摘要
植物体内的硼主要存在于细胞壁中,对稳定细胞壁结构和促进生长发育起重要作用。双子叶植物需硼多,对缺硼敏感,但不同物种及不同品种对缺硼的抗性存在极显著的基因型差异。华中农业大学王运华教授在1990年代带领团队开展甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种的筛选,从此开启了我国植物硼营养高效利用的遗传与分子机制研究。近10多年的研究结果表明,植物响应缺硼胁迫提高硼效率存在2条不同的分子调控途径。(1)依赖硼转运基因的途径。在这条途径中,NIPs和BORs家族基因受缺硼诱导表达增强根系对土壤硼的吸收和体内硼的转运分配,实现硼的高效吸收和转运,进而提高植物对缺硼胁迫的抗性或适应性;(2)独立于硼转运基因的途径。该途径中,植物通过影响激素信号和细胞壁合成代谢相关基因的表达,调节根系生长发育和细胞壁组分结构等方式,提高体内硼的利用效率,进而增强植物对缺硼的抗性。在硼被确定为植物必需营养元素的百年纪念之际,我们对这一工作进行综述归纳,以飨读者。同时,在王运华先生逝世1周年之际,深切缅怀先生在开启华中农业大学作物硼营养遗传研究领域中所做的奠基性贡献。
1923年,Warrington的研究表明硼是植物生长发育所必需的微量营养元
植物体内硼的含量通常介于2~100 mg/kg,随着物种和组织部位的不同存在差异。一般双子叶植物,以及同一植物中的生殖器官和生长点中的硼含量相对较高,这也导致这些部位极容易出现缺硼症
提高植物硼营养效率最直接的方法就是提高植物在缺硼条件下对土壤中硼的吸收能力和体内硼的转运分配能力,这个过程需要大量的硼转运基因参与。目前,大量报道的吸收转运硼的蛋白分别是阴离子转运子BORs家族和水通道蛋白NIPs家
AtBOR1是植物中第1个克隆的硼酸外排转运
AtNIP5;1是通过基因芯片技术从拟南芥中鉴定到的第1个硼酸通道蛋白,该蛋白极性定位在根表皮细胞靠土壤一侧的质膜上,参与植物根系对外界硼的吸
Zhang
对于BnaBORs家族基因,Sun
转录调控因子是一类能与目的基因启动子中特定的顺式作用元件发生专一性结合,从而激活或抑制目的基因转录的蛋白质分
WRKY家族因其结构域N端含有高度保守的核心序列WRKYGQK而得名,其专一识别元件是启动子区的W-box(T/CTGACC/T)结
相较于依赖硼转运基因的途径,独立于硼转运基因的途径则主要是通过调节植物激素信号、活性氧代谢或细胞壁代谢相关的基因表达来调控缺硼条件下根系和植物的生长,进而提高植物对硼的利用效率来增强植物对缺硼的抗性。
植物激素参与植物生长发育的各个过程。研究表明,缺硼会通过影响植物激素的合成、代谢以及转运来调节各种激素的含量,比如在根中,缺硼导致生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CK)、脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯(ETH)以及茉莉酸(JA)的积累,但同时也会使油菜素甾醇(BR)含量降
JA作为可长距离运输的植物激素信号,在抵抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要功
现有的相关研究表明,植物体内许多与细胞壁果胶代谢和修饰相关的基因都会受到硼胁迫的调
对植物硼营养的研究已持续了100年,人们充分意识到硼在植物生长发育过程中的重要性。综合分析华中农业大学微量元素研究中心近10年的研究结果,我们发现植物响应缺硼的分子调控机制存在2条途径(

图1 植物响应缺硼胁迫的分子调控途径
Fig. 1 Molecular regulation pathways in response of plants to boron deficiency stress
此外,目前对植物硼营养高效调控机制的研究主要集中在根系,对生殖生长时期硼营养高效的调控机制研究报道甚少。植物花器官是如何响应缺硼的?其分子调控机制又是如何?这些都是亟待深入研究的问题。今后将在深入解析植物各个发育时期对缺硼胁迫响应机制的基础上挖掘出更多的硼高效利用基因,并通过分子聚合或全基因组设计培育农作物硼高效高产优质的优良品种。
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