摘要
为提升湖北地区‘鸡尾’葡萄柚品质,以‘鸡尾’葡萄柚为材料,研究设施栽培和露天栽培(CK)模式下果实品质的差异。结果显示:设施栽培下‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果实单果质量、横纵径、果形指数大于CK,果皮硬度在果实发育过程中差异不显著,花后227 d设施栽培和露天栽培果皮硬度出现显著性差异;设施栽培可显著提高果实可溶性固形物含量至10.43%,可滴定酸、Vc含量高于露天栽培;通过GC-MS测定发现,设施栽培可提升果实蔗糖含量至49.63 mg/g;实时荧光定量PCR分析发现设施栽培可能通过上调CsSPS2、CsSUS2和CsSUS4的表达水平来提高果实中蔗糖的含量。结果表明设施栽培可以提高‘鸡尾’葡萄柚的果实品质。
‘鸡尾’葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi Macf.)由暹罗甜柚(Siamese Sweet pummelo)和弗鲁亚橘(Frua mandarin)杂交而
试验材料种植在武汉市江夏区金口街雷岭村,土壤类型为红壤,pH值为6.26。处理1:设施栽培(protected cultivation,PC):大棚高3 m,跨度4 m,单层薄膜;处理2:选择设施栽培旁边露天栽培的‘鸡尾’葡萄柚作为对照(CK),采用同等管理措施。选取6株长势一致、5年生的‘鸡尾’葡萄柚为试验材料,分别于花后203、214、227、240、256 d从每株树随机挑选9个大小一致、生长良好的果实作为样品。
采用电子天平称果实质量。用游标卡尺测量横、纵径并计算果形指数。将每个处理的9个果实各取一半榨汁过滤混合后,用PAL-1手持折光测糖仪(Atago,Japan)测定可溶性固形物含量;可滴定酸含量测定:吸取0.306 mL果汁稀释于30 mL蒸馏水中混匀后滴入GMK-835F水果酸度计(G-WON,South Korea)进行测定。维生素C(Vc)含量的测定采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定
‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果肉总RNA使用PLANT pure通用植物总RNA快速提取试剂盒(Aidlab,北京)提取。用HiScript ⅢRT SuperMix for qPCR(+gDNA wiper)合成cDNA后,之后用Nanodrop 1000紫外分光光度计(Thermo Scientific)测定其浓度,并将质量浓度调到200 ng/μL后保存于-20 ℃。采用ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix(ABI,美国)配制实时荧光定量PCR反应体系,用QuantStudio 7 Flex system(Applied Biosystems,美国)进行PCR反应。采用
基因名称 Gene name | 引物序列Sequence(5'-3') | 序列ID或文献Sequence ID or reference | |
---|---|---|---|
正向引物Forward primer | 反向引物Reverse primer | ||
SUS1 | GGATTTATGAAAGGTACACCTGGAA | GGGTCTCACGCCTCTCAAGT | Cs5g33470.1 |
SUS2 | TAGCTGGGGTTTATGGCTTCTG | GACGGACTTTGCCAGATCAC | Cs9g03980.1 |
SUS3 | TTGAACAAGGGGCAGAAACT | TGACTGCTGGCTCTGACATT | Cs6g15930.1 |
SUS4 | CAAACAAAGTGCTGAACATGGGA | CAGGTTGCTGGGATTCAACTG | Cs5g16700.1 |
SUS5 | TGCTGAAAGACCGCAACAAG | TCCTATCACCACCCACTACG | Cs4g06850.1 |
SUS6 | GAGTGGAGTGTATGGCTTCTG | TCTGAACCTGCTTGCGATACA | Cs4g06900.1 |
SPS1 | GCGACAAAAACGAAGGTGGTA | AACATACTTCCGCCTCCTCAA | Cs7g05690.1 |
SPS2 | TATTGGATGCGGGAAGTGGC | TTCACGAGTATTCCTTGTTGCT | Cs4g05380.1 |
SPS3 | AGAGGCAGCTCAGAGAATGG | TCCCCTTTTTCTCCCTCAGAC | Cs5g19060.1 |
SPS4 | GCTTAGGCTCTCTGTGGATGG | GCCTCAACATGGGATACTTGC | orange1.1t03668.1 |
PEPC1 | TGGATCCAGGGGACTCCAT | TTTGATCCTTCGACGGTGGG | orange1.1g002089m |
PEPC2 | GGCATGCAAAACACTGGTTA | CATGTTCATTACGGCTTGGA | orange1.1g002112m |
PEPC3 | GAACAATGACGGACACAACG | TGGACTCGCTTCCAACTTCT | orange1.1g001537m |
CS1 | GGTGCCCCCAATATTAACAA | AGAGCTCGGTCCCATATCAA | orange1.1g012107m |
CS2 | ACTGGTGTATGGATGCGACA | TCTTCGTCTTGTGGCATTTG | orange1.1g010304m |
Aco1 | TGAGAGATTTAGTATTGATCT | AACTCTCACATTTTACAACCG |
[ |
Aco2 | GGCAATGATGAAGTGATGGCT | GTTGGAACATGGACCGTCTTT |
[ |
Aco3 | TCCTCCATTAGTTGTTGCT | CATGTCAGGTAAGACGCTAG |
[ |
GAD1 | TTGTCTGGAGGACCAAAGATG | ATGGGCAGTTTTCGTGGATA | Cs5g16440.1 |
GAD2 | GAGGAGATAACAGAGACAAA | AACAAAGAGCCCATTCAGAT | orange1.1t01622.1 |
Actin | CCGACCGTATGAGCAAGGAAA | TTCCTGTGGACAATGGATGGA |
在花后203~256 d,设施栽培(PC)果实的单果质量、横径、纵径均大于CK,果形指数无明显变化。随着果实成熟,两者果实的硬度逐渐降低,但PC的果实硬度下降更快,在花后227 d存在显著差异,直至花后256 d,CK的平均果皮硬度为2 167.38 mm,PC平均果皮硬度为1 464.54 mm,CK果实硬度显著高于PC(
指标 Index | 处理 Treatment | 开花后时间/d Time post anthesis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
203 | 214 | 227 | 240 | 256 | ||
单果质量/g | CK | 413.50±32.87 | 450.64±25.12 | 480.00±18.26 | 502.84±42.35 | 525.18±32.86 |
Single fruit weight | PC | 440.10±23.58 | 467.14±32.09 | 497.78±20.96 | 528.13±43.03 | 557.84±39.14 |
横径/cm | CK | 96.28±3.99 | 102.77±4.68 | 105.75±3.88 | 104.30±4.00 | 105.38±1.87 |
Fruit diameter | PC | 99.60±3.81 | 101.66± 3.13 | 105.86±2.63 | 105.97±3.97 |
108.33±5.0 |
纵径/cm | CK | 91.82±4.27 | 91.75±5.22 | 95.19±2.43 | 95.75±1.69 | 98.43±3.95 |
Fruit length | PC | 92.30±3.27 | 92.76±5.06 | 97.00±3.02 |
99.13±1.2 | 101.89±4.60 |
果形指数 | CK | 0.92±0.01 | 0.90±0.02 | 0.88±0.04 | 0.91±0.03 | 0.91±0.04 |
Fruit shape index | PC | 0.89±0.01 | 0.92±0.04 | 0.89±0.04 | 0.93±0.06 | 0.91±0.04 |
果实硬度/(kg/c | CK | 2 392.00±244.24 | 2 503.92±297.93 | 2 280.60±398.85 | 2 050.48±218.57 | 2 167.38±319.20 |
Fruit hardness | PC | 2 464.03±238.91 | 2 599.22±365.11 |
1 976.02±437.0 |
1 851.23±322.1 |
1 464.54±286.2 |
亮度值 | CK | 55.55±0.96 | 58.71±0.50 | 63.34±0.87 | 69.50±2.11 | 63.92±0.98 |
The value of | PC |
60.29±1.2 |
53.90±1.5 | 64.97±1.29 | 72.63±1.20 |
65.70±0.1 |
红绿色度值 | CK | -4.19±1.05 | -0.49±0.80 | 8.9±0.90 | 16.09±1.54 | 17.07±0.72 |
The value of a | PC |
-1.56±0. | -1.62±0.92 | 8.35±0.71 | 16.08±0.32 |
14.07±0.7 |
黄蓝色度值 | CK | 47.73±1.92 | 49.29±0.93 | 52.79±2.39 | 68.79±3.81 | 53.99±0.79 |
The value of | PC |
41.96±1.3 | 57.32±5.52 | 52.91±1.64 | 67.53±0.24 | 55.20±0.30 |
色泽饱和度 | CK | -1.58±0.37 | -0.18±0.28 | 2.66±0.21 | 3.38±0.44 | 4.95±0.31 |
Citrus color index | PC |
-0.62±0.1 | -.61±0.34 | 2.44±0.29 | 3.28±0.13 |
4.05±0.2 |
注: 表中数据为3次生物学重复的平均值±标准差。*、**、***分别表示PC和CK处理在0.05、0.01、0.001水平上存在显著差异,下同。
Note: The data in the table are the average standard deviation of three biological repetitions.*,**,*** indicated significant difference at 0.05,0.01 and 0.001 levels.The same as follows.
PC果实色泽参数

图1 不同栽培模式下果实外观变化
Fig.1 Changes of fruit appearance under different cultivation modes
花后203~256 d,2种栽培模式下果实的可溶性固形物持续上升,PC果实可溶性固形物在花后240 d达到最高,有10.4%,CK为9.43%;除花后214 d,其他时段PC和CK的可溶性固形物存在显著差异(

图2 不同栽培模式对‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果实品质的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different cultivation modes on fruit quality of ‘Cocktail’ grapefruit
A:可溶性固形物含量Soluble solid content;B:可滴定酸含量Titratable acid content;C:固酸比Solid acid ratio;D:Vc含量Vc content.
花后214~256 d,PC的蔗糖含量高于CK,花后256 d PC和CK的蔗糖含量分别为49.63、40.35 mg/g(

图3 不同栽培模式下‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果实可溶性糖及有机酸含量
Fig.3 Content of soluble sugars and organic acids in grapefruit under different cultivation modes
A:蔗糖 Sucrose; B:葡萄糖 Glucose; C:果糖 Fructose; D:柠檬酸 Citric acid; E:苹果酸 Malic acid; F:奎宁酸 Quinic acid.
花后203~256 d,PC的柠檬酸、奎宁酸含量显著高于CK,CK果实柠檬酸含量由 3.61 mg/g 降至 3.08 mg/g;PC 果实柠檬酸含量由 4.70 mg/g 降至3.79 mg/g,CK 果实柠檬酸下降速率为 14.64%,而 PC 果实为 19.22%(
1)设施栽培和露天栽培条件下果实蔗糖代谢相关基因的表达分析。基因相对表达量结果显示,在花后203~240 d时,PC果实的CsSPS1、CsSPS2和CsSPS3的相对表达量高于CK,其中PC与CK果实的CsSPS1相对表达量在花后203~227 d差异极显著;PC果实的CsSPS2在整个发育过程均上调表达且与CK存在显著差异;在花后256 d,CK的CsSPS1、CsSPS3和CsSPS4的相对表达量高于PC(

图4 不同栽培模式对‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果实蔗糖代谢相关基因的影响
Fig.4 Effects of different cultivation modes on genes related to sucrose metabolism in ‘Cocktail’ grapefruit fruit
A:CsSPSs的表达分析;B:CsSUSs的表达分析。A:Expression analysis of CsSPSs B:Expression analysis of CsSUSs.
2)设施栽培和露天栽培条件下柠檬酸合成基因的表达分析。在花后214~256 d,CsCS1和CsCS2表达趋势一致,CK中CsCS1在花后256 d的相对表达量是PC的2倍。花后214~256 d,PC中CsPEPC1的表达水平显著高于CK。花后203~227 d,PC中CsPEPC2和CsPEPC3的表达水平均显著高于CK(

图5 不同栽培模式下‘鸡尾’葡萄柚柠檬酸相关代谢基因表达水平的变化
Fig.5 Change of different cultivation patterns of citric acid-related metabolic genes expression of Cocktail grapefruit
A:CsPEPCs、CsCSs的相对表达量;B:CsACOs、CsGADs的相对表达量。A:Relative expression of CsCSs and CsPEPCs;B:Relative expression of CsACOs and CsGADs.
花后203~256 d,PC最高、最低温度始终高于CK,花后203 d最高温度达到近30 ℃。花后227 d时CK最低温度已降到0 ℃以下,此时PC最高温度接近10 ℃;而PC最低温度在花后256 d才降到0 ℃以下(

图6 设施栽培对温度的影响
Fig.6 Effect of protected cultivation on temperature
A:最低温度;B:最高温度。A:Minimum temperature;B:Maximum temperature.
近年来,‘鸡尾’葡萄柚凭借其独特的风味被大众所喜爱,本研究通过对设施栽培的‘鸡尾’葡萄柚进行果实品质分析,发现在设施栽培条件下其可溶性固形物、固酸比和Vc含量均高于露天,内在品质得到了一定的改善,这与钱皆兵
糖酸含量是影响柑橘果实品质的重要因素,随着‘鸡尾’葡萄柚果实的成熟,可溶性糖含量不断增加,且蔗糖含量在可溶性糖中含量最高,柠檬酸含量在有机酸含量中最高,苹果酸在发育期间整体呈上升趋势,这与曾祥
蔗糖磷酸合成酶及蔗糖合成酶主要控制柑橘果实中蔗糖的积
有研究表明PEPC、CS活性和柠檬酸含量密切相
此外,设施栽培会通过影响环境从而影响果实产量和品质。设施栽培环境温度始终高于露天栽培,在露天栽培中最低温度降到0 ℃以下时,设施栽培环境温度仍能保持5 ℃左右,使果实延迟采摘。这与钟瑾
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