摘要
为探究秸秆还田对新疆盐渍化土壤降盐保水的作用,通过田间小区试验,设置6种处理:不还田(CK)、棉花秸秆还田(P1)、玉米秸秆还田(P2)、油菜秸秆还田(P3)、棉花秸秆还田+玉米秸秆还田(P12)、棉花秸秆+油菜秸秆还田(P13),分别测定各处理对棉花全生育期0~60 cm土层含水量、电导率、脱盐率、盐基离子含量以及棉花水分利用效率、产量的影响。结果显示:P12、P13处理较其他处理可增强土壤的蓄水能力,随着土壤深度的增加,含水量差异逐渐减小。相比CK处理,P12、P13处理土壤含水量分别提高了3.78%~15.03%、5.06%~18.23%。在棉花全生育期,P12、P13处理可提高0~20 cm土层的脱盐率,电导率较CK处理分别降低3.54%~39.27%、17.83%~40.01%。土壤盐基离子含量呈现出N
新疆盐碱地面积已达2 810万h
新疆地区秸秆资源丰富,每年秸秆收集量约为3 137.4万t,还田的秸秆以棉花、玉米、小麦、油菜为
因此,本研究通过田间小区试验,在单种秸秆还田的基础上,设置多种秸秆共同还田,分析秸秆还田对棉花全生育期含水量、电导率、盐基离子、脱盐率、水分利用效率及产量的影响,以筛选最佳秸秆还田方式,为新疆地区秸秆还田提供技术支持。
本研究于2021年5月在新疆石河子市北泉镇(44°95′E,85°99′N)开展,研究区气候干旱,属于温带大陆性干旱气候。年平均降雨量为140 mm,年平均蒸发量为1 500 mm。降雨量集中在5-7月,年平均气温在6.3 ℃。5-10月平均降水量为20.5 mm,平均气温为20.31 ℃,高温天气集中于6-8月(2021年)。研究区土壤盐渍化以中度、重度盐渍化为主,土壤盐分多集中0~20 cm土层,严重影响当地作物生长及产
土层/cm Soil layer | pH | EC/ (mS/cm) | 含水量/% Water content | 容重/(g/c Bulk density | 有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter | 碱解氮/(mg/kg) Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen | 速效钾/(g/kg) Available potassium | 速效磷/(g/kg) Available phosphorus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0~20 | 8.26 | 8.90 | 25.70 | 1.36 | 6.24 | 11.94 | 109.35 | 3.12 |
20~40 | 8.63 | 4.40 | 23.69 | 1.35 | 3.53 | 18.72 | 163.84 | 3.42 |
40~60 | 8.88 | 2.89 | 22.02 | 1.43 | 2.94 | 14.02 | 144.31 | 3.57 |
供试作物为棉花,品种为当地主栽品种(新陆中35号)。田间种植为“一膜三管六行”的种植模式,灌水方式为膜下滴灌,地膜宽2.05 m,膜间宽行为30 cm。棉花株距10 cm,播种深度3 cm。播种时间为2021年5月3日,收获时间为2021年10月3日。试验期间棉花灌溉用水来自地下水。灌溉水的电导率为0.43 mS/cm,pH 7.98。棉花生育期灌水、施肥等其他管理措施与大田保持一致。
棉花秸秆、玉米秸秆、油菜秸秆于作物收获后晾干,粉碎为长度0~4 cm,备用。设置6个处理,分别为:CK(秸秆不还田)、P1(棉花秸秆22 kg)、P2(玉米秸秆22 kg)、P3(油菜秸秆22 kg)、P12(棉花秸秆11 kg、玉米秸秆11 kg)、P13(棉花秸秆11 kg、油菜秸秆11 kg)。于2020年10月8日进行还田,每个处理3个重复,共18个小区,小区面积均为30
于棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期分别进行采样,土壤样品采集位置为距离滴灌带滴头水平方向10 cm处,采样土层深度分别为0~20、20~40、40~60 cm,将每个小区的同一土层土壤样品进行充分混合,形成一个混合样品,采用“四分法”处理,保留1 kg。土壤样品分别装入自封袋,做好标记,带回实验室,一部分用于质量和含水量的测定;另一部分放置阴凉干燥处自然风干,过孔径1 mm筛后备
土壤样品基本理化性质采用常规方法测定,其中,土壤含水量采用烘干称质量法测定;土壤-水按质量比=1∶5振荡后,使用DDSJ-307型数显电导率仪测定土壤电导率;土壤含盐量采用残渣烘干质量法测
参照张秀
棉花产量计算公式为:单位面积籽棉产量=植株密度×单株铃数×单铃质量。
秸秆还田下棉花不同生育期土壤剖面含水量变化见

图1 秸秆还田下棉花不同生育期土壤剖面含水量的变化
Fig. 1 Soil profile water content changes of cotton at different growth stages under straw returning
A:棉花苗期;B:棉花蕾期;C:棉花花铃期;D:棉花吐絮期。不同字母表示同一时期不同处理之间的差异(P<0.05)。下同。A:The picture shows the seedling stage of cotton; B:The picture shows the cotton bud stage; C:The picture shows the cotton flowering and bolling stage; D:The picture shows the batting stage of cotton. The different letters indicate the difference between different treatments in the same period(P< 0.05). The same as below.
秸秆还田下棉花不同生育期土壤剖面的电导率变化见

图2 秸秆还田下棉花不同生育期土壤剖面电导率的变化
Fig. 2 Changes of EC in 0-60 cm soil layer of cotton at different growth stages under straw returning
由
处理 Treatments | 指标 Indicators | 0~20 cm | 20~40 cm | 40~60 cm |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 23.89 | 11.67 | 8.19 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | -1.89 | -0.87 | -0.48 | |
P1 |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 16.65 | 11.31 | 10.04 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | 11.86 | -7.63 | -0.10 | |
P2 |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 19.57 | 10.85 | 10.89 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | 2.87 | -16.48 | -5.10 | |
P3 |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 18.09 | 10.95 | 10.61 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | 7.01 | -3.67 | -82.90 | |
P12 |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 12.13 | 8.45 | 10.40 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | 13.53 | -1.00 | -7.62 | |
P13 |
盐分/(g/kg) Salt | 12.74 | 11.09 | 11.26 |
脱盐率/% Desalting rate | 18.44 | -17.45 | -5.32 |
土壤中交换性

图3 棉花不同生育期土壤交换性钾离子的剖面分布
Fig. 3 Profile distribution of exchangeable
秸秆还田土壤剖面交换性N

图4 棉花不同生育期土壤交换性钠离子的剖面分布
Fig. 4 Profile distribution of exchangeable N
秸秆还田土壤剖面交换性C

图5 棉花不同生育期土壤交换性钙离子的剖面分布
Fig. 5 Profile distribution of exchangeable C
秸秆还田土壤剖面交换性M

图6 棉花不同生育期土壤交换性镁离子的剖面分布
Fig. 6 Profile distribution of exchangeable M
秸秆还田对棉花水分利用效率及产量的影响如

图7 各处理下水分利用效率和产量的变化
Fig.7 Changes of water use efficiency and yield under each treatment
项目 Item | 产量 Yield | 水分利用效率 Water use efficiency | 含水量 Water content | 电导率 Conductivity |
---|---|---|---|---|
产量 Yield | 1 | |||
水分利用效率 Water use efficiency |
0.9 | 1 | ||
含水量 Water content |
0.9 |
0.9 | 1 | |
电导率 Conductivity | -0.93 |
-0.9 |
-0.9 | 1 |
注: **表示在 0.01 水平(双侧)上显著相关;*表示在 0.05 水平(双侧)上显著相关。Note: ** indicates significantly correlated at 0.01 level (both sides); * indicates there was a significant correlation at the 0.05 level (both sides).
多种秸秆共同还田可以有效提高棉花生育期内土壤的保水能力。研究发现,当配施其他作物秸秆(P13、P12处理)时提高了棉花全生育期内土壤含水量。秸秆具有高吸水能力,可以为土壤保留更多的水分,但因秸秆不同,吸水能力不同,因此,P12、P13处理相比其他处理,0~20 cm土层中水分停留的时间较
不同种类秸秆共同还田对土壤的降盐保水效果优于单种秸秆还田。朱文玲
水分效率低是一个普遍的全球性农业问题,尤其是干旱地区。研究水盐运移问题的最终目的是为作物根系提供较好的生长环境、提高用水效率、促进作物增产。本研究发现,多种秸秆共同还田下作物的水分利用效率有提高。这与前人的研究结果一
综上,在本研究中,与不还田相比,秸秆还田有利于改善作物根系水盐环境,增加棉花生育期内土壤含水量,有效抑制深层土壤盐分迁移到土壤表层,提高0~20 cm土层脱盐率。在不同秸秆组合(P12、P13处理)还田条件下,土壤脱盐效果和保水能力高于其他处理,为棉花根系生长提供了低盐的土壤环境,有利于提高作物的水分利用效率,促进棉花增产。
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