摘要
中药作为我国传统医学的重要组成部分,在国内外深受关注。近年来,由中药重金属累积所致的人体健康风险为其推广、使用带来了一定的阻碍。重金属累积产生的人体健康风险不仅取决于其总量,与其生物可给性和生物有效性更是密切相关。因此,研究中药重金属生物可给性及生物有效性具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。本文综述了中药重金属污染现状与形势,阐述了中药重金属生物可给性与生物有效性的研究概况,以中药原药的生长环境、自身性质、加工过程及测定条件等方面为切入点,深入分析影响中药及其制品重金属生物可给性与生物有效性的关键因素,以期为中药重金属污染风险防控提供理论依据和技术支持。
中药作为我国传统医学的重要组成部分,不仅在国内广泛使用,在国外也深受关注,特别是在新冠肺炎疫情大暴发时期,中药被广泛应用于新冠肺炎的防控和救治,在“防、治、康”各个阶段均发挥了独特优势和重要作用。然而由重金属累积所致的人体健康风险给中药的推广、使用带来了一定的阻碍。因此,研究切实可行的中药重金属污染防控措施,降低中药重金属污染产生的人体健康风险具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
工农业的蓬勃发展和人类活动的不断延伸,导致以重金属为代表的无机污染时有发生。在我国受污染土壤中,由重金属和类金属造成的污染面积高达82.8
研究表明长期使用大剂量含砷中药(例如:雄黄、砒石等)会引起人体足底和手掌角化过度、躯干雀斑以及高含量的无机砷尿,最终表现出一定的肝肾毒
面对严峻的污染形势和因重金属超标而引起的生物体毒害,世界各国相继出台了控制中药重金属含量的限值标准(
国家/组织 National/Organization | 重金属含量限值/(mg/kg) Limit content of heavy metal | 标准/特点 Standard/Features | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Hg | Pb | Cu | Cd | Cr | Ni | ||
中国 China | 2 | 0.2 | 5 | 20 | 0.3 | - | - |
《药用植物及制剂外经贸绿色行业标准》(WM/T 2-2004);规定药用植物及其制品中的重金属含 |
新加坡 Singapore | 5 | 0.5 | 20 | 150 | 5 | - | - |
《药品(禁止销售和供应)[修订]令》(1995);根据食品的重金属限量制 |
印度 India | 3 | 1 | 10 | - | 0.3 | - | - |
根据印度阿育吠陀药典制 |
加拿大 Canada | 5 | 0.2 | 10 | - | 0.3 | 2 | - |
针对药食两用植物中重金属最大残留限量制 |
WHO | 1 | - | 10 | - | 0.3 | - | 4 |
国家传统医药政策和草药法规(2005);针对原药中重金属限 |
WHO | 10 | 1 | 10 | - | 0.3 | - | 4 |
精选药用植物专著(1999-2009);针对草药中重金属限 |
欧盟 European Union | - | 0.1 | 5 | - | 1 | - | - |
欧洲药典(草药专著)(2008);针对草药中重金属限 |
注: 世界卫生组织(WHO)现行指南建议采取质量保证措施控制药用植物中Ni元素的含量,但并未提出标准限值。有学者建议将4 mg/kg作为药用植物体内Ni的最高允许含
目前世界上传统的草药重金属限值均基于总量考虑,鲜少考虑其形态和生物有效性。Liu
我国现有的中药资源十分丰富,一般可将中药分为3类,即:植物类、动物类和矿物类,其中植物类在中药中占比较大,因此,中药也称中草药。植物类和矿物类中药占据中药总量的87%以
近年来,研究者对中药材中的重金属生物可给性与生物有效性颇为关注,取得了一定进展。Zhang
中药材中的重金属生物可给性普遍高于生物有效性,小肠作为营养物质吸收的主要场所,重金属在此阶段的生物可给性显著高于胃阶段。
随着我国医药行业的发展,中成药制作工艺有了长足的进步,关于其重金属生物可给性和生物有效性的研究工作也相继展开。Liu
作为一种特殊的存在,含矿物成分的中成药是将矿物成分(包括:以朱砂、石膏为代表的矿物原药;以甘汞、芒硝为代表的单味炮制药)加入到药材中,制成特定的治疗性药
中草药重金属生物有效性与生物可给性受到多种因素的影响,主要包括:中草药的生长环境、草药自身的性质、加工过程、测定所用的模型及实验条件等。
土壤作为草药生长、发育和繁殖的重要基质,直接影响草药的质量,同时土壤中重金属的含量与草药中重金属含量直接相关,并进一步影响重金属生物可给性的高低。研究指出:土壤重金属含量基本与植物体重金属含量成正比,并且重金属有向根际土壤迁移的趋
草药作为一种植物,拥有许多与植物体相似的特征,对重金属的吸收、吸附、富集规律以及体内重金属元素的分布特征、解毒机制等均与植物体类似。不同重金属在植物体内的累积能力差异显著,镉和汞最易被植物富集,超标率分别为70.8%和31.3
不同加工方式可影响草药中重金属的含量,进而影响其生物可给性与生物有效性。人们在使用中草药之前,一般会进行煎煮、熬制等。有研究表明草药原药中无机砷在小肠阶段的生物可给性为 29.3%~71.5%,但煎煮样品中,无机砷在胃阶段的生物可给性仅为3.35%~18.9%,在小肠阶段的生物可给性范围为 6.31%~18.4
在分析测定草药中重金属生物可给性和生物有效性时,多是借助各种体外模型,这些模型在简化分析程序、方便研究者的同时,也因参数各异,导致所测定的草药重金属生物利用度存在细微差异。Sui
本研究综述了当前中药重金属污染状况、标准限值、生物有效性和生物可给性研究进展,初步探讨了影响其生物可给性及有效性的因素。当前对于中药重金属生物可给性与生物有效性的研究,主要基于模拟胃肠液为基础的各种体外技术,同时以细胞模型为辅助手段。中药的类别、生长环境、加工使用方式、不同测试方法均可影响重金属元素的含量、赋存形态、生物可给性及生物有效性(

图 1 中药重金属生物可给性与生物有效性健康风险评估及影响因素
Fig. 1 Health risks assessment of bioaccessibility and bioavailability of heavy metals in traditional Chinese medicine and the effect factors
此外,含矿物类中药因本身添加重金属,需合理使用、加强监管并持续开展相应的人体健康风险评估工作,以便趋利避害,辩证地使用此类特殊药
中药重金属生物可给性与生物有效性研究取得了较大进展,但仍存在以下亟待解决的关键问题:
1) 现今对中药重金属的管控依然停留在总量评估的基础上。建议中药重金属防控充分考虑其生物可给性和生物有效性,尤其对于含重金属矿物组分的中药,需重点关注重金属在体内的赋存形态及毒性效应,以便制定适用性、针对性更强的限值标准。
2)当前研究所使用的模型存在局限性。采用体外实验研究中药重金属生物可给性与生物有效性时,需注重与体内实验的结合,通过两者的对比和有机结合,构建更加有利的研究条件和更为适合的实验模型。
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