摘要
为探明气候变暖背景下南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期气候资源动态变化规律,选取1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期数据和同期地面气象数据,采用最小二乘法、Mann-Kendall非参数突变检验、滑动t检验和显著性分析方法,对南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期气候资源动态变化及其突变进行了分析。结果显示:1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花全生育期降水量呈极显著增加趋势,相对湿度呈显著减小趋势,分别变化6.377 mm/10 a和1.583%/10 a,最高气温、最低气温、平均气温和积温均呈不显著增加趋势,气温日较差和日照时数均呈不显著减小趋势,主要表现在同期棉花播种-出苗期最高气温、平均气温和积温均呈极显著增加趋势,最低气温呈显著增加趋势;出苗-现蕾期气温日较差呈极显著增加趋势,积温和降水量均呈显著增加趋势;现蕾-开花期最高气温和降水量均呈极显著增加趋势,积温、气温日较差和日照时数均呈极显著减少趋势,平均气温呈显著降低趋势;开花-吐絮期降水量呈极显著增加趋势,气温日较差呈极显著减小趋势,相对湿度呈显著减小趋势;吐絮-停止生长期最高气温、降水量和日照时数均呈极显著增加趋势,其他时段各气候要素变化均不明显。1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花播种-出苗期最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、积温和日照时数分别在2014、1998、2012、1997和1998、2005年出现突变,出苗-现蕾期日照时数在2008年出现突变,现蕾-开花期最高气温、降水量、日照时数和积温分别在2001、2001、2007和2003、2010年出现突变,开花-吐絮期、吐絮-停止生长期和全生育期各气候要素均未发生显著突变。棉农应结合垦区棉花生育期气候资源量值及其动态变化规律适时调整田间管理措施。
IPCC第6次报告指出,2011—2020年间全球地表平均气温比1850—1900年间平均气温高1.09
南疆阿拉尔垦区(80′30′~81′58′E;40′22′~40′57′N)位于塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘,光热资源丰富,降水极为稀少,属于典型的暖温带极端干旱荒漠气候
1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期数据来源于新疆阿拉尔市气象局,主要包括播种-苗期、出苗-现蕾期、现蕾-开花期、开花-吐絮期、吐絮-停止生长期和全生育期共6个生长阶段(
持续时间 Duration time | 播种-出苗 Sowing- emergence | 出苗-现蕾 Emergence- squaring | 现蕾-开花 Squaring- flowering | 开花-吐絮 Flowering- boll opening | 吐絮-停止生长 Boll opening- stop growing | 全生育期 Whole growthperiod |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
平均持续时间 Average duration time | 15 | 35 | 31 | 77 | 35 | 190 |
最长持续时间 Maximum duration time | 21 | 45 | 37 | 95 | 56 | 202 |
最短持续时间 Minimum duration time | 11 | 27 | 27 | 64 | 9 | 178 |
棉花生育期气候要素变化趋势采用最小二乘
(1) |
1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期热量资源动态变化趋势分别如
生育期 Growth period | 最高气温 Maximum air temperature | 最低气温 Minimum air temperature | 平均气温 Average air temperature | 积温 Accumulated temperature | 气温日较差 Temperature daily range | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
倾向率/(℃/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合 突变点 Mutation point | 倾向率/(℃/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合突变点 Mutation point | 倾向率/(℃/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合 突变点 Mmutation point | 倾向率/ (℃/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合 突变点Mutation point | 倾向率/ (℃/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合 突变点Mmutation point | |
播种-出苗 Sowing-emergence |
0.11 | 2014 |
0.13 | 1998 |
0.04 | 2012 |
8.81 | 1997 | -0.019 | 无 None |
出苗-现蕾 Emergence-squaring | 0.103 | 无 None | -0.120 | 无 None | -.100 | 无 None |
43.28 | 无 None |
0.22 | 无 None |
现蕾-开花 Squaring-flowering |
0.01 | 2001 | 0.104 | 无 None |
-0.01 | 无 None |
-6.71 |
2003 2010 |
-0.08 | 无 None |
开花-吐絮 Flowering-boll opening | 0.482 | 无 None | 0.619 | 无 None | 0.480 | 无 None | -51.489 | 无 None |
-0.13 | 无 None |
吐絮-停止生长 Boll opening-stop growing |
0.66 | 无 None | 1.093 | 无 None | 0.811 | 无 None | 76.631 | 无 None | -0.432 | 无 None |
全生育期 Whole growth period | 0.155 | 无 None | 0.24 | 无 None | 0.123 | 无 None | 72.427 | 无 None | -0.085 | 无 None |
注: **和* 分别表示在0.01和0.05水平上存在显著差异。下同。Note:* * and * denotes significant difference at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels.The same as follows.

图1 1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花全生育期热量资源动态变化
Fig. 1 Dynamic change on thermal resources during the cotton whole growth period in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020
由
1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期水分资源动态变化见
生育期 Growth period | 降水量 Precipitation | 相对湿度 Relative humidity | 日照时数 Sunshine hours | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
倾向率/(mm/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合突变点Mutation point | 倾向率/(%/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合突变点Mutation point | 倾向率/(h/10 a) Inclination rate | 综合突变点Mutation point | |
播种—出苗 Sowing—emergence | -0.661 | 无 None | -0.906 | 无 None | -1.279 | 1998,2005 |
出苗—现蕾Emergence—squaring |
1.06 | 无 None | -0.803 | 无 None | 16.371 | 2008 |
现蕾—开花 Squaring—flowering |
0.21 | 2001 | -0.872 | 无 None |
-8.30 | 2007 |
开花—吐絮 Flowering—boll opening |
2.60 | 无 None |
-2.06 | 无 None | -41.409 | 无 None |
吐絮—停止生长 Boll opening—stop growing |
3.21 | 无 None | -1.575 | 无 None |
33.54 | 无 None |
全生育期 Whole growth period |
6.37 | 无 None |
-1.58 | 无 None | -1.675 | 无 None |

图2 1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花全生育期水分资源动态变化
Fig. 2 Dynamic change on water resources during the cotton whole growth period in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020
由
1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期光照资源动态变化见

图3 1990—2020年南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花全生育期光照资源动态变化
Fig. 3 Dynamic changes on light resources during the cotton whole growth period of in Alar reclamation area of southern Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020
由
全球气候变暖导致棉花生育期气候要素发生显著变
前人研究表明,气候变暖导致棉花播种期提前和棉花生育期积温的增加,春季最低气温的升高可以减少低温对棉花的危害,有助于棉花高
棉花生长发育不仅受气候变化的影响,还受棉花品种、土壤条件和田间管理措施等因素的影响。本文仅研究南疆阿拉尔垦区棉花生育期主要气候资源的动态变化及其突变情况,未深入分析气候变化、土壤条件、棉花品种遗传特性和田间管理措施等多因子综合作用对棉花生长发育、产量和品质的影响,未来有待于深入研究与探讨。
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