摘要
为明确百合(Lilium spp.)花朵衰老发生的分子机制,在东方百合‘西伯利亚’(Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’)花被片中克隆了一个衰老相关基因LoENDONUCLEASE 1(SAG10),利用qRT-PCR进行基因表达分析,并通过农杆菌介导的拟南芥稳定表达系统和百合花被片瞬时表达体系验证LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因功能。结果显示,LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因开放阅读框(ORF)为921 bp,编码306个氨基酸;LoENDONUCLEASE 1在百合花朵和叶片的衰老过程中特异表达,且受到脱落酸和水杨酸的诱导;拟南芥过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1株系中叶片叶绿素含量显著低于对照株系,百合花被片中瞬时过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因加速了百合花被片的衰老,且过表达花被片中丙二醛和离子渗透率含量显著高于对照。结果表明,LoENDONUCLEASE 1具有促进花朵和叶片衰老的功能。
百合(Lilium spp.)为百合科(Liliaceae)百合属(Lilium)球根花卉,具有很高的观赏价值和商业价值,在全球鲜切花市场中占有非常重要的地
花朵的衰老主要表现为花瓣的萎蔫、脱落和褪色,是一个不可逆但可以调节的过
在衰老过程中,有一类和衰老过程密切相关的基因,统称为衰老相关基因(senescence-associated genes, SAGs
笔者所在课题组前期研究发现3个核酸酶基因SAG3、SAG10(LoENDONUCLEASE 1)和SAG11在百合花朵和叶片衰老过程中表达水平显著上升,其中LoENDONUCLEASE 1的差异表达变化最为显
本试验所用新鲜的切花百合品种东方百合‘西伯利亚’购于武汉南湖花木城切花批发市场,1 h内运至实验室,于水下修剪花枝茎秆至30 cm,去除茎基部的叶子,插入盛有蒸馏水的瓶中,使切花适应实验室内的温、湿度以及气压等环境条件,拟南芥野生型为实验室保存的哥伦比亚生态型Columbia-0。
为明确ABA和SA在百合花朵衰老过程中的功能,使用100 mg/L的ABA和200 mg/L的SA对百合盛开期开放程度一致的百合花朵进行瓶插24 h处理,清水处理为对照,每个样品3次生物学重复。取处理后的花被片,液氮速冻后保存于-80 ℃超低温冰箱备用。
使用RNA提取试剂盒(CW0581M,康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司)提取百合不同开放时期花朵和拟南芥叶片的RNA,使用反转录试剂盒(AE311,北京全式金生物技术有限公司)合成cDNA。以百合LoActin和拟南芥AtActin作为内参基
参考笔者所在课题组前期已发表的百合转录组数
引物名称 Primers | 序列 Sequences (5′―3′) | 用途 Usage |
---|---|---|
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 qRT F | GCATCCCTAATCTTACTCCACCTTG |
表达分析 Expression analysis |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 qRT R | GCACTGGCAGACTACTACGGG | |
LoActin F | GGTTGGGATGGGTCAGAAAG | |
LoActin R | TGTACGACCACTGGCATACAGG | |
AtActin F | GAAGTACAGTGTCTGGATCGGTG | |
AtActin R | GGAAATGAAACAAACAAATGGAG | |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 ORF F | ATGTATTCATTTTCAACCATCTCCG |
ORF序列扩增 ORF amplification |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 ORF R | TCAGGTTGGTGGCGGTATTTC | |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 重组 F |
CTGCAGGGGCCCGGGGTCGAC ATGTATTCATTTTCAACCATCTCCG |
过表达载体构建 Overexpression vector construction |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 重组 R |
GCCCTTGCTCACCATGGTACC GGTTGGTGGCGGTATTTCC | |
Super F | GGATAAATAGCCTTGCTTCC |
转基因苗阳性检测 Detection of transgenic plants |
LoENDONUCLEASE 1 R1 | ATGGCAGTCTCTTGTGTAATCG |
利用NCBI中的BLASTP在线工具对LoENDONUCLEASE 1的蛋白序列与其他物种进行比对分析,使用MEGA X软件中的邻接法比对LoENDONUCLEASE 1及其同源蛋白序列,并构建系统进化树。
叶绿素含量测定参照Chen
将Super1300-LoENDONUCLEASE 1转入农杆菌GV3101,取阳性菌过夜培养后离心集菌,重悬于侵染液中(10 mmol/L 2-吗啉乙磺酸,10 mmol/L MgCl2,20 μmol/L 乙酰丁香酮,pH=5.6),调OD600值至0.8。取盛花期的花被片,使用打孔器制备直径为12 mm的百合花被片,浸泡在去离子水里备用。采用真空抽吸法侵染‘西伯利亚’百合花朵圆片,强度为0.07 MPa。侵染后将圆片用去离子水洗涤3次后置于湿润滤纸上,8 ℃暗培养3 d后取出正常培养(此时记为0 d)。培养条件为:光照强度5 000 lx;光照/黑暗时间10 h/14 h;温度白天23 ℃/夜间20 ℃;相对空气湿度60 %,每隔2 d拍照记录取样。
取处理后的花被片0.2 g,浸没于装有20 mL蒸馏水中,200 r/min,25 ℃摇床培养30 min。在23 ~25 ℃恒温条件下用电导仪(DDSJ-308A)测定浸泡液初始电导率,煮沸冷却后测定总电导率,每个样品3次生物学重复。
计算公
参考王学奎的硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)
称取0.2 g(m)新鲜样品研磨至粉末,加入2 mL 5% 三氯乙酸(TCA),震荡混匀,用TCA定容至5 mL,5 000 r/min,4 ℃离心10 min,测量上清提取液体积(V);吸取2 mL(V1)上清提取液,加入3 mL 0.5% TBA,混合后煮沸冷却,5 000 r/min,4 ℃离心10 min,测量上清液体积(V2),分别在450、532、600 nm波长下测定吸光值,每个处理3次生物学重复。
计算公式:CMDA=[(6.45×(A532-A600)-0.56×A450)×V2×V]/(V1×m)。
笔者所在课题组前期分析了11个SAG基因在百合花朵开放不同时期、根茎叶花不同器官中的表达模式,结果表明SAG10基因在百合花朵和叶片衰老过程中表达量急剧上

图1 100 mg/L ABA和200 mg/L SA处理后SAG10的表达分析
Fig.1 The expression of SAG10 in ABA and SA-treated lily flowers
*表示在0.05水平上差异显著。下同。* indicates the significant difference at 0.05 level. The same as follows.
基于课题组三代转录组测序结果,设计SAG10 ORF区引物(

图2 LoENDONUCLEASE 1的系统进化分析
Fig.2 Phylogenetic analysis of LoENDONUCLEASE 1
利用同源重组法构建LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因过表达载体,转化农杆菌GV3101,使用花序浸润法将Super1300-LoENDONUCLEASE 1载体转化拟南芥野生型,经过卡那霉素筛选,获得8个T1代LoENDONUCLEASE 1转基因阳性株系(

图3 LoENDONUCLEASE 1转基因拟南芥阳性系的鉴定及表型分析
Fig.3 Identification and phenotypic analysis of LoENDONUCLEASE 1 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana positive lines
A:转基因阳性系PCR检测结果(M:2 000 bp marker,1-8:阳性系检测);B:拟南芥转基因阳性系表型。A:PCR results of transgenic positive lines (M:2 000 bp marker, 1-8:Positive lines detection); B:Phenotype of Arabidopsis transgenic positive lines.
利用qRT-PCR检测异源过表达拟南芥中LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因的表达情况,结果显示,过表达转基因株系中LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因的表达水平极显著高于对照(

图4 转基因拟南芥中LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因表达分析与叶绿素含量测定
Fig.4 Gene expression analysis and chlorophyll content determination in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing LoENDONUCLEASE 1 gene
1:Super1300 T3-3-9-2;2:LoENDNUCLEASE 1 OE T4-1-3-1-6;3:LoENDNUCLEASE 1 OE T4-1-3-4-9。A:LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因表达量;B:叶片中叶绿素含量。**表示在0.01水平上差异显著。下同。A: Expression analysis of LoENDONUCLEASE 1 gene; B: Chlorophyll content in leaves. ** indicates highly significant difference at 0.01 level. The same as follows.
将携带有绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因过表达载体瞬时转化百合花被圆片,检测LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因的表达情况。结果显示(

图5 LoENDONUCLEASE 1过表达百合花被片中GFP荧光观察
Fig.5 Observation of GFP fluorescence in LoENDONUCLEASE 1 overexpressed lily tepal discs
A:未侵染花被圆片;B:转Super1300空载对照;C:LoENDONUCLEASE 1过表达百合花被片;GFP荧光图与同视角明场,3次生物学重复。A: Un-infiltrated tepal discs; B: Super1300 empty vector; C: LoENDONUCLEASE 1 overexpressed lily tepals; GFP fluorescence diagram and bright field from the same perspective, three biological repeats.
百合花被片中瞬时过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因的表型结果显示,过表达0 d时,百合花被片均未出现明显表型变化,2 d后LoENDONUCLEASE 1过表达花被片衰老程度明显加快(

图6 东方百合‘西伯利亚’花被片中过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1的表型分析和生理指标测定
Fig.6 Phenotype analysis and physiological index determination of LoENDONUCLEASE 1 overexpressed in tepal discs of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’
A:百合‘西伯利亚’花被片中过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1的表型分析;B:过表达材料中LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因的表达;C:MDA含量;D:离子渗透率。A: Phenotypic analysis of overexpressed LoENDONUCLEASE 1 in tepal discs of Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Siberia’; B: The expression changes of LoENDONUCLEASE 1 gene in overexpressed materials; C: MDA content; D: Ion leakage rate.
植物衰老是植物细胞受内外因素影响使其植物器官失去细胞分裂能力并逐渐死亡的一个自然过程,通常伴随着营养物质的循环再利用。目前大部分研究集中在叶片的衰老上。例如,植物营养生长期间,在营养缺乏或中度胁迫下,老叶开始衰老,使植物能够利用有限的营养维持幼嫩组织的生长或抵抗环境胁
百合切花的衰老表现为花被片的萎蔫和脱落,以及叶片的黄化和脱落。花和叶在植物生长发育过程中发挥不同功能,但其衰老机制具有一定的相似性,例如乙烯、脱落酸等激素信号的调节、活性氧类的积累以及生物大分子的降解等生物学过程在花朵和叶片的衰老过程中均有发
本研究中筛选到响应脱落酸和水杨酸,并在百合花朵和叶片衰老过程中高表达的衰老相关基因LoENDONUCLEASE 1,该基因与拟南芥BFN1(At1G11190)同源,是百合中鉴定到的首个核酸酶基因。进一步通过对LoENDONUCLEASE 1的功能研究发现,过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1促进了转基因拟南芥叶片的衰老和百合花被片的衰老,表明百合LoENDONUCLEASE 1具有促进植株花朵和叶片衰老的功能。本研究将为进一步了解百合花朵衰老发生的相关分子机制和延缓百合切花衰老奠定理论基础。但LoENDONUCLEASE 1作为重要的核酸酶,其具体作用于哪些核酸的降解,目前还不明确,有待进一步研究。
参考文献References
HU Z H,TANG B,WU Q,et al.Transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals a difference in monoterpene biosynthesis between scented Lilium ‘Siberia’ and unscented Lilium ‘Novano’[J/OL].Frontiers in plant science,2017,8:1351 [2022-10-11].https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01351. [百度学术]
陆继亮,何燕红.中国鲜切花行情运行规律及展望[J].湖北农业科学,2021,60(20):196-200.LU J L,HE Y H.Operation rules and prospects of cut flower market in China[J].Hubei agricultural sciences,2021,60(20):196-200 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
沈颖鸣,周正,孙吉红,等.云南省鲜切花产业问题及对策研究[J].经济师,2022(4):151-152.SHEN Y M,ZHOU Z,SUN J H,et al.Study on the problems and countermeasures of fresh cut flowers industry in Yunnan Province[J].China economist,2022(4):151-152 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
熊翼,张义云.百合鲜切花的开发前景和优质高产栽培技术初探[J].农业科技与信息,2016(32):89-90.XIONG Y,ZHANG Y Y.Preliminary study on the development prospect and high quality and high yield cultivation techniques of fresh cut lily flowers[J].Agricultural science-technology and information,2016(32):89-90 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
吴中军,郑书虹,夏晶晖.切花百合采后衰老研究进展[J].重庆文理学院学报,2013,32(5):80-84.WU Z J,ZHENG S H,XIA J H.Research progress in postharvest senescence of cut lily flowers[J].Journal of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,2013,32(5):80-84 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
TAKAHASHI S,YOSHIDA C,TAKAHASHI H,et al.Isolation and functional analysis of EPHEMERAL1-LIKE (EPH1L) genes involved in flower senescence in cultivated Japanese gentians[J/OL].International journal of molecular sciences,2022,23(10):5608 [2022-10-11].https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms23105608. [百度学术]
VAN DOORN W G,WOLTERING E J.Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence[J].Journal of experimental botany,2008,59(3):453-480. [百度学术]
TSANAKAS G F,MANIOUDAKI M E,ECONOMOU A S,et al.De novo transcriptome analysis of petal senescence in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis[J/OL].BMC genomics,2014,15(1):554 [2022-10-11].https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-554. [百度学术]
LUO J,CHEN S J,CAO S H,et al.Rose (Rosa hybrida) ethylene responsive factor 3 promotes rose flower senescence via direct activation of the abscisic acid synthesis-related 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE gene[J].Plant and cell physiology,2021,62(6):1030-1043. [百度学术]
MA N,MA C,LIU Y,et al.Petal senescence:a hormone view[J].Journal of experimental botany,2018,69(4):719-732. [百度学术]
JONES M L.Mineral nutrient remobilization during corolla senescence in ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive flowers[J/OL].AoB plants,2013,5:plt023 [2022-10-11].https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plt023. [百度学术]
VAN DER GRAAFF E,SCHWACKE R,SCHNEIDER A,et al.Transcription analysis of Arabidopsis membrane transporters and hormone pathways during developmental and induced leaf senescence[J].Plant physiology,2006,141(2):776-792. [百度学术]
GAN S S,AMASINO R M.Making sense of senescence (molecular genetic regulation and manipulation of leaf senescence)[J].Plant physiology,1997,113(2):313-319. [百度学术]
MI R J,ABOLE A K,CAO W G.Dissecting endonuclease and exonuclease activities in endonuclease V from Thermotoga maritima[J].Nucleic acids research,2011,39(2):536-544. [百度学术]
SAMEJIMA K,EARNSHAW W C.Trashing the genome:the role of nucleases during apoptosis[J].Nature reviews molecular cell biology,2005,6(9):677-688. [百度学术]
YE H,REN F,GUO H Y,et al.Identification of key genes and transcription factors in ageing Arabidopsis papilla cells by transcriptome analysis[J].Plant physiology and biochemistry,2020,147:1-9. [百度学术]
PANAVAS T,PIKULA A,REID P D,et al.Identification of senescence-associated genes from daylily petals[J].Plant molecular biology,1999,40(2):237-248. [百度学术]
NARUMI T,SUDO R,SATOH S.Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding a putative nuclease related to petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,2006,75(4):323-327. [百度学术]
LANGSTON B J,BAI S Y,JONES M L.Increases in DNA fragmentation and induction of a senescence-specific nuclease are delayed during corolla senescence in ethylene-insensitive (etr1-1) transgenic petunias[J].Journal of experimental botany,2005,56(409):15-23. [百度学术]
LUO J,LI R R,XU X T,et al.SMRT and illumina RNA sequencing and characterization of a key NAC gene LoNAC29 during the flower senescence in Lilium oriental ‘Siberia’[J/OL].Genes,2021,12(6):869 [2022-10-11].https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12060869. [百度学术]
LIVAK K J,SCHMITTGEN T D.Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the
ZHANG X R,HENRIQUES R,LIN S S,et al.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana using the floral dip method[J].Nature protocols,2006,1(2):641-646. [百度学术]
张强,黄卓然,胡康龙,等.过表达大豆类受体蛋白激酶基因RLPK2促进转基因拟南芥叶片的衰老[J].广西植物,2022,42(5):729-737.ZHANG Q,HUANG Z R,HU K L,et al.Over expressionn of soybean receptor-like protein kinase RLPK2 gene from Glycine max promotes transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana leaf senescence[J].Guihaia,2022,42(5):729-737 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
CHEN S J,WANG H,LI R R,et al.Characterization of CmMYC2 in formation of green color in ray florets of Chrysanthemum[J].Acta horticulturae sinica,2022,49(11):2377-2387. [百度学术]
王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.WANG X K.Principles and techniques of plant physiological biochemical experiment[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006 (in Chinese). [百度学术]
ZHANG N N,ZOU H,LIN X Y,et al.Hydrogen sulfide and rhizobia synergistically regulate nitrogen (N) assimilation and remobilization during N deficiency-induced senescence in soybean[J].Plant,cell & environment,2020,43(5):1130-1147. [百度学术]
BATTELLI R,LOMBARDI L,ROGERS H J,et al.Changes in ultrastructure,protease and caspase-like activities during flower senescence in Lilium longiflorum[J].Plant science,2011,180(5):716-725. [百度学术]
WANG T,SUN Z,WANG S Q,et al.DcWRKY33 promotes petal senescence in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by activating genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and abscisic acid and accumulation of reactive oxygen species[J].The plant journal,2023,113(4):698-715. [百度学术]
MENG L,YANG H P,XIANG L,et al.NAC transcription factor TgNAP promotes tulip petal senescence[J].Plant physiology,2022,190(3):1960-1977. [百度学术]
WOO H R,KIM H J,LIM P O,et al.Leaf senescence:systems and dynamics aspects[J].Annual review of plant biology,2019,70:347-376. [百度学术]
FARAGE-BARHOM S,BURD S,SONEGO L,et al.Expression analysis of the BFN1 nuclease gene promoter during senescence,abscission,and programmed cell death-related processes[J].Journal of experimental botany,2008,59(12):3247-3258. [百度学术]
CANETTI L,LOMANIEC E,ELKIND Y,et al.Nuclease activities associated with dark-induced and natural leaf senescence in parsley[J].Plant science,2002,163(4):873-880. [百度学术]