摘要
为探索木醋液对番茄根际土壤微生态的作用,以番茄为供试材料,连续3 a常规种植于相同田块,设置木醋液稀释300倍(A)、稀释600倍(B)、稀释900倍(C)处理,以无菌去离子水为对照(CK),探究不同稀释度木醋液的抑菌活性及其对连作番茄植株根系生长、根际土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的影响。结果显示:不同稀释度木醋液对青枯病菌和枯萎病菌均具有显著的抑制作用;3种稀释度的木醋液中,稀释600倍的木醋液浇灌不仅有利于连作番茄根系的生长,而且有助于提高番茄连作根际土壤细菌和真菌的多样性;与对照(CK)相比,不同稀释度木醋液处理均不同程度地降低了放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)细菌的相对丰度,提高了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)细菌以及子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、新赤壳属(Neocosmospora)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌等有益微生物的相对丰度。结果表明,木醋液具有显著抑制番茄青枯病及枯萎病病原微生物的作用,浇灌稀释木醋液有利于连作番茄根系生长,改善连作番茄根际土壤微环境生态的作用;其中,以稀释600倍(B)木醋液的改良效果最佳。
番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)于世界范围内广泛种植,而我国是全球最大的番茄生产和消费国家。作为“南菜北运”和“西菜东调”的重要蔬菜品种,番茄对广西的蔬菜产业和经济发展有着重大影
木醋液又称植物酸,是木材等生物质在干馏设备中经干馏后导出的气体冷凝后分离得到的一种有机混合物,主要成分为乙酸,还含有少量酚类、酸类、醇类等200多种有机物及微量元
试验于2021年9月—2022年1月在广西大学农学院蔬菜基地(108°17′14″E,22°51′17″N)进行。供试土壤类型为赤红壤,土壤基本理化性质为:pH 5.7,有机质8.56 g/kg,全氮0.49 g/kg,全磷0.69 g/kg,全钾7.18 g/kg,有效磷0.62 mg/kg,速效钾50.83 mg/kg,碱解氮12.87 mg/kg。
供试番茄品种为“中研868”,由北京中研益农种苗科技有限公司生产。
供试木醋液以青冈木为原料,含F
供试番茄青枯假单胞菌(Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith)和番茄尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)由广西大学农学院蔬菜课题组提供;培养基为PDA培养基(马铃薯浸出粉6 g,葡萄糖20 g,琼脂16 g,蒸馏水定容至1 000 mL,pH 5.6±0.2)。
采集已连续种植番茄3 a的连作土壤,等量装入盆栽袋(直径25 cm、高25 cm)中进行盆栽试验。试验采用随机区组设计,设置4个处理,以无菌去离子水作为对照(CK),处理A:木醋液稀释300倍;处理B:木醋液稀释600倍;处理C:木醋液稀释900倍。每个处理各种植20株番茄。
2021年9月开始常规育苗,待番茄幼苗长出8~9片真叶时定植,定植后5 d进行木醋液第1次浇灌,视天气状况约每隔15 d浇灌1次,共浇灌4次,每次浇灌量为250 mL/株。施肥、除草、浇水、病虫害防治等田间管理按照常规方法进行。
番茄定植55 d后,每个处理随机选择3株长势一致的番茄植株,采用抖根
参照张传进
参照韦利
参照肖健
基于Mothur(v.1.30.2)软件计算微生物群落的Alpha多样性。选择相似度为97%的OTUs表,按最小序列样本数进行OTUs抽平,使用R语言(v.3.3.1)工具进行微生物群落组成分析和Venn分析,并进行统计和绘图。使用LEfSe(linear discriminant analysis effect size,LEfSe)对样品按照基于分类学组成的不同分组条件进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA),以确定对样品划分有明显差异影响的群组。使用R语言(v.3.3.1)进行主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCoA)和作图。使用R语言(v.3.3.1)的“mixOmics”包进行偏最小二乘法判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)和作图。
采用Excel 2019统计数据,采用IBM SPSS Statistics 21统计软件进行方差分析,采用Duncan’s法进行显著性检验(P<0.05),并利用上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司的生信云数据分析平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/)进行在线数据分析。平均数据以“平均数±标准差”表示。
对不同稀释度木醋液进行抑菌活性筛选,结果显示,稀释300倍(A)、600倍(B)和900倍(C)木醋液对青枯病与枯萎病病原菌均具有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05)。且稀释300倍(A)的木醋液抑菌效果最好(
处理 Treatment | 青枯病菌抑菌率 Inhibition rate of bacterial wilt | 枯萎病菌抑菌率 Inhibition rate of fusarium wilt |
---|---|---|
A | 53.78±1.98a | 49.35±2.11a |
B | 30.31±7.67b | 24.66±3.19b |
C | 18.98±4.45c | 19.07±1.01c |
注: 表中数据为平均值 ± 标准差;数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理之间差异显著(P<0.05)。A:稀释300倍木醋液;B:稀释600倍木醋液;C:稀释900倍木醋液。下同。Note:Data in the table are mean ± SD; Values followed by different small letters mean significant difference between different treatments (P<0.05). A: 300 dilutions wood vinegar; B: 600 dilutions wood vinegar; C: 900 dilutions wood vinegar.The same as follows.
不同稀释度木醋液处理下,连作番茄根系形态指标测定结果显示,不同稀释度木醋液处理均不同程度地提高了连作番茄根系的总根表面积、总根体积、根直径、根尖数,但与对照(CK)相比均未达显著差异水平(P>0.05)(
处理 Treatment | 总根长/cm Length | 总根表面积/c Surf area | 总根体积/c Root volume | 根直径/mm Diameter | 根尖数 Tips |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 623.04±79.10a | 328.86±33.86a | 14.13±3.70a | 1.70±0.30a | 2 987.00±249.81a |
B | 511.62±89.88a | 344.36±33.94a | 19.03±5.71a | 2.19±0.47a | 3 044.33±309.83a |
C | 543.30±163.48a | 366.51±38.57a | 20.95±7,73a | 2.27±0.70a | 3 564.00±671.00a |
CK | 574.00±115.84a | 303.98±73.56a | 12.92±4.21a | 1.68±0.19a | 2 482.33±148.41a |
由
来源 Source | 处理 Treatment | 香农指数 Shannon index | Ace指数 Ace index | 覆盖率 Coverage |
---|---|---|---|---|
细菌Bacteria | CK | 6.64±0.09a | 3 900.23±188.95a | 0.97 |
A | 6.66±0.01a | 3 871.63±122.95a | 0.97 | |
B | 6.80±0.05a | 4 073.64±58.21a | 0.97 | |
C | 6.72±0.05a | 3 914.00±35.71a | 0.97 | |
真菌Fungi | CK | 3.86±1.18a | 787.30±83.10a | 1.00 |
A | 4.36±0.05a | 783.22±33.80a | 1.00 | |
B | 4.28±0.06a | 768.24±45.03a | 1.00 | |
C | 4.16±0.53a | 731.96±48.64a | 1.00 |
基于OTU水平的PCoA分析(bray_curtis距离,ANOSIM检验)发现根际土壤细菌ANOSIM检验结果为R=0.388 9,真菌ANOSIM检验结果为R=0.459 9,均说明处理组间差异大于处理组内差异,数据分析可信。
细菌PCoA分析结果显示,PC1轴和PC2轴对结果的解释度分别为21.74%和15.17%,表明不同稀释度木醋液处理下,番茄根际土壤细菌群落组成结构存在差异(P<0.05);其中,对照(CK)、稀释300倍(A)和稀释900倍(C)处理下的细菌群落距离较近,说明它们的物种组成结构相似度高,且均与稀释600倍(B)处理相距甚远(

图1 不同稀释度木醋液处理番茄根际土壤微生物的PCoA(a、c)和PLS-DA(b、d)分析(OTU水平)
Fig. 1 PCoA(a,c) and PLS-DA(b,d) analyses of rhizospheric microorganisms of tomatoes under different dilutions wood vinegar treatments at OTU level
真菌PCoA分析结果显示,PC1轴和PC2轴对结果的解释度分别为31.59%和20.38%,表明不同稀释度木醋液处理下,番茄根际土壤真菌群落组成结构亦存在差异(P<0.05);其中,对照(CK)、稀释300倍(A)和稀释600倍(B)处理下的细菌群落距离较近,说明它们的物种组成结构相似度高,且均与稀释900倍(C)处理相距甚远(
基于OTU水平的PLS-DA分析结果表明,4种处理的细菌和真菌样本均可以明显区分并聚成4个类群。此外,根据样本点分布的离散程度来看,不同稀释度木醋液处理的每组样品聚类在一起,组间群落结构差异相对较小(
由Venn分析可知,CK、A、B和C 4个处理,连作番茄根际土壤细菌分别检测到4 044、4 014、4 184和4 121个OTUs;其中,共有的OTUs数量为2 880个,特有的OTUs数量分别为117、125、149和130个(

图2 不同稀释度木醋液处理下番茄根际土壤细菌(a)和真菌(b)OTUs分类水平Venn图
Fig. 2 Venn diagram of rhizospheric bacteria (a) and fungi (b) of tomatoes at OTU levels under different dilutions wood vinegar
1)连作番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌门分类水平组成。基于Illumina Miseq分析,4个处理共获得40门、129纲、313目、483科、885属、1 780种、5 105 OTUs的细菌物种信息及16门、48纲、110目、229科、456属、715种、2 007 OTUs的真菌物种信息。
不同稀释度木醋液处理连作番茄根际土壤中,相对丰度占比大于1%的优势细菌门类共有10个,丰度占比大小依次分别为:放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,27.08%~30.69%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,23.04%~26.31%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,13.19%~15.21%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota,9.07%~11.18%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,5.25%~6.29%)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota,5.59%~5.87%)、粘球菌门(Myxococcota,1.96%~2.36%)、髌骨细菌门(Patescibacteria,1.54%~1.82%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota,1.02%~1.54%)和甲基肌酐门(Methylomirabilota,<1%~1.44%)。其中,放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)是4个处理中连作番茄根际土壤中相对丰度占比大于或接近10%的优势细菌门类,这表明不同稀释度木醋液处理并未改变连作番茄根际土壤中优势细菌门类的组成,仅改变了不同细菌优势门类的相对丰度占比。与对照(CK)相比,不同稀释度木醋液处理均不同程度地降低了放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)的相对丰度占比,提高了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)细菌的相对丰度占比。此外,甲基肌酐门(Methylomirabilota,1.44%)细菌是稀释600倍(B)处理下连作番茄根际土壤中特有的优势细菌门类(

图3 不同稀释度木醋液处理下番茄连作根际土壤细菌(a)和真菌(b)门分类水平组成
Fig. 3 Compositions of soil bacteria (a) and fungi (b) in rhizospheres of tomatoes at phylum level under different dilutions wood vinegar treatments
相对丰度占比大于1%的优势真菌门类共有7个,丰度占比大小依次分别为:子囊菌门(Ascomycota,46.56%~74.09%)、油壶菌门(Olpidiomycota,6.79%~25.85%)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota,7.22%~8.92%)、unclassified_k_Fungi(4.32%~8.20%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota,3.73%~10.64%)、罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota,1.04%~1.89%)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota,<1%~1.80%)。与对照(CK)相比,不同稀释度木醋液处理均不同程度地提高了番茄连作根际土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌的相对丰度占比(
2)不同稀释度木醋液处理下连作番茄根际土壤细菌和真菌属分类水平组成。不同稀释度木醋液处理下番茄连作根际土壤中相对丰度占比大于1%的优势细菌属数量及丰度占比如
属 Genus | CK | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|---|
鞘氨醇单胞菌属 Sphingomonas | 4.27 | 4.46 | 3.65 | 3.81 |
norank_f_norank_o_Gaiellales | 3.98 | 3.49 | 3.85 | 3.46 |
norank_f_norank_o_Vicinamibacterales | 2.74 | 3.09 | 3.36 | 3.36 |
链霉菌属 Streptomyces | 3.73 | 2.68 | 2.12 | 3.14 |
norank_f_67-14 | 2.70 | 2.38 | 2.38 | 2.34 |
norank_f_Vicinamibacteraceae | 1.96 | 2.32 | 2.39 | 2.58 |
norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae | 2.35 | 2.25 | 2.21 | 2.31 |
norank_f_JG30-KF-CM45 | 1.87 | 1.93 | 2.16 | 1.93 |
Gaiella | 2.11 | 1.78 | 2.14 | 1.82 |
norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_KD4-96 | 1.56 | 1.82 | 2.01 | 1.88 |
norank_f_JG30-KF-AS9 | 1.50 | 2.00 | 1.68 | 1.94 |
norank_ f_norank_o_Elsterales | 1.86 | 1.99 | 1.46 | 1.60 |
芽孢杆菌属 Bacillus | 1.79 | 1.50 | 1.76 | 1.62 |
类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides | 1.84 | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.76 |
norank_f_Roseiflexaceae | 1.42 | 1.34 | 1.57 | 1.52 |
unclassified_f_Gemmatimonadaceae | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.24 | 1.32 |
酸杆菌属 Acidibacter | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.11 | 1.24 |
Bryobacter | 1.16 | 1.16 | - | 1.07 |
节杆菌属 Arthrobacter | - | 1.78 | - | - |
unclassified_f_Xanthobacteraceae | 1.11 | - | - | - |
土壤红色杆形菌属 Solirubrobacter | - | - | 1.25 | - |
norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_Gitt-GS-136 | - | 1.03 | 1.12 | - |
norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_TK10 | - | - | - | 1.02 |
norank_f_norank_o_Rokubacteriales | - | - | 1.18 | - |
其他 Others | 55.13 | 55.21 | 56.28 | 56.22 |
注: “unclassified”是指在置信度70%下未与数据库比对上,即在数据库中没有类似序列;“norank”是指序列与数据库比对上,但数据库也没有具体分类学信息,数据库就给出的物种名称以“norank”命名;“-”表示相对丰度<1%;下同。Note: Sequences that could not be classified into any known group at a confidence level of 70% were assigned as “unclassified”.Some intermediate ranks in the taxonomic spectrum appeared in the comparison database without scientific names and were assigned as “norank”. That was, this rank was not named.“-” means the relative abundancd<1%;The same as follows.
不同稀释度木醋液处理下,连作番茄根际土壤中相对丰度占比大于1%的优势真菌属数量及丰度占比如
属 Genus | CK | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|---|
油壶菌属 Olpidium | 25.85 | 10.17 | 17.46 | 6.79 |
曲霉属 Aspergillus | 5.74 | 8.51 | 7.56 | 20.53 |
被孢霉属 Mortierella | 8.85 | 7.13 | 8.61 | 8.32 |
青霉属 Penicillium | 4.32 | 5.67 | 6.89 | 7.79 |
Unclassified_k_Fungi | 5.78 | 8.20 | 5.27 | 4.32 |
Gibellulopsis | 4.94 | 6.13 | 4.06 | 3.84 |
新赤壳属 Neocosmospora | 3.90 | 4.29 | 4.27 | 6.32 |
毛壳菌属 Chaetomium | 1.86 | 6.37 | 3.67 | 3.23 |
镰刀菌属 Fusarium | 2.50 | 4.75 | 3.25 | 3.32 |
木霉属 Trichoderma | 1.23 | 3.26 | 1.92 | 6.96 |
小不整球壳属 Plectosphaerella | 1.17 | 3.60 | 4.05 | - |
枝孢霉属 Cladosporium | 1.61 | 2.01 | 3.03 | 1.85 |
篮状菌属 Talaromyces | 2.08 | 1.52 | 1.52 | 1.45 |
Unclassified_c_Sordariomycetes | 1.21 | 1.09 | 1.06 | 2.74 |
单孢瓶霉属 Phialemonium | 1.61 | 1.54 | 1.29 | 1.14 |
Unclassified_ p_Rozellomycota | - | 1.67 | 1.34 | 1.55 |
黄孢展齿革菌属 Phanerochaete | 5.27 | - | - | - |
翅孢壳属 Emericellopsis | - | 1.89 | 1.15 | - |
Unclassified_ p_Ascomycota | - | - | 1.24 | 1.01 |
Unclassified_o_Sordariales | - | - | 1.04 | - |
红酵母属 Rhodotorula | - | 1.04 | - | - |
Unclassified_c_Chytridiomycetes | - | 1.33 | - | - |
其他 Others | 18.44 | 18.24 | 20.33 | 15.88 |
基于LEfSe分析(筛选标准为P<0.05,LDA score>2.0)可以发现不同稀释度木醋液处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌和真菌类群。
1)细菌类群。门分类水平下,除了unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria是稀释600倍(B)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌门类外,其余处理中均未检测出具有显著优势的细菌门类。属分类水平下,链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、Kribbella、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、微酸菌属(Ilumatobacter)及norank_f_norank_o_Chitinophagales细菌是对照(CK)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌属;Paenarthrobacter、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)、norank_f_Micropepsaceae、中华单孢菌(Sinomonas)、norank_f_LWQ8、水恒杆菌属(Mizugakiibacter)、Candidatus_Alysiosphaera,unclassified_f_Geodermatophilaceae、红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)、unclassified_o_Oxyphotobacteria_Incertae_Sedis及嗜热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)细菌是稀释300倍(A)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌属;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria、芽孢八叠球菌属(Sporosarcina)、Leptolyngbya_ANT_L52_2、norank_f_norank_o_PB19,Puia、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_8、鱼孢菌属(Sporichthya)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_AKAU4049、norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_SHA-26、斯克尔曼氏菌属(Skermanella)和norank_f_Methylococcaceae细菌是稀释600倍(B)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌属;norank_f_norank_o_KF-JG30-C25、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和Mobilitalea细菌是稀释900倍(C)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的细菌属(

图4 不同稀释度木醋液处理连作番茄根际土壤细菌(a)和真菌(b)LEfSe分析结果(LDA阈值为2.0)
Fig. 4 LEfSe analyses of rhizospheric bacteria (a) and fungi (b) of tomatoes under different dilutions wood vinegar treatments (LDA score=2.0)
不同的前缀表示不同的分类水平(p:门;c:纲;o:目;f:科;g:属)。Different prefixes indicate different levels (p: Phylum; c: Class, o: Order; f: Family; g: Genus).
2)真菌类群。门分类水平下,油壶菌门(Olpidiomycota)真菌是对照(CK)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌门类;子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌是稀释900倍(C)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌门类;稀释300倍(A)和600倍(B)处理中均未检测出具有显著优势的真菌门类。属分类水平下,油壶菌属(Olpidium)、白鬼伞属(Leucocoprinus)、unclassified_f_Chytridiaceae及黑孢子菌属(Nigrospora)真菌是对照(CK)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌属;毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、unclassified_f_Plectosphaerellaceae、Solicoccozyma、Apiosordaria、Staphylotrichum、Pyxidiophora、红酵母属(Rhodotorula)和Myrmecridium真菌是稀释300倍(A)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌属;织球壳菌属(Plectosphaerella)、Ramophialophora、Distoseptispora、Apiospora、丝葚霉属(Papulaspora)和金孢属(Chrysosporium)真菌是稀释600倍(B)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌属;木霉属(Trichoderma)、蜡蚧菌属(Lecanicillium)及unclassified_f_Clavicipitaceae是稀释900倍(C)处理连作番茄根际土壤中具有显著优势的真菌属(
木醋液中含有的有机酸、酚类化合物等抑菌活性物质,通过抑制病原菌增
张帆
Conradie
另一方面,Adfa
子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌是真核生物中最普遍和最多样化的菌群,有利于分解枯枝落叶、木屑和粪便等有机底
综上,木醋液浇灌不仅有助于番茄根际富集有益微生物门和属,而且降低了病原真菌的丰度占比,具有改善连作番茄根际土壤微环境生态的功能。本研究的3种木醋液稀释度中,以稀释600倍改善连作番茄根际土壤微环境生态的效果最佳。
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