摘要
为探究不同水氮配比对新疆阿拉尔地区棉花花铃期土壤无机氮时空分布规律以及棉花产量的影响,设置棉花花铃期不同灌水量、氮肥运筹模式的田间试验(N0:0 kg/h
氮素作为棉株生长发育所必需的营养元素,通常以硝态氮和铵态氮的形式被棉株吸收利用,是研究棉花生长发育过程不可或缺的一部
花铃期是棉花生长发育需肥需水的关键时期。在花铃期对棉花进行适当灌水、施肥可以有效提高棉花的产
本试验于2021年在塔里木大学农学试验站(N40°33′,E81°18′)进行。试验区年均日照时数3 031.2 h,日平均气温10.7 ℃,年平均降雨量45.7 mm,年平均蒸发量2 864.8 mm。纯灌溉农业,棉花多年连作。供试土质为砂壤土,中等肥力,0~30 cm土壤容重1.57 g/c
棉花(新陆中38号)于2021年4月18日播种,6月6日进行第1次灌水,9月上旬结束灌水,整个棉花生育期共灌水12次,灌水周期为7 d,通过水表控制灌水量(
处理 Treatment | 因素 Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W1-N0 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 72 | 108 | 180 | 432 | 468 | 468 | 576 | 540 | 360 | 216 | 108 | 72 | |
W1-N240 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 12.0 | 21.6 | 52.8 | 48.0 | 19.2 | 14.4 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 72 | 108 | 180 | 432 | 468 | 468 | 576 | 540 | 360 | 216 | 108 | 72 | |
W1-N360 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 18.0 | 32.4 | 79.2 | 72.0 | 28.8 | 21.6 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 72 | 108 | 180 | 432 | 468 | 468 | 576 | 540 | 360 | 216 | 108 | 72 | |
W2-N0 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | ||||||||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 84 | 126 | 210 | 504 | 546 | 546 | 672 | 630 | 420 | 252 | 126 | 84 | |
W2-N240 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 12.0 | 21.6 | 52.8 | 48.0 | 19.2 | 14.4 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 84 | 126 | 210 | 504 | 546 | 546 | 672 | 630 | 420 | 252 | 126 | 84 | |
W2-N360 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 18.0 | 32.4 | 79.2 | 72.0 | 28.8 | 21.6 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 84 | 126 | 210 | 504 | 546 | 546 | 672 | 630 | 420 | 252 | 126 | 84 | |
W3-N0 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | ||||||||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 108 | 162 | 270 | 648 | 702 | 702 | 864 | 810 | 540 | 324 | 162 | 108 | |
W3-N240 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 12.0 | 21.6 | 52.8 | 48.0 | 19.2 | 14.4 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 108 | 162 | 270 | 648 | 702 | 702 | 864 | 810 | 540 | 324 | 162 | 108 | |
W3-N360 |
施氮量/(kg/h Nitrogen application | 18.0 | 32.4 | 79.2 | 72.0 | 28.8 | 21.6 | ||||||
灌水量/( Irrigation amount | 108 | 162 | 270 | 648 | 702 | 702 | 864 | 810 | 540 | 324 | 162 | 108 |
试验采用灌水量和施氮量二因素随机区组设计。3个灌水水平分别为:3 600、4 200、5 400
自初花期(07-01)开始,每隔3 d在各小区滴头下方、距滴头10 cm处圆周4个位置上,采集0~30、30~60 cm土样至花铃期(08-18)结束。为保证采集土样硝态氮和铵态氮稳定,在取样后,土样放入保温箱密封冷藏,取样完成后统一处理;土样浸提前过孔径2 mm筛并进行研磨,称取5 g土壤样品,使用1 mol/L KCl溶液进行浸提,浸提液经震荡处理过滤,通过流动分析仪分别测定样品硝态氮和铵态氮含
于收获期进行测产,测产面积为(长×宽=10 m×1.52 m)为15.2
校正系数为采棉机机收时浪费率在10%以上。
棉花花铃期各处理0~30、30~60 cm土层中土壤硝态氮含量均有明显降低趋势(图

图1 N0水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B)土壤硝态氮含量
Fig.1 NO

图2 N240水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B) 土壤硝态氮含量
Fig.2 NO

图3 N360水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B)土壤硝态氮含量
Fig.3 NO
分析不同处理下土壤铵态氮含量得出,在N0处理下0~30 cm土层铵态氮含量逐渐降低,初花期(07-01)追肥后,土层铵态氮含量会在短暂的上升后逐渐降低(

图4 N0水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B)土壤铵态氮含量
Fig.4 NH

图5 N240水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B)土壤铵态氮含量
Fig.5 NH

图6 N360水平不同灌水量处理0~30 cm(A)和30~60 cm(B)土壤铵态氮含量
Fig.6 NH
由
灌溉水平 Irrigation amount | 施氮水平 Nitrogen rate | 单株铃数 Boll number per plant | 单铃质量/g Boll weight | 产量/(kg/h Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|
W1 | N360 | 4.53±0.33bcd | 5.01±0.28a | 5 119.27±153.95b |
N240 | 4.97±0.27abc | 5.14±0.09a | 5 762.25±409.85ab | |
N0 | 4.12±0.66d | 3.66±0.17b | 3 401.34±722.13c | |
W2 | N360 | 4.93±0.45abcd | 5.12±0.10a | 5 693.63±461.38b |
N240 | 5.54±0.60a | 5.32±0.25a | 6 648.05±929.10a | |
N0 | 4.23±0.22cd | 3.84±0.10b | 3 663.91±277.12c | |
W3 | N360 | 4.69±0.46bcd | 5.01±0.16a | 5 300.10±349.90b |
N240 | 5.17±0.33ab | 5.18±0.10a | 6 040.78±319.02ab | |
N0 | 4.15±0.34cd | 3.71±0.22b | 3 472.92±478.51c |
注: 同列不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05)。Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column represent significant differences (P<0.05).
不同水氮配比是影响棉花生长发育的重要因素之一,对棉田氮素运移有重要影响。本试验施氮360 kg/h
不同水氮配比是影响棉花产量的主要因素之一。本研究结果表明,在总施氮量240 kg/h
本试验并未展开对棉花其他生育时期土层硝态氮、铵态氮含量的研究,对其他生育期土壤无机氮动态变化及棉花生长发育的影响尚不明确。由于试验测定土壤无机氮只选定滴头周围土壤样品,并缺少淋洗或排放的氮量以及棉株氮素吸收量的测定数据,无法准确计算土层土壤氮矿化量,因此,未进行土层土壤氮矿化量对棉花产量的影响的探讨。试验设计未考虑不同土壤质地以及棉花品种对棉花种植水肥投入量的影
在新疆阿拉尔棉花种植区,从施肥量、灌水量以及产量等角度综合考虑,总施氮240 kg/h
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