摘要
为评价柑橘的抗氧化能力,利用GC-MS、UPLC和LC-MS/MS分别检测了6个柑橘品种果实在成熟过程中三类代谢物的相对含量。结果显示,柑橘果实以积累丝氨酸、脯氨酸和天冬氨酸为主,苏氨酸在柑橘青果时期的积累尤为丰富,且青果时期本地早橘汁胞中9种氨基酸的总含量最高;对维生素E而言,α-生育酚是柑橘中的主要异构形式,在成熟期柑橘的有色层中积累丰富;同时,柑橘不积累δ-生育酚且γ-生育酚只在柑橘有色层中积累;共鉴定到的8大类176种脂质,在柑橘果实中呈现出明显的时空分布特征,且卵磷脂为柑橘的主要脂质形式。通过柑橘果实中三类物质含量间的相关性分析发现,部分氨基酸与脂质存在高度正相关。
柑橘(Citrus)是芸香科柑橘亚科的多年生被子植物,广泛分布于季风气候
随着生活水平的提高,人们越来越关注健康。有研究指出,每天保证水果和蔬菜的充足摄入量有助于预防某些慢性疾
氨基酸具有诸多生理功能,由于其直接或间接地在环境与人类健康的相互作用中发挥重要作用而成为评价果实综合品质和营养价值的重要指
α-,β-,δ-和γ-生育酚是4种天然脂溶性抗氧化化合物,它们统称为维生素
脂类在能量、碳储备、信号转导以及胁迫应答中起着尤为重要的作
目前,植物性食品的抗氧化能力已被视为对人体健康有益的指
从柚类、酸橙类、甜橙类、柑类、橘类、柠檬枸橼类中分别选取高班柚(C. grandis cv. ‘Gaoban’)、代代酸橙(C. aurantium cv. ‘Daidai’)、夏橙(C. sinensis cv.‘Valencia’)、稻叶温州蜜柑(C. unshiu cv. ‘Daoye’)、本地早橘(C. chuana cv. ‘Bendizao’)、尤力克柠檬(C. limon cv. ‘Eureka’) 6个柑橘品种(种植于华中农业大学国家柑橘育种中心),分别于2019年各品种的花后90和210 d采集未成熟(青果)和成熟(黄果)果实,每个样品均有3个生物学重复。用无菌手术刀将果实分割成有色层和汁胞2个部分。用冻干机(美国,Labconco FreeZone)将所有样品冷冻干燥,用液氮研磨成粉末,然后储存在-80 ℃超低温冰箱中,备用。
色谱级的甲醇、MTBE、乙腈均购于Merck(德国,达姆施塔特);ddH2O取自Milli-Q ULTRA 纯化系统(Millipore, Vimodrone,意大利);核糖醇、MSTFA、α-生育酚、δ-生育酚和γ-生育酚的标准品购自Sigma公司(美国,密苏里州圣路易斯);其他试剂:盐酸羟胺、吡啶、BHT、无水乙醇、氢氧化钾、正己烷、BNT、TEA、醋酸胺、异丙醇均购自国药集团。
利用华中农业大学气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS,Thermo,ISQⅡ,美国),参照宋鑫
利用超高效液相色谱仪(UPLC,Waters,美国),参照Chander
利用5600 plus Accurate Mass Q-TOF(AB SCIEX, 美国)质谱仪系统,参照Wan
运用GC-MS对6个柑橘品种果实(有色层和汁胞)成熟过程中的氨基酸含量进行了检测,共鉴定到9种氨基酸,其中以丝氨酸、脯氨酸和天冬氨酸积累为主。苏氨酸在柑橘青果时期的积累尤为丰富,且氨基酸在柑橘中的积累特征呈现出较强的发育时期特异性,这种特异性强于空间和品种特异性(

图1 6个柑橘品种青果和黄果的氨基酸积累特征
Fig.1 The accumulation characteristic of amino acids of green fruit and yellow fruit of six Citrus varieties
A:氨基酸相对含量的热图和聚类分析。P-1表示青果有色层,P-2表示黄果有色层,R-1表示青果汁胞,R-2表示黄果汁胞;B: 不同时期9种氨基酸总相对含量的比较;C:不同组织9种氨基酸总相对含量的比较;D:不同氨基酸含量变化的K均值分析。GP表示青果有色层,GR表示青果汁胞,YP表示黄果有色层,YR表示黄果汁胞。* 表示在0.05水平具有显著差异,** 表示在0.01水平具有显著差异,ns表示没有显著差异。DY表示稻叶温州蜜柑,BDZ表示本地早橘,YLK表示尤力克柠檬,GBY表示高班柚,DD表示代代酸橙,XC表示夏橙。下同。 A:The heat map and clustering analysis in relative content of amino acids. P-1 represents colored pericarp in green fruit period, P-2 represents colored pericarp in yellow fruit period, R-1 represents pulp in green fruit period, R-2 represents pulp in yellow fruit period; B: In different periods, the comparison in total relative content of nine amino acids; C:In different tissues, the comparison in total relative content of nine amino acids; D:K-means analysis on change in content of different amino acids. GP represents colored pericarp in green fruit period, GR represents pulp in green fruit period, YP represents colored pericarp in yellow fruit period, YR represents pulp in yellow fruit period. * represents significant difference at 0.05 level; ** represents significant difference at 0.01 level;ns represents no significant difference; DY represents C. unshiu cv. ‘Daoye’, BDZ represents C. chuana cv. ‘Bendizao’, YLK represents C. limon cv. ‘Eureka’, GBY represents C. grandis cv. ‘Gaoban’, DD represents C. aurantium cv. ‘Daidai’, XC represents C. sinensis cv. ‘Valencia’.The same as follows.
在时间维度上,9种氨基酸的总含量在柑橘各品种间的变化趋势几乎一致,不论是在有色层还是汁胞中,含量均随着果实的成熟而下降,且在除高班柚以外的5个品种中下降趋势显著(
为进一步分析各氨基酸含量的变化趋势,根据相对含量的变化规律,通过K均值聚类将有色层和汁胞中所检测到的9种氨基酸各聚成3个簇。在有色层中,Cluster 1为缬氨酸和甘氨酸,Cluster 2为丙氨酸,另外6种氨基酸在Cluster 3中;在汁胞中,Cluster 1为天冬氨酸和谷氨酸,Cluster 2为苏氨酸,Cluster 3为其余6种氨基酸。缬氨酸与甘氨酸、天冬氨酸与谷氨酸在柑橘果实发育过程中变化趋势一致。另外,汁胞中9种氨基酸含量的变化趋势与9种氨基酸总量的变化趋势均保持一致。但对于有色层而言,存在相对含量随果实成熟而上升的氨基酸类型,例如脯氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸(
利用UPLC测定了6个柑橘品种果实(有色层和汁胞)发育过程中3种生育酚(α-生育酚、δ-生育酚、γ-生育酚)的相对含量,其中δ-生育酚在上述柑橘品种中均未被检测到。2个时期的柑橘汁胞中均未检测到γ-生育酚;γ-生育酚在本地早橘、稻叶温州蜜柑和尤力克柠檬的未成熟有色层中也仅有少量积累。随着果实的成熟,各柑橘品种有色层中均检测到高积累的γ-生育酚,品种间差异较大,稻叶温州蜜柑成熟有色层中的含量是尤力克柠檬成熟有色层中含量的11.36倍。α-生育酚是柑橘中含量最高的维生素E异构体形式,主要在成熟时期的有色层中积累,其含量随着果实的成熟呈上升趋势,与总生育酚含量变化趋势保持一致(
样本 Samples | α-Tocopherol-R | α-Tocopherol-P | γ-Tocopherol-R | γ-Tocopherol-P |
---|---|---|---|---|
BDZ-1 | 54 524.67 ± 15 836.55a | 77 224.33 ± 22 356.72a | 0.00 | 9 567.67 ± 3 136.16a |
BDZ-2 | 236 720.67 ± 67 284.12b | 460 623.33 ± 199 791.80b | 0.00 | 373 672.33 ± 151 666.89b |
DD-1 | 28 274.67 ± 2 315.24a | 14 892.67 ± 5 114.03a | 0.00 | 0.00a |
DD-2 | 42 655.00 ± 21 052.50a | 761 058.67 ± 114 371.10b | 0.00 | 569 369.33 ± 103 310.56b |
GBY-1 | 0.00a | 33 743.67 ± 14 128.68a | 0.00 | 0.00a |
GBY-2 | 52 737.67 ± 9 737.53b | 428 137.33 ± 110 596.34b | 0.00 | 324 608.67 ± 188 866.22b |
DY-1 | 36 318.67 ± 4 917.68a | 189 454.33 ± 41 911.88a | 0.00 | 75 671.67 ± 47 754.87a |
DY-2 | 243 016.67 ± 135 515.83b | 790 518.33 ± 128 851.29b | 0.00 | 835 939.00 ± 48 062.67b |
XC-1 | 38 192.00 ± 2 597.16a | 73 557.67 ± 16 917.96a | 0.00 | 0.00a |
XC-2 | 128 729.00 ± 146 733.27b | 433 099.33 ± 15 346.55b | 0.00 | 285 507.67 ± 32 343.27b |
YLK-1 | 58 179.50 ± 884.50a | 86 130.50 ± 1 037.50a | 0.00 | 6 582.00 ± 977.00a |
YLK-2 | 173 230.33 ± 97 735.53b | 1 029 413.67 ± 94 067.81b | 0.00 | 73 567.33 ± 18 520.92b |
注: “-1”:青果时期,“-2”:黄果时期;“R”:汁胞,“P”:有色层;差异显著性比较为同一品种2个时期间的比较(P < 0.05)。Note:“-1”represents the period of green fruits; “-2” represents the period of yellow fruits; “R” represents pulp; “P” represents colored pericarp.The comparison of significant difference was conducted between the same variety at two periods (P<0.05).
通过UPLC-MS/MS检测,共鉴定到8大类176种脂类物质,脂类物质相对总含量的变化规律与氨基酸类似,随着果实的成熟而含量降低。脂类物质相对总含量的热图和聚类分析结果显示:卵磷脂(PC)是柑橘中主要的脂类物质;甘油三酯(TAG)在柑橘果实中含量较少;甘油二酯(DAG)在2个发育时期的柑橘果实中呈现的差异积累特征较其他脂质更为明显;单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)和双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)在柑橘果实成熟时期仅在有色层中高积累,而磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)仅在汁胞中高积累(

图2 八类脂质的总相对含量在柑橘果实发育过程中的热图和聚类分析
Fig.2 The heat map and cluster analysis of the relative total content of eight types of lipids in developmental citrus
PC:卵磷脂;PE:磷脂酰乙醇胺;PG:磷脂酰甘油;PA:磷脂酸;MGDG:单半乳糖甘油二酯;DGDG:双半乳糖甘油二酯;DAG:甘油二酯;TAG:甘油三酯。R1:青果时期汁胞,R2:黄果时期汁胞,P1:青果时期有色层;P2:黄果时期有色层。PC:Phosphatidylcholine; PE:Phosphatidylethanolamine; PG:Pphosphatidylglycerol; PA:Pphosphatidic acid; MGDG:Mono-galactosyl diglyceride; DGDG:Di-galactosyl diglyceride; DAG:Diglyceride; TAG:Triglycerides. R1:Pulp in green fruit period; R2:Pulp in yellow fruit period; P1:Colored pericarp in green fruit period; P2:Colored pericarp in yellow fruit period.
进一步利用主成分分析(PCA),发现不同组织和不同生长发育期的柑橘品种基于上述脂类物质可明显区分开,脂类物质在柑橘中呈现出明显的时空特异性。且这6个柑橘品种在青果时期的组织特异性要强于在黄果期(

图3 脂类物质的相对含量在柑橘果实发育过程中的主成分分析
Fig.3 The PCA analysis on relative content of lipids in developmental citrus
圆点表示青果期,R表示汁胞,P表示有色层。The dot represents the green fruit period, R represents the pulp, P represents the pericarp.
氨基酸、维生素E和脂质在柑橘果实发育过程中的动态变化特征并不完全一致,脂质和氨基酸的相对含量均随着柑橘果实的成熟而下降,而维生素E的变化趋势则与前两者相反。这种变化规律在6种不同类型柑橘中完全一致。三类物质含量间的相关性分析结果显示,部分氨基酸与脂质间存在较高正相关性,例如:丙氨酸、缬氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸与卵磷脂(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、磷脂酰甘油(PG)和磷脂酸(PA)均具有较高的相关系数R(0.61~0.95)(

图4 三类代谢物相对含量在柑橘样品中的相关性分析
Fig.4 Correlation analysis in the relative content of three types of metabolites in citrus samples
氨基酸、维生素E和脂质是植物体中三类重要代谢物,它们均具有抗氧化活性且相互之间紧密相关。氨基酸作为初级代谢物之一,是一系列次级代谢物合成的前体。酪氨酸经一系列酶促反应后即可合成维生素E,而氨基酸和脂类物质之间也可通过丙酮酸和乙酰CoA等中间物质进行相互转
本研究中,不同柑橘品种果实均检测到丰富的氨基酸积累,分析其积累特征对评价柑橘的抗氧化活性具有重要意义。柑橘未成熟果和成熟果中的氨基酸积累存在明显差异,氨基酸的总含量随着果实的成熟而降低,这与前人对发育过程中柑橘氨基酸含量的检测分析结果基本一致。董昕
α-生育酚通常是活性最高且在人体内优先转运的天然维生素E组
目前对柑橘果实脂质的研究主要集中在其对采后品质的影响。本试验探究了柑橘果实成熟过程中不同部位脂类物质的积累和变化规律,发现不同柑橘品种果实中脂类物质含量均随着果实成熟而显著降低。脂类物质合成的前体脂肪酸通常在水果、蔬菜和某些谷物中参与类胡萝卜素的酯化反
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