醛/(nmol/mL) MDA | 37.13±0.47 | 37.22±0.15 | 37.23±0.09 | 37.28±0.15 | 37.18±0.14 | 37.21±0.10 | 37.24±0.19 |
本研究结果显示,豆粕替代25%的鱼粉时,大口黑鲈的生长性能和饲料利用率未被显著影响,但豆粕替代水平达到50%后,大口黑鲈生长性能明显降低。其他鱼类也有类似报道,王赛
饲料营养组成和原料的不同,会对养殖对象的形态学指标和机体营养成分造成一定的影响。有研究显示,日本尖吻鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus
豆粕在抵抗动物机体对其消化吸收的同时,也可能通过降低机体抗氧化能力而影响动物生长。抗氧化酶系统是当机体受到外界刺激后发生氧化反应进行调控的防御机制。常见的抗氧化酶系统中SOD和CAT起着重要作用,SOD可以对自由基进行清除以及抑制自由基的连锁反
丁酸梭菌不仅可保护或增强肠道吸收功能,还可能通过提高机体抗氧化能力从而抵抗豆粕对机体产生的氧化胁迫进而维持动物健康生长。在豆粕替代鱼粉的基础上添加丁酸梭菌,大口黑鲈的抗氧化能力得到明显改善,尤其当替代比例达到50%时,添加丁酸梭菌相比于对照组无显著差异。但当豆粕替代水平为75%时大口黑鲈的抗氧化性能虽得到改善但仍显著低于对照组。而将益生菌添加到日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus
综上所述,豆粕可能通过影响肠道对饲料营养物质的消化吸收,降低机体抗氧化性能进而抑制动物机体生长,丁酸梭菌在保护肠道吸收功能及增强氧化应激能力方面发挥作用进而改善动物生长性能。在本研究条件下,50%豆粕替代鱼粉的饲料中添加0.05%的丁酸梭菌,可维持大口黑鲈的健康生长,降低饲料成本。
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