摘要
硼是植物必需的微量营养元素,硼肥是国内施用最多的微量元素肥料。1975年王运华先生在湖北省新洲县发现农田大面积棉花“蕾而不花”症状为缺硼导致的结果,开启了华中农业大学作物硼营养的研究,至今已近50载。在近50 a 的研究历程中,经历了既有明显特色又有相互交叉融合的4个阶段:(1)作物硼营养诊断与硼肥施用技术(1975-1985),该阶段主要建立了我国棉花硼营养诊断与硼肥施用技术;(2)作物硼的吸收利用与营养机制(1985-1995),该阶段以棉花和油菜为主要对象,研究揭示了作物对硼的吸收、转运、分配及其生理功能;(3)作物硼营养遗传与分子机制(1995-2015),该阶段研究以甘蓝型油菜为主要对象,筛选油菜硼高效品种,克隆硼高效基因,研究揭示植物响应缺硼胁迫的分子调控机制;(4)作物硼高效调控途径与利用(2015-),该阶段在深入研究油菜硼高效分子调控途径的同时,筛选培育硼高效育种材料和品种,开展高效品种与专用肥和先进栽培技术相结合的集成推广利用。不同阶段的研究成果为我国农业生产中微量元素肥料硼肥的推广应用和农作物增产增效做出了重要的贡献,并在国际上作物硼营养的应用基础和基础研究方面占有一席之地。在纪念王运华先生逝世1周年之际,针对这4个阶段的主要研究作回顾简述,缅怀先生对作物硼营养研究做出的巨大贡献,聊表笔者对先生的敬重之情。
1923年,Warington确认硼是植物必需的营养元
湖北省是我国传统的产棉大省,种植面积始终位居长江流域第一,在全国占有重要的地位,为湖北经济发展和农民增收作出了重大贡
继棉花之后,华中农业大学作物硼营养诊断与硼肥施用研究逐步发展到苎
研究生是科学研究的一支重要队伍。华中农业大学微量元素研究室1982年在本校微生物学硕士学位点招收作物营养与施肥方向硕士研究生,并于1984年和1990年分别获批作物营养与施肥硕士学位授予权、植物营养学博士学位授予权。随着硕士和博士研究生的招收和培养,以作物硼营养诊断与硼肥施用技术为主的研究逐步深入到作物对硼的吸收利用和生理功能方面,从理论层面揭示作物硼的营养特性和功能机制,为硼肥施用技术提供理论支撑。
植物硼含量一般在2~100 mg/kg,但研究发现脐橙施硼后叶片黄化得到有效控制,此时幼叶硼含量超过150 mg/kg,老叶硼含量高达250 mg/k
植物缺硼时生长点生长受阻,表现出特异的缺硼症状,器官和细胞结构异常。棉花缺硼的一个早期形态症状是叶柄环带的产生,其生理原因可能是缺硼时筛管组织形成、累积更多的酚类物质和胼胝质,导致韧皮部筛板筛孔中心组织坏死变褐的结果。棉花生殖生长期缺硼时花器官结构异常,花药的绒毡层膨大,花粉内陷、子房壁细胞排列紊乱、胚珠细胞结构紊乱发育受阻,珠被珠心结构层次不清,最终产生“蕾而不花”的缺硼症
硼营养的丰缺影响植物的光合效率和碳水化合物的代谢与运输。棉花施硼时叶片光合速率比缺硼提高111.8
缺硼影响植物体内激素的代谢与平衡。研究发现棉花缺硼落蕾前随着苞叶张开程度的加大,乙烯释放量急剧增加,达到正常硼处理的9.3
植物遭受逆境胁迫诱导活性氧爆发,使膜脂发生过氧化反应、细胞受到伤害直至死亡。研究发现,缺硼导致甘蓝型油菜超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,膜脂过氧化,胞内电解质外渗量增
综合棉花和油菜等作物硼与其他养分互作关系的研究发现,硼与大量营养元素氮磷钾的营养关系呈正相关,低的氮磷钾水平与低的硼水平相适应,提高氮磷钾水平,需要相应提高硼的水平,在高水平的氮磷钾条件下作物缺硼症状更严
铝胁迫下,施硼能显著缓解柑橘枳砧根系铝的毒
作物硼营养性状和其他性状一样受遗传基因调控。不同地区或国家培育的品种因选择适应当地特异的生态环境,这种定向选择在遗传基因上形成了不同的变异或差异,即基因型差异。王运华先生和他的同事带领研究生分别于1991和1995年采用土培试验,以硼效率系数为筛选指标,对60个和130个甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种的硼效率进行鉴定筛选,获得甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种和硼低效品
在获得甘蓝型油菜硼高效和硼低效品种的基础上,Yang
Zhang
改革开放以来,我国化肥施用量一直保持快速增长的态势,到21世纪初全国化肥施用总量占世界的1/3,单位面积的化肥施用量超过美国的3倍,而产量效益不足美国的1/
华中农业大学作物硼营养的研究源于生产实践,以解决棉花“蕾而不花”的生产问题为目标,开启了作物硼营养与硼肥施用技术的研究。在近50 a 的研究历程中从硼营养诊断到硼肥施用技术、从硼营养功能到硼营养遗传、从硼高效的分子调控机制到硼高效育种材料的培育与综合利用,从田间到实验室再回到田间,取得了一系列重要的阶段性研究成果,为我国农业生产做出了贡献,也赢得了国际同行的赞誉。
在未来的研究中,一方面要顺应我国农业绿色发展的需求,研发绿色产品和技术,包括硼营养丰缺的精准鉴定、作物硼高效高产优质品种的培育、绿色高效新型硼肥的研发、硼肥高效施用技术的创新及其相关产品技术的综合利用等。另一方面要继续把握国际植物硼营养研究的发展动态,将前沿研究与应用研究相结合,使我国在作物硼营养研究方面始终处于国际领先地位。
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