摘要
为明确新平县果园氮磷钾投入现状,对新平县70个冰糖橙果园采用实地走访调研与土壤/果实样品采集分析相结合的方法,调查县域不同冰糖橙果园施肥情况、土壤养分利用状况、果实养分携出状况,并根据产量进行果园推荐施肥量研究。结果表明,新平县果园全年施肥2~4次,以施肥3次为主,主要集中在2-3月、5月和12月,全县氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)平均投入量分别为444.43、407.07、507.35 kg/h
新平彝族傣族自治县简称新平县,位于云南省玉溪市,凭借优越的光、温、水资源成为云南省柑橘种植第一大县,在我国柑橘优势区域划分中属于特色柑橘生产基
柑橘作为多年生木本植物,花、果、梢、根的生长需要消耗大量的矿质营养,长期消耗土壤营养,易导致土壤营养失衡。施肥是补充土壤营养和树体营养的主要方式,然而由于果农过于追求高产量,果园的肥料投入普遍存在过量的问题,不合理的施肥最终影响柑橘产量和果实品
本研究于2022年10月在云南省玉溪市新平县的水塘镇、戛洒镇、漠沙镇、平甸乡和扬武镇5个冰糖橙主产乡(镇)开展问卷调研与土壤样品采集工作,5个乡(镇)分别选取10、21、25、7和7户果园开展问卷调研,调研内容包括果园近3 a产量、果园施肥情况(施肥次数、施肥时期、肥料种类以及肥料用量),并采集果园0~30 cm土层土壤和果实样品。
土壤采集方式为:(1)按照不同规模果园进行采样,<6.67 h
果实样品采集方式与土壤采集植株保持一致,于果树东南西北4个方位分别采集2个果实,用于果实氮磷钾含量的测定。
土壤养分含量与果实养分含量测定方法参考土壤农化分
柑橘园土壤pH值分级标准为:强酸性(<4.5)、酸性[4.5~5.5)、弱酸性[5.5~6.5)、中性[6.5~7.5)、碱性[7.5~8.5]、强碱性(>8.5);土壤有机质分级标准(单位g/kg)为:极低(<5)、低[5~10)、偏低[10~15)、适宜[15~30]、丰富(>30);土壤有效养分丰缺标
氮磷钾含量 Content of N,P and K | 极缺 Extreme deficiency | 缺乏 Deficiency | 适宜 Optimum | 高量 High |
---|---|---|---|---|
碱解氮Avail-N | <50 | [50~100) | [100~200] | >200 |
有效磷Avail-P | <5 | [5~15) |
[ | >80 |
速效钾Avail-K | <50 | [50~100) | [100~200] | >200 |
采用边界线分析
果园氮磷钾养分推荐用量计算参考刘小曼
推荐施肥量=(鲜果养分携出量/果实养分分配系数-土壤供给)/肥料利用率,其中,磷钾含量需进行系数转换,将P、K转化为P2O5和K2O;
每吨鲜果养分携出量=果实养分含量×(1-果实含水量)×1000;
肥料偏生产力(PFP)=作物产量/肥料纯养分投入量;
肥料(N、P2O5或K2O)减施潜力=(农户施用量-合理施肥量上限)/农户施用量×100%。
新平县冰糖橙果园全年施肥次数如

图1 新平县冰糖橙果园施肥次数(A)与月份(B)分布特征
Fig.1 Distribution characteristics of times(A) and months (B) of fertilization of Bingtang orange orchards in Xinping
为明确县域冰糖橙果园氮磷钾养分投入现状,对新平县冰糖橙果园施肥情况进行调研,结果如
肥料类型 Fertilizer | 氮N | 磷P2O5 | 钾K2O | 氮磷钾 投入比例 Input ratios | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
投入量/(kg/h Input | 占比/% Proportion | 投入量/(kg/h Input | 占比/% Proportion | 投入量/(kg/h Input | 占比/% Proportion | ||
无机肥投入 Chemical fertilizer | 302.03±21.08 | 67.96 | 341.32±10.01 | 83.85 | 405.35±11.23 | 79.90 | 1∶1.13∶1.34 |
有机肥投入 Organic fertilizer | 142.42±18.82 | 32.04 | 65.76±16.80 | 16.15 | 102.00±22.99 | 20.10 | 1∶0.46∶0.72 |
总投入 Total fertilizer | 444.43±26.57 | 100 | 407.07±19.80 | 100 | 507.35±30.22 | 100 | 1∶0.92∶1.14 |
新平县冰糖橙果园果实养分含量如

图2 冰糖橙果实养分含量(A)与每吨果实养分携出量(B)
Fig.2 The fruit nutrients contents (A) and nutrition removal by per ton fruit (B) in Bingtang orange orchards
肥料偏生产力(PFP)为某一特定肥料施用下作物产量与施肥量的比值,可在一定程度上衡量肥料的利用效率。新平县冰糖橙果园氮磷钾肥料偏生产力状况如

图3 新平县冰糖橙果园肥料偏生产力
Fig.3 The partial productivity of fertilizer in Bingtang orange orchards of Xinping
对新平县70个冰糖橙果园共166份土壤样品相关理化性状进行测定,并按照柑橘园养分分级标准进行分析,结果如

图4 新平县冰糖橙果园土壤pH值(A)、有机质(B)、速效氮磷钾养分(C-E)现状
Fig.4 Soil pH(A),organic matter(B),available-N(C),available-P(D),and available-K(E)in Bingtang orange orchards of Xinping
肥料的投入影响了土壤养分以及肥料的利用率,进一步分析新平县冰糖橙果园氮磷钾投入与土壤速效养分、肥料偏生产力之间的关系,结果如

图5 新平县冰糖橙果园氮磷钾投入与土壤养分、肥料偏生产力相关性分析
Fig.5 The correlation analysis of N,P and K input with soil nutrition and fertilizer partial productivity of the Bingtang orange orchards in Xinping
PFPN:氮肥偏生产力Fertilizer partial productivity of N;PFPP:磷肥偏生产力Fertilizer partial productivity of P;PFPK:钾肥偏生产力Fertilizer partial productivity of K.
采用边界线进一步分析果园氮磷钾养分投入、土壤养分、肥料利用效率对果园产量的影响,结果如

图6 新平县冰糖橙果园产量与氮磷钾投入量(A-C)、土壤pH(D)和土壤养分(E-H)边界线分析
Fig.6 The boundary line analysis of yield with N,P and K input (A-C), soil pH (D) and soil nutrition (E-H) of the Bingtang orange orchards in Xinping
综合对新平县冰糖橙果园的田间生产力,将果园分为低产、中产、高产3个类别,产量区间分别为≤30 t/h
产量水平/(t/h Yield | 养分推荐用量/(kg/h Recommended amount of nutrients | 减施潜力/% Reduction potential | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | |
≤30 | 82.39~137.33 | 33.89~53.47 | 69.20~99.64 | 70.31±1.93 | 87.35±1.00 | 78.69±1.83 |
30~60 | 153.90~256.51 | 63.78~100.62 | 122.50~176.40 | 35.91±8.14 | 73.48±2.56 | 58.82±11.66 |
≥60 | 232.13~386.89 | 103.68~163.59 | 207.81~299.25 | 8.53±9.58 | 56.95±5.46 | 33.64±7.67 |
新平县冰糖橙产业发展迅速,已经成为当地的富民行业,但种植技术与产业发展速度不匹配也带来了一些生产问题。从调研结果可以看出,新平县冰糖橙果园氮磷钾投入量较大,存在一定的优化空间,全县果园氮磷钾投入量分别为444.43、407.07、507.35 kg/h
果园氮磷钾肥料大量施用显著影响了果园土壤相关性状,相关性分析结果显示(
柑橘生长需要消耗大量养分,合理的肥料供应不仅能增加果园产量,还可提升果实风味,而施肥过量与不足均会对果园种植带来负面影响。有研究显示,施氮过多易造成植株徒长,果皮粗厚,降低果实可食率与出汁率,且一定程度增加果实的酸
基于“以果定肥”计算目标产量柑橘果实养分的携出量,结合“测土配方施肥”,确定合理的果园氮、磷、钾养分投入已经大量应用于柑橘科学施肥研
综上,新平县冰糖橙果园磷、钾投入过量,肥料利用率降低,导致土壤中大量营养累积,相当一部分果园土壤有效磷、速效钾含量处于高量水平。由于高量的肥料投入导致土壤营养失衡引起的果园产量下降,同时影响县域产业的绿色、可持续发展。基于“以果定肥、以土调肥”的思路,评估不同产能水平果园肥料减施潜力,推荐县域冰糖橙果园施肥量,可为新平地区冰糖橙产业健康发展提供依据。
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